Methodologies for the Comparison of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems

References

• Andrews , S. S. , Karlen , D. L. and Mitchell , J. P. 2002 . A comparison of soil quality indexing methods for vegetable production systems in northern California. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 90 : 25 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong-Brown , A. , Cook , H. F. and Lee , H. C. 2000 . Topsoil characteristics from a paired farm survey of organic versus conventional farming in southern England. . Biological Agriculture and Horticulture , 18 : 37 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Aude , E. , Tybirk , K. and Bruus Pedersen , M. 2003 . Vegetation diversity of conventional and organic hedgerows in Denmark. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 99 : 135 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender , M. H. 2001 . An economic comparison of traditional and conventional agricultural systems at a county level. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 16 ( 1 ) : 2 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Berardi , G. 1978 . Organic and conventional wheat production: Examination of energy and economics. . Agro-Ecosystems , 4 : 377 – 385 .
   Google Scholar
• Blackburn , J. and Arthur , W. 2001 . Comparative abundance of centipedes on organic and conventional farms, and its possible relation to declines in farmland bird populations. . Basic Applied Ecology , 2 : 373 – 381 .
   Google Scholar
• de Boer , I. J.M. 2003 . Environmental impact assessment of conventional and organic milk production. . Livestock Production Science , 80 : 69 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Büchs , W. 2003 . Biodiversity and agri-environmental indicators—general scopes and skills with special reference to the habitat level. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 98 : 35 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bujáki , G. , Guzli , P. and McKinlay , R. G. 1995 . “ Comparison of energy output/input of conventional and organic agriculture in Scotland and in Hungary. ” . In Integrated Crop Protection: Towards Sustainability? , BCPC Symposium Proceedings 63. Edited by: McKinlay , R. G. and Atkinson , D. 179 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Bulluck , L. R. III , Brosius , M. , Evanylo , G. K. and Ristaino , J. B. 2002 . Organic and synthetic fertility amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical properties on organic and conventional farms. . Applied Soil Ecology , 19 : 147 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carriker , G. L. 1995 . Factor input demand subject to economic and environmental risk: Nitrogen fertilizer in Kansas dryland corn production. . Review of Agricultural Economics , 17 : 77 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlain , D. E. , Wilson , J. D. and Fuller , R. J. 1999 . A comparison of bird populations on organic and conventional farm systems in southern Britain. . Biological Conservation , 88 : 307 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , S. , Klonsky , K. , Livingston , P. and Temple , S. 1999 . Crop-yield and economic comparisons of organic, low-input, and conventional farming systems in California's Sacramento valley. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 14 ( 3 ) : 109 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• The Compendium of UK Organic Standards . 2005 . On WWW athttp://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/organic/legislation-standards/compendium-july05.pdf. Accessed 27.02.06
   Google Scholar
• Cook , S. K. , Turley , D. B. , Britt , C. P. and Froment , M. A. 1996 . Economic assessment of strategies for oneyear set-aside. . Aspects of Applied Biology , 47 : 293 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Dalgaard , T. , Halberg , N. and Porter , J. R. 2001 . A model for fossil energy use in Danish agriculture used to compare organic and conventional farming. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 87 : 51 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies , A. B. , Joice , R. and Noble , L. 1995 . “ Financial analysis of a positive field margin strategy on organic and conventionally managed land. ” . In Integrated Crop Protection: Towards Sustainability? Edited by: McKinlay , R. G. and Atkinson , D. 261 – 267 . BCPC Symposium Proceedings 63
   Google Scholar
• van Diepeningen , A. D. , de Vos , O. J. , Korthals , G. W. and van Bruggen , A. H.C. 2006 . Effects of organic versus conventional management on chemical and biological parameters in agricultural soils. . Applied Soil Ecology , 31 : 120 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feber , R. E. , Firbank , L. G. , Johnson , P. J. and Macdonald , D. W. 1997 . The effects of organic farming on pest and non-pest butterfly abundance. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 64 : 133 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris , H. , Venette , R. C. and Lau , S. S. 1996 . Dynamics of nematode communities in tomatoes grown in conventional and organic farming systems, and their impact on soil fertility. . Applied Soil Ecology , 3 : 161 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Flaten , O. , Lien , G. , Koesling , M. , Valle , P. S. and Ebbesvik , M. 2005 . Comparing risk perceptions and risk management in organic and conventional dairy farming: Empirical results from Norway. . Livestock Production Science , 95 : 11 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Fowler , S. , Lampkin , N. and Midmore , P. 1998 . Organic Farm Incomes in England and Wales, 1995/96 , Welsh Institute of Rural Studies Abersytwyth : University of Wales .
   Google Scholar
• Fowler , S. , Lampkin , N. and Midmore , P. 2000 . Organic Farm Incomes in England and Wales, 1995/96–1997/98. Welsh Institute of Rural Studies Abersytwyth : University of Wales .
   Google Scholar
• Freemark , K. E. and Kirk , D. A. 2001 . Birds on organic and conventional farms in Ontario: Partitioning effects of habitat and practices on species composition and abundance. . Biological Conservation , 101 : 337 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez , M. , Miglioranza , K. S.B. , Aizpún de Moreno , J. E. and Moreno , V. J. 2005 . Evaluation of conventionally and organically produced vegetables for high lipophilic organochloride pesticide (OCP) residues. . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 43 : 261 – 269 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gosling , P. and Shepherd , M. 2005 . Long-term changes in soil fertility in organic arable farming systems in England, with particular reference to phosphorus and potassium. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 105 : 425 – 432 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosling , P. , Hodge , A. , Goodlass , G. and Bending , G. D. 2006 . Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and organic farming. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 113 : 17 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , M. R. , Young , J. E.B. , Cook , S. K. and Hill , P. 1996 . A comparison of the profitability of contrasting rotations in the TALISMAN experiment. . Aspects of Applied Biology , 47 : 287 – 292 .
   Google Scholar
• Gustafson , G. M. , Salomon , E. , Jonsson , S. and Steinbeck , S. 2003 . Fluxes of K, P and Zn in a conventional and an organic dairy farming system through feed, animals, manure and urine—A case study at Öjebyn, Sweden. . European Journal of Agronomy , 20 : 89 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haggar , R. and Padel , S. 1996 . Conversion to Organic Milk Production. Aberystwth : IGER .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , B. , Kristensen , E. K. , Grant , R. , Høgh-Jensen , H. , Simmelsgaard , S. E. and Olesen , J. E. 2000 . Nitrogen leaching from conventional versus organic farming systems—A systems modelling approach. . European Journal of Agronomy , 13 : 65 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson , J. C. , Lichtenberg , E. and Peters , S. E. 1997 . Organic versus conventional grain production in the mid-Atlantic: An economic and farming system overview. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 12 ( 1 ) : 2 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Häring , A. M. 2003 . Organic dairy farms in the EU: Production systems, economics and future development. . Livestock Production Science , 80 : 89 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Hasey , J. K. , Johnson , R. S. , Meyer , R. D. and Klonsky , K. 1997 . An organic versus a conventional farming system in kiwifruit. . Acta Horticulturae , 444 : 223 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Hendriks , K. , Stobbelaar , D. J. and van Mansvelt , J. D. 2000 . The appearance of agriculture. An assessment of the quality of landscape of both organic and conventional horticultural farms in West Friesland. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 77 : 157 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higginbotham , S. , Noble , L. and Joice , R. 1996 . The profitability of integrated crop management, organic and conventional arable regimes. . Aspects of Applied Biology , 47 : 327 – 333 .
   Google Scholar
• Klepper , R. , Lockeretz , W. , Commoner , B. , Gertler , M. , Fast , S. , O'Leary , D. and Blobaum , R. 1977 . Economic performance and energy intensiveness on organic and conventional farms in the Corn Belt: A preliminary comparison. . American Journal of Agricultural Economics , 59 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloen , H. and Vereijken , P. 1999 . “ Prototyping ecological arable farming systems: Designing, testing and improving with pilot farms. ” . In First SREN Workshop on Research Methodologies in Organic Farming Edited by: Zanoli , R. and Krell , R. 151 – 156 . Rome : FAO .
   Google Scholar
• Kooistra , M. J. , Lebbink , G. and Brussard , L. 1989 . The Dutch Programme on Soil Ecology of Arable Farming Systems. 2. Geogenesis, agricultural history, field site characteristics and present farming systems at the Lovinkhoeve experimental farm. . Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment , 27 : 361 – 387 .
   Google Scholar
• Kristensen , T. and Kristensen , E. K. 1998 . Analysis and simulation modelling of the production in Danish organic and conventional dairy herds. . Livestock Production Science , 54 : 55 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Lal , R. 1991 . Tillage and agricultural sustainability. . Soil and Tillage Research , 20 : 133 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampkin , N. H. and Padel , S. 1994 . The Economics of Organic Farming.% Wallingford : CAB International .
   Google Scholar
• Leake , A. R. 1996 . The effect of cropping sequences and rotational management: An economic comparison of conventional, integrated and organic systems. . Aspects of Applied Biology , 47 : 185 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , L. K. 1992 . A perspective on the economic impacts of reducing agricultural chemical use. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 7 ( 1&2 ) : 82 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Loake , C. 2001 . Energy accounting and well-being—Examining UK organic and conventional farming systems through a human energy perspective. . Agricultural Systems , 70 : 275 – 294 .
   Google Scholar
• Lobley , M. and Potter , C. 2004 . Agricultural change and restructuring: Recent evidence from a survey of agricultural households in England. . Journal of Rural Studies , 20 : 499 – 510 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockeretz , W. , Shearer , G. and Kohl , D. 1981 . Organic farming in the corn belt. . Science , 211 : 540 – 547 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund , V. 1999 . “ Research in organic farming in the Nordic countries with specific focus on methodological problems. ” . In First SREN Workshop on Research Methodologies in Organic Farming Edited by: Zanoli , R. and Krell , R. 11 – 23 . Rome : FAO .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , K. and Murdoch , J. 2000 . Organic vs. conventional agriculture: Knowledge, power and innovation in the food chain. . Geoforum , 31 : 159 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morison , J. , Hine , R. and Pretty , J. 2005 . Survey and analysis of labour on organic farms in the UK and Republic of Ireland. . International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability , 3 ( 1 ) : 24 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , H. and Michael-Butler , L. 1994 . Whole farm case studies and focus groups: Participatory strategies for agricultural research and education programs. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 9 ( 1&2 ) : 38 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Ogini , Y. O. , Stonehouse , D. P. and Clark , E. A. 1999 . Comparison of organic and conventional dairy farms in Ontario. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 14 ( 3 ) : 122 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Olesen , J. E. , Schelde , K. , Weiske , A. , Weisbjerg , M. R. , Asman , W. A.H. and Djurhuus , J. 2005 . “ Modelling greenhouse gas emissions from European conventional and organic dairy farms. ” . In Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Pacini , C. , Wossink , A. , Giesen , G. , Vazzana , C. and Huirne , R. 2003 . Evaluation of sustainability of organic, integrated and conventional farming systems: A farm and field-scale analysis. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 95 : 273 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacini , C. , Wossink , A. , Giesen , G. and Huirne , R. 2004 . Ecological-economic modelling to support multi-objective policy making: A farming systems approach implemented for Tuscany. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 102 : 349 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelan , P. L. , Mason , J. F. and Stinner , B. R. 1995 . Soilfertility management and host preference by European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), on Zea mays L.: A comparison of organic and conventional chemical farming. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 56 : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poudel , D. D. , Horwath , W. R. , Lanini , W. T. , Temple , S. R. and van Bruggen , A. H.C. 2002 . Comparison of soil N availability and leaching potential, crop yields and weeds in organic, low-input and conventional farming systems in northern California. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 90 : 125 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reganold , J. P. 1995 . Soil quality and profitability of biodynamic and conventional farming systems: A review. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 10 ( 1 ) : 36 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Refsgaard , K. , Halberg , N. and Kristensen , E. K. 1998 . Energy utilization in crop and dairy production in organic and conventional livestock production systems. . Agricultural Systems , 57 : 599 – 630 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigby , D. , Young , T. and Burton , M. 2001 . The development of and prospects for organic farming in the UK. . Food Policy , 26 : 599 – 613 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , W. S. and Swinton , S. M. 1996 . Economic methods for comparing alternative crop production systems: A review of the literature. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 11 ( 1 ) : 10 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Sato , K. , Bartlett , P. C. , Erskine , R. J. and Kaneene , J. B. 2005 . A comparison of production and management between Wisconsin organic and conventional dairy herds. . Livestock Production Science , 93 : 105 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Shearer , G. , Kohl , D. , Wanner , D. , Kuepp , G. , Sweeney , D. and Lockeretz , W. 1981 . Crop production costs and returns on Midwestern organic farms: 1977 and 1978. . American Journal of Agricultural Economics , 63 : 264 – 269 .
   Google Scholar
• Siegrist , S. , Scaub , D. , Pfiffner , L. and Mäder , P. 1998 . Does organic agriculture reduce soil erodibility? The results of a long-term field study on loess in Switzerland. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 69 : 253 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , E. and Marsden , T. 2004 . Exploring the ‘limits to growth’ in UK organics: Beyond the statistical image. . Journal of Rural Studies , 20 : 345 – 357 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stobbelaar , D. J. , Kuiper , J. , van Mansvelt , J. D. and Kabourakis , E. 2000 . Landscape quality on organic farms in the Messara valley, Crete. Organic farms as components in the landscape. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 77 : 79 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swezey , S. L. , Werner , M. R. , Buchanan , M. and Allison , J. 1998 . Comparison of conventional and organic apple production systems during three years of conversion to organic management in coastal California. . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , 13 ( 4 ) : 162 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Tamis , W. L.M. and van den Brink , W. J. 1999 . Conventional, integrated and organic winter wheat production in the Netherlands in the period 1993–1997. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 76 : 47 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teague , M. L. , Bernardo , D. J. and Mapp , H. P. 1995 . Farm level economic analysis incorporating stochastic environmental risk assessment. . American Journal of Agricultural Economics , 77 : 8 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Tzouvelekas , V. , Pantzios , C. J. and Fotopoulos , C. 2001 . Technical efficiency of alternative farming systems: The case of Greek organic and conventional olive growing farms. . Food Policy , 26 : 549 – 569 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazquez , R. I. , Stinner , B. R. and McCartney , D. A. 2003 . Corn and weed residue decomposition in northeast Ohio organic and conventional dairy farms. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 95 : 559 – 565 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vereijken , P. 1999 . Manual for prototyping integrated and ecological arable farming systems (I/EAFS) in interaction with pilot farms. Published by AB-DLO Postbox 14, 6700 AAWageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 64. It can also be found electronically in full at http://library.wur.nl/way/catalogue/documents/i_eafs.pdf (checked by me on 27 February 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Weiske , A. , Vabitsch , A. , Olesen , J. E. , Schelde , K. , Michel , J. , Friedrich , R. and Kaltschmitt , M. 2006 . Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in European conventional and organic dairy farming. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 112 : 221 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells , A. T. , Chan , K. Y. and Cornish , P. S. 2000 . Comparison of conventional and alternative vegetable farming systems on the properties of a yellow earth in New South Wales. . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 80 : 47 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , G. B. 1996 . The economics of converting conventionally managed vineyards to organic management practices. . Acta Horticulturae , 429 : 377 – 384 .
   Google Scholar
• Widmer , F. , Rasche , F. , Hartmann , M. and Fliessbach , A. 2005 . “ Community structures and substrate utilisation of bacteria in soils from organic and conventional farming systems of the DOK longterm field experiment. ” . In Applied Soil Ecology (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Woodward , B. W. and Fernández , M. I. 1999 . Comparison of conventional and organic beef production systems II. Carcass characteristics. . Livestock Production Science , 61 : 225 – 231 .
   Google Scholar