Emerging drugs for hepatitis D

References

• Yurdaydin C, Idilman R, Bozkaya H, et al. Natural history and treatment of chronic delta hepatitis. J Viral Hepat. 2010 Nov;17(11):749–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockdale AJ, Kreuels B, Henrion MYR, et al. The global prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2020 Sep;73(3):523–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao Z, Zhang S, Ou X, et al. Estimating the global prevalence, disease progression, and clinical outcome of hepatitis delta virus infection. J Infect Dis. 2020 Apr 27;221(10):1677–1687. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiz633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen HY, Shen DT, Ji DZ, et al. Prevalence and burden of hepatitis D virus infection in the global population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2019 Mar;68(3):512–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao Z, Li Y, Yu P, et al. The dynamics of hepatitis delta virus prevalence and its potential association with hepatitis B virus vaccination. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2021 May;45(3):101677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzetto M, Hamid S, Negro F. The changing context of hepatitis D. J Hepatol. 2021 May;74(5):1200–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toy M, Ahishali E, Yurdaydin C. Hepatitis delta virus epidemiology in the industrialized world. AIDS Rev. 2020 Oct 26;22(4):203–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farci P, Niro GA. Clinical features of hepatitis D. Semin Liver Dis. 2012 Aug;32(3):228–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfaiate D, Clement S, Gomes D, et al. Chronic hepatitis D and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Hepatol. 2020 Sep;73(3):533–539. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2020.02.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fattovich G, Giustina G, Christensen E, et al. Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (Eurohep). Gut. 2000 Mar;46(3):420–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Arico S, et al. Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers. Gut. 1977 Dec;18(12):997–1003. DOI:10.1136/gut.18.12.997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurdaydin C. Treatment of chronic delta hepatitis. Semin Liver Dis. 2012 Aug;32(3):237–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brancaccio G, Gaeta L, Vitale A, et al. Recent breakthroughs in the treatment of chronic hepatitis Delta. Infez Med. 2022;30(2):204–210. DOI:10.53854/liim-3002-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Radjef N, Gordien E, Ivaniushina V, et al. Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate a wide and ancient radiation of African hepatitis delta virus, suggesting a deltavirus genus of at least seven major clades. J Virol. 2004 Mar;78(5):2537–2544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makuwa M, Caron M, Souquiere S, et al. Prevalence and genetic diversity of hepatitis B and delta viruses in pregnant women in Gabon: molecular evidence that hepatitis delta virus clade 8 originates from and is endemic in central Africa. J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Feb;46(2):754–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urban S, Neumann-Haefelin C, Lampertico P. Hepatitis D virus in 2021: virology, immunology and new treatment approaches for a difficult-to-treat disease. Gut. 2021 Sep;70(9):1782–1794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan H, Zhong G, Xu G, et al. Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus. Elife. 2012 Nov 13;1:e00049. DOI:10.7554/eLife.00049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lempp FA, Ni Y, Urban S. Hepatitis delta virus: insights into a peculiar pathogen and novel treatment options. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Oct;13(10):580–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni Y, Lempp FA, Mehrle S, et al. Hepatitis B and D viruses exploit sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide for species-specific entry into hepatocytes. Gastroenterology. 2014 Apr;146(4):1070–1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greco-Stewart VS, Miron P, Abrahem A, et al. The human RNA polymerase II interacts with the terminal stem-loop regions of the hepatitis delta virus RNA genome. Virology. 2007 Jan 5;357(1):68–78. DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2006.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polson AG, Bass BL, Casey JL. RNA editing of hepatitis delta virus antigenome by dsRNA-adenosine deaminase. Nature. 1996 Apr 4;380(6573):454–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong SK, Lazinski DW. Replicating hepatitis delta virus RNA is edited in the nucleus by the small form of ADAR1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Nov 12;99(23):15118–15123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidrich B, Yurdaydin C, Kabacam G, et al. Late HDV RNA relapse after peginterferon alpha-based therapy of chronic hepatitis delta. Hepatology. 2014 Jul;60(1):87–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wranke A, Hardtke S, Heidrich B, et al. Ten-year follow-up of a randomized controlled clinical trial in chronic hepatitis delta. J Viral Hepat. 2020 Dec;27(12):p. 1359–1368.
   Google Scholar
• Yurdaydin C, Abbas Z, Buti M, et al. Treating chronic hepatitis delta: the need for surrogate markers of treatment efficacy. J Hepatol. 2019 May;70(5):p. 1008–1015.
   Google Scholar
• Metin O, Zeybel M, Yurdaydin C. Treatment endpoints for chronic hepatitis D. Liver Int. 2022 Oct 5. DOI:10.1111/liv.15447
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Filzmayer C, Ni Y, et al. Hepatitis D virus replication is sensed by MDA5 and induces IFN-beta/lambda responses in hepatocytes. J Hepatol. 2018 Jul;69(1):25–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Urban S. New insights into HDV persistence: the role of interferon response and implications for upcoming novel therapies. J Hepatol. 2021 Mar;74(3):686–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugnale P, Pazienza V, Guilloux K, et al. Hepatitis delta virus inhibits alpha interferon signaling. Hepatology. 2009 Feb;49(2):398–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedemeyer H, Yurdaydin C, Dalekos GN, et al. Peginterferon plus adefovir versus either drug alone for hepatitis delta. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 27;364(4):322–331. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0912696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castelnau C, Le Gal F, Ripault MP, et al. Efficacy of peginterferon alpha-2b in chronic hepatitis delta: relevance of quantitative RT-PCR for follow-up. Hepatology. 2006 Sep;44(3):728–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erhardt A, Gerlich W, Starke C, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis delta with pegylated interferon-alpha2b. Liver Int. 2006 Sep;26(7):805–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niro GA, Ciancio A, Gaeta GB, et al. Pegylated interferon alpha-2b as monotherapy or in combination with ribavirin in chronic hepatitis delta. Hepatology. 2006 Sep;44(3):713–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gheorghe L, Iacob S, Simionov I, et al. Weight-based dosing regimen of peg-interferon alpha-2b for chronic hepatitis delta: a multicenter Romanian trial. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2011 Dec;20(4):377–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormeci N, Bölükbaş F, Erden E, et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2B for chronic delta hepatitis: 12 versus 24 months. Hepatogastroenterology. 2011 Sep;58(110–111):1648–1653.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gulsun S, Tekin R, Bozkurt F. Treatment of chronic delta hepatitis: a nine-year retrospective analysis. Hepat Mon. 2011 Sep;11(9):731–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karaca C, Soyer OM, Baran B, et al. Efficacy of pegylated interferon-alpha treatment for 24 months in chronic delta hepatitis and predictors of response. Antivir Ther. 2013;18(4):561–566. DOI:10.3851/IMP2381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas Z, Memon MS, Mithani H, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D patients with pegylated interferon: a real-world experience. Antivir Ther. 2014;19(5):463–468. DOI:10.3851/IMP2728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller T, Rotman Y, Koh C, et al. Long-term therapy of chronic delta hepatitis with peginterferon alfa. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Jul;40(1):93–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahcecioglu IH, Ispiroglu M, Demirel U, et al. Pegylated interferon alpha therapy in chronic delta hepatitis: a one-center experience. Hepat Mon. 2015 Mar;15(3):e24366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas Z, Memon MS, Umer MA, et al. Co-treatment with pegylated interferon alfa-2a and entecavir for hepatitis D: a randomized trial. World J Hepatol. 2016 May 18;8(14):625–631. DOI:10.4254/wjh.v8.i14.625
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boglione L, Lupia T, Cariti G, et al. Antiviral treatment with pegylated interferon and clinical outcomes in a cohort of immigrants patients affected by hepatitis delta: a retrospective analysis. J Med Virol. 2019 Jul;91(7):1329–1334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedemeyer H, Yurdaydin C, Hardtke S, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for hepatitis D (HIDIT-II): a randomised, placebo controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019 Mar;19(3):275–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunsar F, Akarca US, Ersoz G, et al. Two-year interferon therapy with or without ribavirin in chronic delta hepatitis. Antivir Ther. 2005;10(6):721–726. DOI:10.1177/135965350501000603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Marco V, Giacchino R, Timitilli A, et al. Long-term interferon-alpha treatment of children with chronic hepatitis delta: a multicentre study. J Viral Hepat. 1996 May;3(3):123–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurdaydin C, Bozkaya H, Karaaslan H, et al. A pilot study of 2 years of interferon treatment in patients with chronic delta hepatitis. J Viral Hepat. 2007 Nov;14(11):812–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soyer OM, Baran B, Ormeci AC, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of 12 months and longer courses of interferon therapy for the treatment of chronic delta hepatitis: a retrospective cohort study. Postgrad Med. 2016 May;128(4):432–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurdaydin C, Keskin O, Kalkan C, et al. Interferon treatment duration in patients with chronic delta hepatitis and its effect on the natural course of the disease. J Infect Dis. 2018 Mar 28;217(8):p. 1184–1192.
   Google Scholar
• Keskin O, Wedemeyer H, Tuzun A, et al. Association between level of hepatitis D Virus RNA at Week 24 of pegylated interferon therapy and outcome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 Dec;13(13):2342–2349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niro GA, Smedile A, Fontana R, et al. HBsAg kinetics in chronic hepatitis D during interferon therapy: on-treatment prediction of response. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Sep;44(6):620–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandmann L, Yurdaydin C, Deterding K, et al. HBcrAg levels are associated with virological response to treatment with interferon in patients with hepatitis delta. Hepatol Commun. 2022 Mar;6(3):480–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaymakoglu S, Karaca C, Demir K, et al. Alpha interferon and ribavirin combination therapy of chronic hepatitis D. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Mar;49(3):1135–1138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolters LM, van Nunen AB, Honkoop P, et al. Lamivudine-high dose interferon combination therapy for chronic hepatitis B patients co-infected with the hepatitis D virus. J Viral Hepat. 2000 Nov;7(6):428–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canbakan B, Senturk H, Tabak F, et al. Efficacy of interferon alpha-2b and lamivudine combination treatment in comparison to interferon alpha-2b alone in chronic delta hepatitis: a randomized trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Apr;21(4):657–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurdaydin C, Bozkaya H, Onder FO, et al. Treatment of chronic delta hepatitis with lamivudine vs lamivudine + interferon vs interferon. J Viral Hepat. 2008 Apr;15(4):314–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wranke A, Serrano BC, Heidrich B, et al. Antiviral treatment and liver-related complications in hepatitis delta. Hepatology. 2017 Feb;65(2):414–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romeo R, Del Ninno E, Rumi M, et al. A 28-year study of the course of hepatitis Delta infection: a risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2009 May;136(5):1629–1638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon J, Ramos B, Toro C, et al. Does treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection reduce hepatitis delta virus (HDV) replication in HIV-HBV-HDV-coinfected patients? Antivir Ther. 2008;13(1):97–102. DOI:10.1177/135965350801300110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano V, Vispo E, Sierra-Enguita R, et al. Efficacy of prolonged tenofovir therapy on hepatitis delta in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2014 Oct 23;28(16):2389–2394. DOI:10.1097/QAD.0000000000000417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau DT, Doo E, Park Y, et al. Lamivudine for chronic delta hepatitis. Hepatology. 1999 Aug;30(2):546–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niro GA, Ciancio A, Tillman HL, et al. Lamivudine therapy in chronic delta hepatitis: a multicentre randomized-controlled pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Aug 1;22(3):227–232. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02542.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurdaydin C. New treatment options for delta virus: is a cure in sight? J Viral Hepat. 2019;26(6):618–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabaçam G, Onder FO, Yakut M, et al. Entecavir treatment of chronic hepatitis D. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Sep;55(5):645–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurdaydin C, Bozkaya H, Gürel S, et al. Famciclovir treatment of chronic delta hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2002 Aug;37(2):266–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wursthorn K, Lutgehetmann M, Dandri M, et al. Peginterferon alpha-2b plus adefovir induce strong cccDNA decline and HBsAg reduction in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2006 Sep;44(3):675–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manesis EK, Schina M, Le Gal F, et al. Quantitative analysis of hepatitis D virus RNA and hepatitis B surface antigen serum levels in chronic delta hepatitis improves treatment monitoring. Antivir Ther. 2007;12(3):381–388. DOI:10.1177/135965350701200307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendt E, Jaroszewicz J, Rockstroh J, et al. Improved immune status corresponds with long-term decline of quantitative serum hepatitis B surface antigen in HBV/HIV co-infected patients. Viral Immunol. 2012 Dec;25(6):442–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd A, Miailhes P, Brichler S, et al. Effect of tenofovir with and without interferon on hepatitis D virus replication in HIV-hepatitis B virus-hepatitis D virus-infected patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2013 Dec;29(12):1535–1540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beguelin C, Friolet N, Moradpour D, et al. Impact of tenofovir on hepatitis delta virus replication in the Swiss human immunodeficiency virus cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 May 1;64(9):1275–1278. DOI:10.1093/cid/cix125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brancaccio G, Fasano M, Grossi A, et al. Clinical outcomes in patients with hepatitis D, cirrhosis and persistent hepatitis B virus replication, and receiving long-term tenofovir or entecavir. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019 Apr;49(8):1071–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smedile A, Rosina F, Saracco G, et al. Hepatitis B virus replication modulates pathogenesis of hepatitis D virus in chronic hepatitis D. Hepatology. 1991 Mar;13(3):413–416. DOI:10.1002/hep.1840130305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampertico P, Agarwal K, Berg T, et al. Electronic address eee, European Association for the Study of the L. EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017 Aug;67(2):370–398. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.03.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revill PA, Chisari FV, Block JM, et al. A global scientific strategy to cure hepatitis B. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Jul;4(7):545–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen MF, Lim SG, Plesniak R, et al. Efficacy and safety of bepirovirsen in chronic hepatitis B infection. N Engl J Med. 2022 Nov 24;387(21):1957–1968. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2210027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen Y-SL MF, Cloutier D, Thanawala V, et al. Preliminary results from a phase 2 study evaluating VIR-2218 alone and in combination with pegylated interferon alfa-2a in participants with chronic hepatitis B Infection. Hepatology. 2022;76:63A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen J, Dandri M, Mier W, et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in vivo by entry inhibitors derived from the large envelope protein. Nat Biotechnol. 2008 Mar;26(3):335–341. DOI:10.1038/nbt1389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blank A, Markert C, Hohmann N, et al. First-in-human application of the novel hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus entry inhibitor myrcludex B. J Hepatol. 2016 Sep;65(3):483–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogomolov P, Alexandrov A, Voronkova N, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with the entry inhibitor myrcludex B: first results of a phase Ib/IIa study. J Hepatol. 2016 Sep;65(3):490–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedemeyer H, Schöneweis K, Bogomolov P, et al. Safety and efficacy of bulevirtide in combination with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in patients with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus coinfection (MYR202): a multicentre, randomised, parallel-group, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23(1):117–129. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00318-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampertico P, Roulot D, Wedemeyer H. Bulevirtide with or without pegIfnα for patients with compensated chronic hepatitis delta: from clinical trials to real-world studies. J Hepatol. 2022 Jun 22;77(5):1422–1430. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2022.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asselah T, Durantel D, Pasmant E. AS, Bogomolov P Safety and efficacy of bulevirtide monotherapy and in combination with Peginterferon alfa-2a in patients with chronic hepatitis delta: 24 weeks interim data of MYR204 Phase 2b study. EASL 2021. J Hepatol. 2021;74(1):291.
   Google Scholar
• Buti M WH, Aleman S, et al. Treatment with bulevirtide improves patient-reported outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis delta: an exploratory analysis of a Phase 3 trial at 48 weeks. EASL. 2022; OS149.
   Google Scholar
• Kang C, Syed YY. Bulevirtide: first Approval. Drugs. 2020 Oct;80(15):1601–1605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jachs M, Schwarz C, Panzer M, et al. Response-guided long-term treatment of chronic hepatitis D patients with bulevirtide-results of a “real world” study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022 Jul;56(1):144–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herta T, Hahn M, Maier M, et al. Efficacy and safety of bulevirtide plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in real-world patients with chronic hepatitis B and D Co-Infection. Pathogens. 2022 Apr 27;11(5):517. DOI:10.3390/pathogens11050517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordier BB, Marion PL, Ohashi K, et al. A prenylation inhibitor prevents production of infectious hepatitis delta virus particles. J Virol. 2002 Oct;76(20):10465–10472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordier BB, Ohkanda J, Liu P, et al. In vivo antiviral efficacy of prenylation inhibitors against hepatitis delta virus. J Clin Invest. 2003 Aug;112(3):407–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn JS, Marsters JC Jr., Greenberg HB. Use of a prenylation inhibitor as a novel antiviral agent. J Virol. 1998 Nov;72(11):9303–9306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn JS, Watson JA, Havel CM, et al. Identification of a prenylation site in delta virus large antigen. Science. 1992 May 29;256(5061):p. 1331–1333. ( Landmark paper describing the importance of prenylation in the HDV life cycle).
   Google Scholar
• Koh C, Canini L, Dahari H, et al. Oral prenylation inhibition with lonafarnib in chronic hepatitis D infection: a proof-of-concept randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2A trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015 Oct;15(10):1167–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurdaydin C, Keskin O, Yurdcu E, et al. A phase 2 dose-finding study of lonafarnib and ritonavir with or without interferon alpha for chronic delta hepatitis. Hepatology. 2022 Jun;75(6):1551–1565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lempp FA, Schlund F, Rieble L, et al. Recapitulation of HDV infection in a fully permissive hepatoma cell line allows efficient drug evaluation. Nat Commun. 2019 May 22;10(1):2265. DOI:10.1038/s41467-019-10211-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaillant A. Nucleic acid polymers: broad spectrum antiviral activity, antiviral mechanisms and optimization for the treatment of hepatitis B and hepatitis D infection. Antiviral Res. 2016 Sep;133:32–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulon R, Blanchet M, Lemasson M, et al. Characterization of the antiviral effects of REP 2139 on the HBV lifecycle in vitro. Antiviral Res. 2020 Nov;183:104853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaillant A. REP 2139: antiviral Mechanisms and Applications in Achieving Functional Control of HBV and HDV Infection. ACS Infect Dis. 2019 May 10;5(5):675–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gencdal G, Yurdaydin C. Developing new therapies for delta hepatitis: the race is on. Hepatol Commun. 2021 Apr;5(4):556–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu J, Liu Z, Zhang S, et al. Hsp40 proteins phase separate to chaperone the assembly and maintenance of membraneless organelles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Dec 8;117(49):31123–31133. DOI:10.1073/pnas.2002437117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulon RM, Vaillant A, Labonté P. The Hsp40 chaperone DnaJB12 is involved in the morphogenesis of HBV spherical subviral particles and is selectively targeted by nucleic acid polymers. Late Breaker Poster; Virtual Meeting. AASLD; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Beilstein F, Blanchet M, Vaillant A, et al. Nucleic acid polymers are active against hepatitis delta virus infection in vitro. J Virol. 2018 Feb 15;92(4). DOI:10.1128/JVI.01416-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazinet M, Pantea V, Cebotarescu V, et al. Safety and efficacy of REP 2139 and pegylated interferon alfa-2a for treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus co-infection (REP 301 and REP 301-LTF): a non-randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Dec;2(12):p. 877–889.
   Google Scholar
• Bazinet M, Pantea V, Cebotarescu V, et al. Persistent control of hepatitis b virus and hepatitis delta virus infection following REP 2139-Ca and pegylated interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis b virus/hepatitis delta virus coinfection. Hepatol Commun. 2021 Feb;5(2):189–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Mahtab M, Bazinet M, Vaillant A. Safety and efficacy of nucleic acid polymers in monotherapy and combined with immunotherapy in treatment-naive bangladeshi patients with hbeag+ chronic hepatitis B infection. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(6):e0156667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazinet M, Pantea V, Placinta G, et al. Safety and efficacy of 48 weeks rep 2139 or Rep 2165, tenofovir disoproxil, and pegylated Interferon Alfa-2a in patients with chronic HBV Infection Naive to Nucleos(t)ide therapy. Gastroenterology. 2020 Jun;158(8):2180–2194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zi J, Gao X, Du J, et al. Multiple regions drive hepatitis delta virus proliferation and are therapeutic targets. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:838382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommereyns C, Paul S, Staeheli P, et al. IFN-lambda (IFN-lambda) is expressed in a tissue-dependent fashion and primarily acts on epithelial cells in vivo. PLOS Pathog. 2008 Mar 14;4(3):e1000017. DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan HLY, Ahn SH, Chang TT, et al. Peginterferon lambda for the treatment of HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomized phase 2b study (LIRA-B). J Hepatol. 2016 May;64(5):1011–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muir AJ, Arora S, Everson G, et al. A randomized phase 2b study of peginterferon lambda-1a for the treatment of chronic HCV infection. J Hepatol. 2014 Dec;61(6):1238–1246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giersch K, Homs M, Volz T, et al. Both interferon alpha and lambda can reduce all intrahepatic HDV infection markers in HBV/HDV infected humanized mice. Sci Rep. 2017 Jun 16;7(1):3757. DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-03946-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Etzion O, Hamid SS, Lurie Y, et al. End of study results from LIMT HDV study: 36% durable virologic response at 24 weeks post-treatment with pegylated interferon lambda monotherapy in patients with chronic hepatitis delta virus infection. PS-052. EASL 2019. J Hepatol. 2019;70(1):e32. DOI:10.1016/S0618-8278(19)30058-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duehren SKC, Hercun J, et al. Lonafarnib combination with peginterferon Lambda diminished triphasic HDV kinetic pattern seen under Lambda monotherapy: the LIFT HDV study. EASL2022. p. PS270.
   Google Scholar
• Yurdaydin C, Yurdcu E, Gumussoy M, et al. Functional cure with lonafarnib-based therapy in chronic hepatitis delta [Abstract]. Hepatology. 2022;76:S297–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elazar M, Glenn JS. Combination of novel therapies for HDV. Viruses. 2022 Jan 28;14(2):268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano V, Mendoza C, Barreiro P, et al. Envisioning a hepatitis delta cure with new antivirals. Future Microbiol. 2021 Sep;16(13):927–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano V, Moreno-Torres V, Treviño A, et al. Bulevirtide in the treatment of hepatitis delta: drug discovery, clinical development and place in therapy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2023;17:155–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar