Zero in the court of nine to one: patronage and tactical weakness in coping with violence

References

• Annan, J., C. Blattman, and R. Horton. 2006. Findings from the Survey for War Affected Youth. Kampala: UNICEF Uganda.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. 2001. “Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective.” Annual Review of Psychology 52 (2): 1–26. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangura, Y. 1997. “Understanding the Political and Cultural Dynamics of the Sierra Leone War: A Critique of Paul Richards's Fighting for the Rain Forest.” Africa Development Senegal 22 (3/4): 117–148.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 2000. Pascalian Meditations. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourgois, P. 2001. “The Power of Violence in War and Peace: Post-Cold War Lessons from El Salvador.” Ethnography 2 (1): 5–34. doi: 10.1177/14661380122230803
   Google Scholar
• de Certeau, M. 1984. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chabal, P. 2009. Africa: The Politics of SUFFERING and Smiling. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Das, V. 2007. Life and Words: Violence and the Descent into the Ordinary. London: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Erdmann, G., and U. Engel. 2007. “Neo-patrimonialism Reconsidered: Critical Review and Elaboration of an Elusive Concept.” Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 45 (1): 95–119. doi: 10.1080/14662040601135813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson Baaz, M., and M. Stern. 2010. The Complexity of Violence: A Critical Analysis of Sexual Violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
   Google Scholar
• Galtung, J. 1969. “Violence, Peace and Peace Research.” Journal of Peace Research 6 (3): 167–191. doi: 10.1177/002234336900600301
   Google Scholar
• Garrett, N., S. Sergiou, and K. Vlassenroot. 2009. “Negotiated Peace for Extortion: The Case of Walikale Territory in Eastern DR Congo.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 3 (1): 1–21. doi: 10.1080/17531050802682671
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geertz, C. 2000. Available Light: Anthropological Reflections on Philosophical Topics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Granovetter, M. 2007. “The Social Construction of Corruption.” In On Capitalism, edited by V. Nee and R. Swedberg, 152–172. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hochschild, A. 1998. King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
   Google Scholar
• International Criminal Court. 2012. “ICC-01/04-01/06, The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo.” Accessed December 5, 2012. http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/situation%20icc%200104/related%20cases/icc%200104%200106/Pages/democratic%20republic%20of%20the%20congo.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. 2006. “Sons of which Soil? The Language and Politics of Autochthony in Eastern D. R. Congo.” African Studies Review 49 (2): 95–123. doi: 10.1353/arw.2006.0107
   Google Scholar
• Lefcourt, H. 1976. Locus of Control: Current Trends in Theory and Research. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• MacGaffey, J., and R. Bazenguissa-Ganga. 2000. Congo-Paris: Transnational Traders on the Margins of the Law. London: International Institute in association with James Currey and Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mamdani, M. 2001. When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marriage, Z. 2010. “Congo Co: Aid and Security.” Conflict, Security & Development 10 (3): 353–377. doi: 10.1080/14678802.2010.484200
   Google Scholar
• Marriage, Z. 2012. “‘Tactics!’ Capoeira & Security,” (Weblog Post, June 22, 2012). Accessed October 31, 2012. http://capoeira-security.blogspot.com
   Google Scholar
• McEvoy-Levy, S. 2006. “Silenced Voices? Youth and Peer Relationships in Armed Conflict and its Aftermath.” In A World Turned Upside Down: Social Ecological Approaches to Children in War Zones, edited by N. Boothby, A. Strang, and M. Wessells, 133–153. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.
   Google Scholar
• McLean, P. 2005. “Patronage, Citizenship, and the Stalled Emergence of the Modern State in Renaissance Florence.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 47 (3): 638–664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, P. 2007. The Art of the Network: Strategic Interaction and Patronage in Renaissance Florence. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McNulty, M. 1999. “The Collapse of Zaire: Implosion, Revolution or External Sabotage?” The Journal of Modern African Studies 37 (1): 53–82. doi: 10.1017/S0022278X99002979
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nzeza Bilakila, A. 2004. “The Kinshasa Bargain.” In Reinventing Order in the Congo: How People Respond to State Failure in Kinshasa, edited by T. Trefon, 20–32. London: Zed Books and Fountain.
   Google Scholar
• Nzongola-Ntalaja, G. 2002. The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Pottier, J. 2002. Re-Imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Prunier, G. 2009. Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reno, W. 1998. Warlord Politics and African States. London: Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, J. 1972. “Patron-Client Politics and Political Change in Southeast Asia.” American Political Science Review 66 (1): 91–113. doi: 10.2307/1959280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, S. 2008. Laurent Nkunda et la rebellion du Kivu: Au coeur de la guerre congolaise. Paris: Editions Karthala.
   Google Scholar
• Seymour, C. 2011. “Selective Outrage: The Dangers of Children's DDR in Eastern DRC.” Disarmament Forum 3: 57–66.
   Google Scholar
• Seymour, C. 2013. “Young People's Experiences of and Meanings of Coping with Violence in North and South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo.” PhD thesis, University of London, London.
   Google Scholar
• Stearns, J. 2011. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa. New York: Perseus Books.
   Google Scholar
• Trefon, T. 2004. “Introduction: Reinventing Order.” In Reinventing Order in the Congo: How People Respond to State Failure in Kinshasa, edited by T. Trefon, 1–19. London: Zed Books and Fountain.
   Google Scholar
• Utas, M. 2005. “Victimcy, Girlfriending, Soldiering: Tactic Agency in a Young Woman's Social Navigation of the Liberian War Zone.” Anthropological Quarterly 78 (2): 403–430. doi: 10.1353/anq.2005.0032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utas, M. 2012. “Introduction: Bigmanity and Network Governance in African Conflicts.” In African conflicts and Informal Power: Big Men and Networks, edited by M. Utas, 1–31. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet and Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Vigh, H. 2006. Navigating Terrains of War: Youth and Soldiering in Guinea-Bissau. New York: Berghahn Books.
   Google Scholar
• Vlassenroot, K. 2000. “Identity and Insecurity. The Building of Ethnic Agendas in South Kivu.” In Politics of Identity and Economics of Conflict in the Great Lakes Region, edited by R. Doom and J. Gorus, 263–288. Brussels: VUB University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vlassenroot, K., and H. Romkema. 2007. “Local Governance & Leadership in Eastern DRC.” Oxfam Novib. Accessed October 27, 2012. http://diana.ugent.be/crg/Publications/working%20papers/localgov_rapport_eng_def.pdf
   Google Scholar
• de Waal, A. 2009. Fixing the Political Marketplace: How Can we Make Peace Without Functioning State Institutions? Bergen, Norway: Chr. Michelsen Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Young, C. 1965. Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar