References
- Anderson, C. L., Reynolds, T. W., & Gugerty, M. K. (2017). Husband and wife perspectives on farm household decision-making authority and evidence on intra-household accord in rural Tanzania. World development, 90, 169–183. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.09.005
- Apusigah, A. A. (2009). The gendered politics of farm household production and the shaping of women’s livelihoods in Northern Ghana. Feminist Africa, 12(12), 51–67.
- Asare-kyei, D. K., Kloos, J., & Renaud, F. G. (2015). Multi-scale participatory indicator development approaches for climate change risk assessment in West Africa. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 11, 13–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.11.001
- Beaman, L., & Dillon, A. (2012). Do household definitions matter in survey design? Results from a randomized survey experiment in Mali. Journal of Development Economics, 98(1), 124–135. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.06.005
- Bowen, G. A. (2006). Grounded theory and sensitizing concepts. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(3), 12–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500304
- Chambers, R. (1994). Participatory rural appraisal (PRA): Analysis of experience. World development, 22(9), 1253–1268. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(94)90003-5
- Chant, S. (2006). Re-thinking the “feminization of poverty” in relation to aggregate gender indices. Journal of Human Development, 7(2), 201–220. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880600768538
- Cho, S., Crenshaw, K. W., & McCall, L. (2013). Toward a field of intersectionality studies: Theory, applications, and praxis. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 38(4), 785–810. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/669608
- Crenshaw, K. W. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1300. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
- Dijkstra, A. G., & Hanmer, L. C. (2000). Measuring socio-economic gender inequality: Toward an alternative to the UNDP gender-related development index. Feminist Economics, 6(2), 41–75. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700050076106
- Dijkstra, A. G., & Hanmer, L. C. (2000). Measuring socio-economic gender inequality: Toward an alternative to the UNDP gender related development index. Feminist Economics, 6(2), 41–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700050076106
- Djurfeldt, A. A., Hillbom, E., Mulwafu, W. O., Mvula, P., & Djurfeldt, G. (2018). "The family farms together, the decisions, however are made by the man”—Matrilineal land tenure systems,welfare and decision making in rural Malawi. Land use policy, 70, 601–610. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.10.048
- Dogra, N. (2011). The mixed metaphor of ‘Third World Woman’: Gendered representations by international development NGOs. Third World Quarterly, 32(2), 333–348. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.560472
- Dookie, C., Lambrou, Y., & Petrics, H. (2013). A tool for gender-sensitive agriculture and rural development policy and programme formulation: Guidelines for Ministries of Agriculture and FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
- Doss, C. (2014). If women hold up half the sky, how much of the world’s food do they produce? In A. Quisumbing, R. Meinzen-Dick, T. Raney, A. Croppenstedt, J. Behrman, & A. Peterman (Eds.), Gender in agriculture and food security: Closing the knowledge gap. Springer and FAO. http://link.springer.com/book/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8616-4.
- Doss, C. R. (2002). Men’s crops? Women’s crops? The gender patterns of cropping in Ghana. World Development, 30(11), 1987–2000. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00109-2
- Doss, C., Kovarik, C., Peterman, A., Quisumbing, A., & van den Bold, M. (2015). Gender inequalities in ownership and control of land in Africa: Myth and reality. Agricultural Economics, 46(3), 403–434. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12171
- Doss, C., Meinzen-Dick, R., Quisumbing, A., & Theis, S. (2018). Women in agriculture: Four myths. Global Food Security, 16, 69–74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.10.001
- Durham, D. (2000). Youth and the social imagination in Africa: Introduction to parts 1 and 2. Anthropological Quarterly, 73(3), 113–120. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/anq.2000.0003
- Durham, D. (2004). Disappearing youth: Youth as a social shifter in Botswana. American Ethnologist, 31(4), 589–605. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2004.31.4.589
- Fernández-Kelly, P. (2012). Making sense of the other: Ethnographic methods and immigration research. In S. J. Gold & S. J. Nawyn (Eds.), Routledge international handbook of migration studies (pp. 494–505). Routledge.
- Fisher, M., Reimer, J. J., & Carr, E. R. (2010). Who should be interviewed in surveys of household income? World Development, 38(7), 966–973. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.024
- Fraser, E. D., Dougill, A. J., Mabee, W. E., Reed, M., & McAlpine, P. (2006). Bottom up and top down: Analysis of participatory processes for sustainability indicator identification as a pathway to community empowerment and sustainable environmental management. Journal of Environmental Management, 78(2), 114–127. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.04.009
- Freebairn, D. M., & King, C. A. (2003). Reflections on collectively working toward sustainability: Indicators for indicators! Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 43(3), 223–238. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1071/EA00195
- Gergen, M. M. (1988). Toward a feminist metatheory and methodology in the social sciences. In M. M. Gergen (Ed.), Feminist thought and the structure of knowledge (pp. 87–104). New York University Press.
- Gouws, A. (1996). Feminist epistemology and representation: The impact of post-modernism and post-colonialism. Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa, 30, 65–82.
- Philip P. G., Ida N. S. Djenontin, Leo C. Z., Judith F. K., Jessica, K.-P., Akosua, D., Irene, E., Gundula, F. this issue. Gender- and youth-sensitive data collection tools in agriculture interventions: informing and enabling inclusive SAI.
- Grünenfelder, J., & Schurr, C. (2015). Intersectionality – A challenge for development research and practice? Development in Practice, 25(6), 771–784. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2015.1059800
- Guijt, I. (1998). Participatory monitoring and impact assessment of sustainable agriculture initiatives: An introduction to the key elements (No. 1). IIED.
- Gumucio, T., Huyer, S., Hansen, J., Simelton, E., Partey, S., & Schwager, S. 2018. Inclusion of gender equality in monitoring and evaluation of climate services. CCAFS Working Paper no. 249. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).
- Hannan, A., Heckert, J., James-Hawkins, L., & Yount, K. M. (2019). Cognitive interviewing to improve women’s empowerment questions in surveys: Application to the health, nutrition, and intrahousehold relationships modules for the project-level women’s empowerment in agriculture index. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 16. e12871. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12871.
- Hemminger, K., Bock, B., Groot, J., Michalscheck, M., & Timler, C. (2014). Towards integrated assessment of gender relations in farming systems analysis (Doctoral dissertation, MSc thesis, Wageningen University (also presented as a poster with the coauthors at Tropentag 2014)).
- Hochfeld, T., & Bassadien, S. R. (2007). Participation, values, and implementation: Three research challenges in developing gender-sensitive indicators. Gender & Development, 15(2), 217–230. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13552070701391516
- Hudson-Weems, C. (1993). Africana womanism: Reclaiming ourselves. Bedford Publications.
- IFAD. (2015). Youth access to rural finance. Inclusive rural financial services. Lessons Learned series.
- Kabeer, N. (1994). Reversed realities: Gender hierarchies in development thought. Verso.
- Kabeer, N. (1999). The conditions and consequences of choice: reflections on the measurement of women's empowerment (Vol. 108, pp. 1-58). Geneva: UNRISD
- Kanter, D. R., Musumba, M., Wood, S. L., Palm, C., Antle, J., Balvanera, P., & Thornton, P. (2018). Evaluating agricultural trade-offs in the age of sustainable development. Agricultural Systems, 163, 73–88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.09.010
- Kerr, R. B. (2005). Food security in northern Malawi: gender, kinship relations and entitlements in historical context. Journal of Southern African Studies, 31(1), 53–74. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070500035679
- Kerr, R. B., Snapp, S., Chirwa, M., Shumba, L., & Msachi, R. (2007). Participatory research on legume diversification with Malawian smallholder farmers for improved human nutrition and soil fertility. Experimental Agriculture, 43(4), 437–453. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479707005339
- King, C., Gunton, J., Freebairn, D., Coutts, J., & Webb, I. (2000). The sustainability indicator industry: Where to from here? A focus group study to explore the potential of farmer participation in the development of indicators. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 40(4), 631–642. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1071/EA99148
- Longino, H. (1993). Subjects, power and knowledge: Description and prescription in feminist philosophies of science. In L. Alcoff & E. Potter (Eds.), Feminist epistemologies (pp. 101–120). New York: Routledge.
- Malapit, H., Kovarik, C., Sproule, K., Meinzen-Dick, R., & Quisumbing, A. R. (2015). Instructional guide on the abbreviated women’s empowerment in agriculture index (A-WEAI). International Food Policy Research Institute.
- Malapit, H., Quisumbing, A., Meinzen-Dick, R., Seymour, G., Martinez, E. M., Heckert, J., & Team, S. (2019). Development of the project-level women’s empowerment in agriculture index (pro-WEAI). World Development, 122, 675–692. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.06.018
- Mapila, M. A. (2014). Agricultural policy processes and the youth in Malawi: IFPRI.
- Meinzen-Dick, R., Kovarik, C., & Quisumbing, A. R. (2014). Gender and sustainability. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 39, 29–55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-101813-013240
- Meinzen-Dick, R. S., Rubin, D., Elias, M., Mulema, A. A., & Myers, E. (2019). Women’s empowerment in agriculture: Lessons from qualitative research ( Vol. 1797). Intl Food Policy Res Inst.
- Mohan, D., Prabhakar, S. V. R. K., & Upadhyay, H. (2017). Identifying adaptation effectiveness indicators using participatory approaches: A case study from the Gangetic Basin. Climate and Development, 11(0), 287–301. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2017.1401523
- Morgan, M. (2014). Measuring gender transformative change (Program Brief No. AAS-2014-41). CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems.
- Musumba, M., Grabowski, P., Palm, C., & Snapp, S. S. (2017). Guide for the sustainable intensification assessment framework.
- Naamwintome, B. A., & Bagson, E. (2013). Youth in agriculture: Prospects and challenges in the Sissala area of Ghana. Net Journal of Agricultural Science, 1(2), 60–68.
- Nash, J. C. (2008). Re-thinking intersectionality. Feminist Review, 89(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.2008.4
- Netting, R. M. (1993). Smallholders, householders: Farm families and the ecology of intensive, sustainable agriculture. Stanford University Press.
- Ngwira, B. N. (n.d.). Women’s property and inheritance rights and the land reform process in Malawi 1. 1–21.
- Nightingale, A. (2006). The nature of gender: work, gender, and environment. Environment and planning D: Society and Space, 24(2), 165–185. doi: https://doi.org/10.1068/d01k
- Owen, G., & Goldin, J. (2015). Assessing the relationship between youth capabilities and food security: A case study of a rainwater harvesting project in South Africa. Water SA, 41(4), 541–548. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v41i4.14
- Peters, P. E. (1997). Against the odds: Matriliny, land and gender in the Shire Highlands of Malawi. Critique of Anthropology, 17(2), 189–210. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X9701700205
- Peters, P. E. (2010). “Our daughters inherit our land, but our sons use their wives’ fields”: Matrilineal-matrilocal land tenure and the new land policy in Malawi. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 4(1), 179–199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17531050903556717
- Pretty, J., Benton, T. G., Bharucha, Z. P., Dicks, L. V., Flora, C. B., Godfray, H. C. J., Goulson, D., Hartley, S., Lampkin, N., Morris, C., Pierzynski, G., Prasad, P. V. V., Reganold, J., Rockström, J., Smith, P., Thorne, P., & Wratten, S. (2018). Global assessment of agricultural system redesign for sustainable intensification. Nature Sustainability, 1(8), 441–446. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0114-0
- Randall, S., Coast, E., Antoine, P., Compaore, N., Dial, F. B., Fanghanel, A., Gning, S. B., Thiombiano, B. G., Golaz, V., & Wandera, S. O. (2015). UN census “households” and local interpretations in Africa since independence. Sage Open, 5(2), 2158244015589353. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015589353
- Rasmussen, L. V., Bierbaum, R., Oldekop, J. A., & Agrawal, A. (2017). Bridging the practitioner-researcher divide: Indicators to track environmental, economic, and sociocultural sustainability of agricultural commodity production. Global Environmental Change, 42, 33–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.12.001
- Reed, M., Dougill, A., & Baker, T. (2008). Participatory indicator development what can ecologists and local communities learn from each other? Ecological Applications, 18(5), 1253–1269. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0519.1
- Rosenstro, U., & Kyllo, S. (2007). Impacts of a participatory approach to developing national level sustainable development indicators in Finland. Journal of Environmental. Management, 84, 282–298. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.06.008
- Roy, R., Chan, N. W., & Rainis, R. (2013). Development of indicators for sustainable rice farming in Bangladesh: A case study with participative multi-stakeholder involvement. World Applied Science Journal, 22(5), 672–682. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.22.05.2890.
- Rukuni, M. (2016). Study on the impact of land tenure systems on agricultural transformation in Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia Volume 1: Main Report. 1(December), 1–70.
- Schroeder, R. A. (1999). Shady practices: Agroforestry and gender politics in the Gambia (Vol. 5). Univ of California Press.
- Smith, A., Snapp, S., Chikowo, R., Thorne, P., Bekunda, M., & Glover, J. (2017). Measuring sustainable intensification in smallholder agroecosystems: A review. Global Food Security, 12, 127–138. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2016.11.002
- Snyder, K. A., & Cullen, B. (2014). Implications of sustainable agricultural intensification for family farming in Africa: Anthropological perspectives. Anthropological Notebooks, 20, 9–29. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/53063.
- Stearns, N. P. (2015). Gender in world history. Routledge.
- Torri, M. C. (2010). Power, structure, gender relations and community-based conservation: The Cawswe Study of the Sariska Region,Rajasthan, India. Journal of International Women's Studies, 11(4), 1–18.
- Underwood, C. R., Leddy, A. M., & Morgan, M. (2014). Gender-equity or gender-equality scales and indices for potential use in aquatic agricultural systems. WorldFish.
- Van der Merwe, S. E., Biggs, R., Preiser, R., Cunningham, C., Snowden, D. J., O’Brien, K., Jenal, M., Vosloo, M., Blignaut, S., & Goh, Z. (2019). Making sense of complexity: Using sensemaker as a research tool. Systems, 7(2), 25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/systems7020025
- Van Gyampo, R. E., & Obeng-odoom, F. (2013). Youth participation in local and national development in Ghana: 1620–2013 by. 5(9), 129–150.
- Van Houweling, E., Hall, R. P., Diop, A. S., Davis, J., & Seiss, M. (2012). The role of productive water use in women’s livelihoods: Evidence from rural Senegal. Water Alternatives, 5(3), 658–677.
- Wanyeki, L. M. (2003). Women and land in Africa: culture, religion and realizing women's rights. New Africa Books.
- Winker, G., & Degele, N. (2011). Intersectionality as multi-level analysis: Dealing with social inequality. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 18(1), 51–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506810386084
- Yegbemey, R. N., Yabi, J. A., Dossa, C., & Bauer, S. (2014). Novel participatory indicators of sustainability reveal weaknesses of maize cropping in Benin. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0214-9
- Yount, K. M., Cheong, Y. F., Maxwell, L., Heckert, J., Martinez, E. M., & Seymour, G. (2019). Measurement properties of the project-level Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index. World Development, 124, 104639. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104639
- Zimmerer, K. S., Carney, J. A., & Vanek, S. J. (2015). Sustainable smallholder intensification in global change? Pivotal spatial interactions, gendered livelihoods, and agrobiodiversity. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 14, 49–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.03.004
- Zurek, M., Keenlyside, P., & Brandt, K. (2015). Intensifying agricultural production sustainably: A framework for analysis and decision support.