‘She doesn’t have to get in the car … ’: exploring social workers’ understandings of sexually exploited girls as agents and choice-makers

References

• ACDS. 2015. Association of the Directors of Children’s Services. Accessed July 19 2016. http://adcs.org.uk/general/research.
   Google Scholar
• Angelides, S. 2012. “The‘Second Sexual Revolution’, Moral Panic and the Erosion of Teenage Sexual Subjectivity.” Women’s History Review 21 (5): 831–847. doi: 10.1080/09612025.2012.658169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Social Model of 'Abused Consent' (Pearce), J. 2013. “Contextualising Consent in Child Sexual Exploitation.” In Critical Perspectives in Child Sexual Exploitation and Related Trafficking, edited by M. Melrose and J. Pearce, 52–68. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Atwood, F. 2006. “Sexed Up: Theorising the Sexualisation of Culture.” Sexualities 9 (1): 77–94. doi: 10.1177/1363460706053336
   Google Scholar
• Beckett, H. 2011. ‘Not a World Away’. The Sexual Exploitation of Children and Young People in Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland: Barnardo’s.
   Google Scholar
• Beckett, H., and J. Walker. 2017. “Words Matter: Reconceptualising the Conceptualisation of Child Sexual Exploitation.” In Understanding and Responding to Child Sexual Exploitation, edited by H. Beckett, and J. Pearce. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Benwell, M. C. 2013. “Rethinking Conceptualisations of Adult-Imposed Restriction and Children’s Experiences of Autonomy in Outdoor Space.” Children’s Geographies 11 (1): 28–43. doi: 10.1080/14733285.2013.743279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berelowitz, S., J. Clifton, C. Firmin, S. Gulyurtlu, and G. Edwards. 2013. “If Only Someone had Listened.” The Office of the Children’s Commissioner’s Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Gangs and Groups Final Report. London: Office of the Children’s Commissioner.
   Google Scholar
• Blunt, A., and A. Varley. 2004. “Geographies of Home.” Cultural Geographies 11: 3–6. doi: 10.1191/1474474004eu289xx
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BSA. 2015. British Sociological Association. Accessed April 4, 2016. www.britsoc.co.uk/media/27107/StatementofEthicalPractice.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Casey, L. 2015. Report of Inspection of Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council. Accessed December 12, 2015. www.gov.uk/government/publications.
   Google Scholar
• Children Act. 1989. Accessed March 26, 2018. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1989/41/contents.
   Google Scholar
• Christie, N. 1986. “Ideal Victim.” In From Crime Policy to Victim Policy, edited by E. Fattah, 17–30. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Cruz, H., and K. Stagmatti. 2007. “Reconstructing Child Welfare through Participatory and Child Centred Professional Practice: A Conceptual Approach.” Child and Family Social Work 2008 (13): 156–165.
   Google Scholar
• Department for Children, Schools and Families. 2009. Safeguarding Children and Young People from Sexual Exploitation. Accessed August 1, 2013. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/safeguarding-children-and-young-people-from-sexual-exploitation-supplementary-guidance
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education. 2017. Child Sexual Exploitation: Definition and Guide for Practitioners-Gov. March 2018. https://www.gov.uk/.../child-sexual-exploitation-definition-and-guide-for-practitioners.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health. 2000. Safeguarding Children Involved in Prostitution. London: Department of Health.
   Google Scholar
• DfE. 2017. Child Sexual Exploitation: Definition and Guide for Practitioners – GOV.UK. March 2018. https://www.gov.uk/ … /child-sexual-exploitation-definition-and-guide-for-practitioners.
   Google Scholar
• Dodsworth, J. 2015. Pathways into Sexual Exploitation and Sex Work. The Experience of Victimhood and Agency. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Egan, D. 2013. Becoming Sexual. A Critical Appraisal of the Sexualisation of Girls. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Egan, D., and G. Hawkes. 2007. “Producing the Prurient Through the Pedagogy of Purity: Childhood Sexuality and the Social Purity Movement.” Journal of Historical Sociology 20 (4): 443–461. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6443.2007.00319.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan, D., and G. Hawkes. 2009. “The Problem with Protection: Or, why we Need to Move Towards Recognition and the Sexual Agency of Children.” Journal of Media & Cultural Studies 23 (3): 389–400. doi: 10.1080/10304310902842975
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan, D., and G. Hawkes. 2010. Theorising the Sexual Child in Modernity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Egan, D., and G. Hawkes. 2012. “Sexuality, Youth and the Perils of Endangered Innocence: How History can Help us to get Past the Panic.” Gender and Education 24 (3): 269–284. doi: 10.1080/09540253.2012.666232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson. 2009. “Girls and Boys as Victims: Social Work Approaches to Children Exposed to Violence.” Child Abuse Review 18: 428–445. doi: 10.1002/car.1091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ESRC. 2015. Economic Social Research Council. Accessed December 11, 2015. www.esrc.ac.uk/funding/guidance-for-applicants/research-ethics/.
   Google Scholar
• Firmin, C. 2013. “Busting the ‘Gang-Rape’ Myth: Girls, Victimisation and Agency in Gang Associated Sexual Violence.” In Handbook on the Study of Multiple Perpetrator Rape: A Multidisciplinary Response to an International Problem, edited by M. Horvath and J. Woodhams, 97–115. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Firmin, C., C. Warrington, and J. Pearce. 2016. “Sexual Exploitation and Its Impact on Developing Sexualities and Sexual Relationships: The Needs for Contextual Social Work Interventions.” British Journal of Social Work 46: 2318–2337. doi: 10.1093/bjsw/bcw134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, C., and G. Kalkan. 2016. Barnardo’s Survey on Online Grooming. Barkingside: Barnardo’s.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, Bernard. 1998. Grappling with Smoke: Investigating and Managing Organised Child Sexual Abuse: A Good Practice Guide. Policy Practice Research Series. NSPCC, London, UK. ISBN.
   Google Scholar
• Harden, J. 2000. “There’s No Place Like Home. The Public/Private Distinction in Children’s Theorising of Risk and Safety.” Childhood 7 (1): 43–59. doi: 10.1177/0907568200007001005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway, S., and G. Valentine. 2000. “Spatiality and the New Social Studies of Childhood.” Sociology 34 (4): 763–783. doi: 10.1177/S0038038500000468
   Google Scholar
• Inter-agency Working Group on Sexual Exploitation of Children. 2016. Terminology Guidelines for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse. Luxembourg: ECPAT International.
   Google Scholar
• Jago, S., L. Arocha, I. Brodie, M. Melrose, J. Pearce, and C. Warrington. 2011. What’s Going on to Protect Children and Young People from Sexual Exploitation? How Local Partnerships Respond to Child Sexual Exploitation. Bedfordshire, UK: University of Bedfordshire and Comic Relief.
   Google Scholar
• Jay, A. 2014. Independent Inquiry in CSE in Rotherham 1997–2013. Commissioned by Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council.
   Google Scholar
• Jeffrey, C. 2012. “Geographies of Children and Youth II: Global Youth Agency.” Progress in Human Geography 36 (2): 245–253. doi: 10.1177/0309132510393316
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, A. (Ed.). 2013. Understanding Child Sexual Abuse. Perspectives from the Caribbean. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave, Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kehily, M. 2012. “Contextualising the Sexualisation of Girl’s Debate: Innocence, Experience and Young Female Sexuality.” Gender and Education 24 (3): 255–268. doi: 10.1080/09540253.2012.670391
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, L. 1988. Surviving Sexual Violence. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, L., R. Wingfield, S. Burton, and L. Regan. 1995. Splintered Lives: Sexual Exploitation of Children in the Context of Children Rights and Child Prostitution. London, UK: Barnardos.
   Google Scholar
• Kitzinger, J. 1995. “I’m Sexually Attractive but I’m Powerful.” Women Studies International Forum 18 (2 ): 187–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitzinger, J. 1997. “Who are you Kidding? Children, Power and the Struggle Against Sexual Abuse.” In Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood, edited by Allison James and Alan Prout, 165–189. London: Falmer.
   Google Scholar
• Lamb, S. 1996. The Trouble with Blame. Victims, Perpetrators and Responsibility. London: Harvard Uni Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lamb, S. 1999. “Constructing the Victim – Popular Images and Lasting Labels.” In The New Versions of Victims, Feminists Struggle with the Concept, 108–138. New York: University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, N. 2001. Childhood and Society. Growing up in an age of Uncertainty. Buckingham, USA: OUP.
   Google Scholar
• McNaughton Nicholls, C., E. Cockbain, H. Brayley, S. Harvey, C. Fox, C. Paskell, M. Ashby, K. Gibson, and N. Jago. 2014. Research on the Sexual Exploitation of Boys and Young men. A UK Scoping Study. London: Barnardos, NATCEN, UCL.
   Google Scholar
• Melrose, M. 2012. “Twenty-First Century Party People: Young People and Sexual Exploitation in the New Millennium.” Child Abuse Review 22 (3): 155–168. doi: 10.1002/car.2238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melrose, M. 2013. “Young People and Sexual Exploitation: A Critical Discourse Analysis.” In Critical Perspectives in Child Sexual Exploitation and Related Trafficking, edited by M. Melrose and J. Pearce, 9–22. UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• O’ Dell, L. 2003. “The‘Harm’ Story in Childhood CSA. Contested Understandings, Disputed Knowledges.” In New Feminist Stories of Childhood Sexual Abuse, 131–147. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• O’Dell, L. 2008. “Representations of the ‘Damaged’ Child: ‘Child Saving’ in a British Children’s Charity Ad Campaign.” Children and Society 22 (2008): 383–392. doi: 10.1111/j.1099-0860.2007.00114.x
   Google Scholar
• OSCB. 2015. Serious Case Review into Child Sexual Exploitation in Oxfordshire: from the experiences of Children A, B, C, D, E, and F. Approved by the OSCB February 26th 2015. Independent Reviewer: Alan Bedford MA (Social Work), Dip.Crim.
   Google Scholar
• Overlien, C. 2003. “Innocent Girls or Active Young Women? Negotiating Sexual Agency at a Detention Home.” Feminism and Psychology 13 (3): 345–367. doi: 10.1177/0959353503013003007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pain, R. 2003. “Youth, Age and the Representation of Fear.” Capital & Class 80: 151–171. doi: 10.1177/030981680308000109
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, J. 2007. Sex and Risk In Adolescence, Risk and Resilience. Edited by Coleman, J and Hegel, A. Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Raby, R. 2005. “What is Resistance?” Journal of Youth Studies 8 (2): 151–171. doi: 10.1080/13676260500149246
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, K. 2013. Innocence, Knowledge and the Construction of Childhood – The Contradictory Nature of Sexuality and Censorship in Children’s Contemporary Lives. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, K., and C. Davies. 2008. “She’s Kicking ass, that’s what she’s Doing.” Australian Feminist Studies 23 (57): 343–358. doi: 10.1080/08164640802233294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rock, L. F. 2013. “Research on Child Sexual Abuse: Caribbean and International Perspectives.” In Understanding Child Sexual Abuse. Perspectives for the Caribbean, edited by A. Jones, 145–167. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• RSCB. 2013. Rochdale Borough Safeguarding Children’s Board: The overview report of the serious case review in respect of young people 1,2,3,4,5 & 6. Accessed August 18, 2015. www.rochdaleonline.co.uk/uploads/f1/news/ … /20131220_93449.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, G., and H. Bernard. 2003. “Techniques to Identify Themes.” Field Methods 15: 85–109. doi: 10.1177/1525822X02239569
   Google Scholar
• Scott, D., and S. Swain. 2002. Confronting Cruelty: Historical Perspectives on Child Protection in Australia. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Slater, D. 1998. “Public/Private.” In Core Sociological Dichotomies, edited by C. Jenks, 138–150. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Smette, I., K. Stefansen, and S. Mossige. 2009. “‘Responsible Victims’: Young People’s Understandings of Agency and Responsibility in Sexual Situations Involving Underage Girls.” Nordic Journal of Youth Research 17 (4): 351–373.
   Google Scholar
• Tolman, D. 2002. Dilemmas of Desire: Teenage Girls Talk About Sexuality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vanderbeck, R. M. 2008. “Reaching Critical Mass? Theory, Politics, and the Culture of Debate in Children’s Geographies.” The Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) 40 (3): 393–400.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Burgt, D. 2015. “Spatial Avoidance or Spatial Confidence? Young People’s Agency in the Active Negotiation of Risk and Safety in Public Space.” Children’s Geographies 13 (2): 181–195. doi: 10.1080/14733285.2013.828455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vera-Gray, F. 2016. Situated Agency. Trouble and Strife. UK.
   Google Scholar
• Warrington, C. 2013. “Partners in Care? Sexually Exploited Young People’s Inclusion and Exclusion from Decision Making About Safeguarding.” In Critical Perspectives in Child Sexual Exploitation and Related Trafficking, edited by M. Melrose and J. Pearce, 110–124. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Wild, N. J. 1986. “Sexual Abuse of Children in Leeds.” British Medical Journal 292. doi: 10.1136/bmj.292.6528.1113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodiwiss, J. 2014. “Beyond a Single Story: The Importance of Separating ‘Harm’ from ‘Wrongfulness’ and ‘Sexual Innocence’ from Childhood in Contemporary Narratives of Childhood Sexual Abuse.” Sexualities 17 (1/2): 139–158. doi: 10.1177/1363460713511104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar