Numerical simulation of an experimental atrium fires in combined natural and forced ventilation by CFD

References

• Alarie, Y. (2002). Toxicity of fire smoke. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 32, 259–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aravind Kumar, A., Rajiv Kumar, & Shorab Jain, Y. (2014). Application of computational fluid dynamics for different fire strengths in a compartment using combustion modelling. Fire Science and Technology, 33(2), 35–46.
   Google Scholar
• Arini, D., Pancawardani, F., Santoso, M. A., Sugiarto, B., & Nugroho, Y. S. (2017). Froude modelling of fire phenomena: Observation of fire-induced smoke movement in basement structure for firefighting purpose. Procedia Engineering, 170, 182–188.
   Google Scholar
• BS 5588 Part 7. (1997). Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of buildings code of practice for the incorporation of atria in buildings. London, UK: British Stand-ards Institution.
   Google Scholar
• CFX 16.2, ANSYS, Inc. (2015). Ansys CFX-solver theory guid (Version 16.2). Southpointe 2600 ANSYS Drive, Canonsburg, PA 15317.
   Google Scholar
• CFX 5.7.1, ANSYS, Inc. (2005). Ansys CFX, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software tool (Version 9). Southpointe 275 Technology Drive, Canonsburg, PA 15317, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, W. K. (1993). Numerical studies on the transient behavior of a fire plum and ceiling jet. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 17, 71–79.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, W. K. (2009). Determination of the smoke layer interface height for hot smoke tests in big halls. Journal of Fire Sciences, 27, 125–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, W. K., Fong, N. K., Cui, E., Ho, P. L., Wong, L. T., Huo, R., … Yuan, L. M. (1998). PolyU/USTC atrium: A full-scale burning facility preliminary experiments. Journal of Applied Fire Science, 8(3), 229–241.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, W. K., & Mok, W. K. (1999). CFD fire simulations with four turbulence models and their combinations. Journal of Fire Sciences, 17, 209–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, L. Y., Harkleroad, M., Quintiere, J., & Reinkinen, W. (1982). An experimental study of upper hot layer stratification in full-scale multi-room fire scenarios. Journal of Heat Transfer, 104, 741–749.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, G., & Kumar, S. (1987). Field modelling of fire in forced ventilated enclosures. Combustion Science and Technology, 52, 7–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, W. D., Notarianni, K. A., & McGrattan, K. B. (1996). Comparison of fire model predictions with experiments conducted in a hangar with 15-meter ceiling. NISTIR 5927. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Dreisbach, J., & McGrattan, K. (2007). Verification and validation of selected fire models for nuclear power plant applications, Volume 7: Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), NUREG-1824 Final Report, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research.
   Google Scholar
• Ewer, J., & Galea, E. R. (1999). An intelligent CFD based fire model. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 10(1), 12–27.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, C. G., Ji, J., Wang, W., & Sun, J. H. (2014). Effects of vertical shaft arrangement on natural ventilation performance during tunnel fires. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 73, 158–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galea, E. R., Knight, B., Patel, M. K., Ewer, J., Pitridis, M., & Taylor, S. (1998). SMARTFIRE v2.0 User Guide and Technical Manual. Londin, UK: Fire Safety Engineering Group, University of Greenwich.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, Z., Ji, J., & Sun, J. 2016 Determination of smoke layer interface height of medium scale tunnel fire scenarios. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 56, 118–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez-Montes, C., Sanmiguel-Rojas, E., Kaiser, A. S., & Viedma, A. (2008). Numerical model and validation experiments of atrium enclosure fire in a new fire test facility. Building and Environment, 43, 1912–1928.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez-Montes, C., Sanmiguel-Rojas, E., Viedma, A., & Rein, G. (2009). Experimental data and numerical modelling of 1.3 and 2.3 MW fires in a 20 m cubic atrium. Building and Environment, 44, 1827–1839.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamins, A., & McGrattan, K. (2007). Verification and validation of selected fire models for nuclear power plant applications. Washington, DC: NUREG-1824, volume 2, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research (RES). Retrieved from http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1824/
   Google Scholar
• Hasib, R., Kumar, R., Shashi, & Kumar, S. (2007). Simulation of an experimental compartment fire by CFD. Building and Environment, 42, 3149–3160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, Y. P., Fernando, A., & Luo, M. C. (1998). Determination of interface height from measured parameter profile in enclosure fire experiment. Fire Safety Journal, 31, 19–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hostikka, S., Kokkala, M., & Vaari, J. (2001). Experimental study of the localized room fires. NFSC2 Test Series (VTT building technology) VTT Research Notes 2104.
   Google Scholar
• Huo, R., Hu, Y., & Li, Y. Z. (2009). Introduction to building fire safety engineering (pp. 90–91). Hefei, China: China Science and Technology University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ji, J., Guo, F., Gao, Z., Zhu, J., & Sun, J. (2017). Numerical investigation on the effect of ambient pressure on smoke movement and temperature distribution in tunnel fires. Applied Thermal Engineering, 118, 663–669.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji, J., Wan, H., Li, K., Han, J., & Sun, J. (2015). A numerical study on upstream maximum temperature in inclined urban road tunnel fires. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 88, 516–526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klote, J. H. (1994). Method of predicting smoke movement in atria with application to smoke management, NSTIR 5516. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institution of Standards and Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, R. (2004). Studies on compartment fires (Ph.D. thesis). Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee.
   Google Scholar
• Launder, B. E., & Spalding, D. B. (1973). The numerical computation of turbulent flows. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 3, 269–289
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., & Apte, V. (2004). Evaluation of phoenics CFD fire model against room corner fire experiments. In: CSIRO Manufacturing & Infrastructure Technology, North Ryde, NSW. Proceedings of the 10th International Phoenics User Conference; May 3–5, 2004; Melbourne, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., Moser, A., & Sinai, Y. (2016). Comparison of a CFD fire model against a ventilated fire experiment in an enclosure. International Journal of Ventilation, 3(2), 169–181.
   Google Scholar
• Lockwood, F. C., & Shah, N. G. (1981). Discrete transfer radiation model. Proceedings of the 18th Symposium (Int.) on Combustion, Combustion Institute, 1405–1413.
   Google Scholar
• Magnussen, B. F., & Hjertager, B. H. (1977). On mathematical modeling of turbulent combustion with special emphasis on soot formation and combustion, proceedings, the 16th symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 16( 1), 719–729.
   Google Scholar
• Markatos, N. C., Malin, M. R., & Cox, G. (1982). Mathematical modelling of buoyancy-induced smoke flow in enclosures. International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, 25(1), 63–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaffrey, B. J., Quintiere, J.G., & Harkleroad, M. F. (1981).Estimating compartment temperature and likelihood of flashover using fire test data correlation. Fire Technology, 17(2), 98–119.
   Google Scholar
• McGrattan, K. B., McDermott, R. J., Weinschenk, C. G., & Forney, G. P. (2013). Fire dynamics simulator, technical reference guide, sixth edition. Technical Reference Guide. Ed., National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)., Special Publication 1019. Centre of Finland National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, June 23, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Mok, W. K., & Chow W. K. (2004). Verification and validation’ in modelling fire by computational fluid dynamics. International Journal on Architectural Science, 5(3), 58–67.
   Google Scholar
• Müllerová, J. (2014). Heat transfer. Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• National Fire Protection Association. (2009). NFPA 92B: Guide for smoke management systems in malls, atria and large areas. Quincy, MA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Novozhilov, V. (2001). Computational fluid dynamics modelling of compartment fires. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 27, 611–666.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novozhilov, V., Harvie, D. J. E., Green, A. R., & Kent, J. H. (1997). A computational fluid dynamics model of burning rate and extinction by water sprinkler. Combustion Science and Technology, 123, 227–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhie, C. M., & Chow, W. L. (1983). A numerical study of the turbulent flow past an isolated airfoil with trailing edge separation. AIAA Journal, 21(11), 1525–1532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosbash, D. J., & Drysdale, D. (1982). Fundamentals of smoke production. Fire Safety Journal, 5, 77–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubini, P. (2006). User guide SOFIE (Simulation of Fires in Enclosures). Cranfield, England: School of Mechanical Engineering, Cranfield University, England.
   Google Scholar
• SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection of Engineering. (2002). 3rd ed. Chapter 1, Heat Release Rates. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• Spalding, D. B. (1971). Mixing and chemical reaction in steady confined turbulent flames, Thirteenth symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, 649–657
   Google Scholar
• Steckler, K. D., Quintiere, J. G., & Rinkinen, W. J. (1982). Flow induced by Fire in a Compartment. NBSIR 82-2520. Washington, DC: National Bureau of Standards.
   Google Scholar
• Stroup, D., & Lindeman, A. (2016). Verification and validation of selected fire models for nuclear power plant applications. Washington, DC: NUREG-1824, supplement 1, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research (RES). Retrieved from http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1824/
   Google Scholar
• Tilley, N., Rauwoens, P., & Merci, B. (2011). Verification of the accuracy of CFD simulations in small-scale tunnel and atrium fire configurations. Fire Safety Journal, 46, 186–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hees, P. (2013). validation and verification of fire models for fire safety engineering. Procedia Engineering, 62, 154–168.
   Google Scholar
• Vistnes, J. (2004). Stephen grubits and associates. Validation of phoenics 3.5 for modeling tunnel ventilation systems under fire conditions. Papers presented at PHOENICS, user conference held in Melbourne from May 3–5.
   Google Scholar
• Woodburn, P. J., & Britter, R. E. (1996a). CFD simulations of a tunnel fire – Part I. Fire Safety Journal, 26, 35–62.
   Google Scholar
• Woodburn, P. J., & Britter, R. E. (1996b). CFD simulations of a tunnel fire –Part II. Fire Safety Journal, 26, 63–90.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J. L., Zhou, X. D., Xu, Q. K., & Yang, L. Z. (2012). The inclination effect on CO generation and smoke movement in an inclined tunnel fire. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 29, 78–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z., Zhang, W., Zhai, Z., & Chen, Q. (2007). Evaluation of various turbulence models in predicting airflow and turbulence in enclosed environments by CFD: Part 2—Comparison with experimental data from literature. HVAC&R Research, 13(6), 871–886.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar