816
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Combination treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer using novel vaccine and traditional therapies

, , &
Pages 1205-1217 | Received 22 Apr 2018, Accepted 01 Oct 2018, Published online: 10 Oct 2018

References

  • Sener SF, Fremgen A, Menck HR, et al.: Pancreatic cancer: a report of treatment and survival trends for 100,313 patients diagnosed from 1985-1995, using the National Cancer Database. J Am Coll Surg 189:1–7, 1999
  • Conroy T, Desseigne F, Ychou M, et al. FOLFIRINOX versus gemcitabine for metastatic pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1817–1825.
  • Von Hoff DD, Ervin T, Arena FP, et al. Increased survival in pancreatic cancer with nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1691–1703.
  • Panda A, Betigeri A, Subramanian K, et al., Identifying a Clinically Applicable Mutational Burden Threshold as a Potential Biomarker of Response to Immune Checkpoint Therapy in Solid Tumors. JCO Precision Oncology. 1-13. 2017.
  • Goodman AM, Kato S, Bazhenova L, et al. Tumor mutational burden as an independent predictor of response to immunotherapy in diverse cancers. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics:Molcanther. . 2017;0386; 2598-2608.
  • Mallinson C, Rake M, Cocking J, et al. Chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer: results of a controlled, prospective, randomised, multicentre trial. Br Med J. 1980;281:1589–1591.
  • Thomas AM, Santarsiero LM, Lutz ER, et al. Mesothelin-specific CD8+ T cell responses provide evidence of in vivo cross-priming by antigen-presenting cells in vaccinated pancreatic cancer patients. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2004;200:297–306.
  • Berd D, Maguire HC. Mastrangelo MJ: induction of cell-mediated immunity to autologous melanoma cells and regression of metastases after treatment with a melanoma cell vaccine preceded by cyclophosphamide. Cancer Research. 1986;46:2572–2577.
  • Ercolini AM, Ladle BH, Manning EA, et al. Recruitment of latent pools of high-avidity CD8+ T cells to the antitumor immune response. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2005;201:1591–1602.
  • Heinemann V, Hertel LW, Grindey GB, et al. Comparison of the cellular pharmacokinetics and toxicity of 2′, 2′-difluorodeoxycytidine and 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine. Cancer Res. 1988;48:4024–4031.
  • Huang P, Chubb S, Hertel LW, et al. Action of 2′, 2′-difluorodeoxycytidine on DNA synthesis. Cancer Res. 1991;51:6110–6117.
  • Gandhi V. Plunkett W: modulatory activity of 2′, 2′-difluorodeoxycytidine on the phosphorylation and cytotoxicity of arabinosyl nucleosides. Cancer Res. 1990;50:3675–3680.
  • Burris. 3rd H, Moore MJ, Andersen J, et al: improvements in survival and clinical benefit with gemcitabine as first-line therapy for patients with advanced pancreas cancer: a randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1997;15:2403–2413.
  • Kan S, Hazama S, Maeda K, et al. Suppressive effects of cyclophosphamide and gemcitabine on regulatory T-cell induction in vitro. Anticancer Res. 2012;32:5363–5369.
  • Shirasaka T, Shimamato Y, Ohshimo H, et al. Development of a novel form of an oral 5-fluorouracil derivative (S-1) directed to the potentiation of the tumor selective cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil by two biochemical modulators. Anti-Cancer Drugs. 1996;7:548–557.
  • El Sayed YM. Sadée W: metabolic activation of ftorafur [R, S-1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil]: the microsomal oxidative pathway. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1982;31:3006-3008.
  • Hirose T, Fujita K-I, Nishimura K, et al. Pharmacokinetics of S-1 and CYP2A6 genotype in Japanese patients with advanced cancer. Oncology Reports. 2010;24:529–536.
  • Okusaka T, Funakoshi A, Furuse J, et al. A late phase II study of S-1 for metastatic pancreatic cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2008;61:615–621.
  • Ahmed SU, Okamoto M, Oshikawa T, et al. Anti-tumor effect of an intratumoral administration of dendritic cells in combination with TS-1, an oral fluoropyrimidine anti-cancer drug, and OK-432, a streptococcal immunopotentiator: involvement of toll-like receptor 4. Journal of Immunotherapy. 2004;27:432–441.
  • Kimura Y, Tsukada J, Tomoda T, et al. Clinical and immunologic evaluation of dendritic cell–based immunotherapy in combination with gemcitabine and/or S-1 in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma. Pancreas. 2012;41:195–205.
  • Miwa M, Ura M, Nishida M, et al. Design of a novel oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate, capecitabine, which generates 5-fluorouracil selectively in tumours by enzymes concentrated in human liver and cancer tissue. European Journal of Cancer. 1998;34:1274–1281.
  • Schüller J, Cassidy J, Dumont E, et al. Preferential activation of capecitabine in tumor following oral administration to colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2000;45:291–297.
  • Cunningham D, Chau I, Stocken DD, et al. Phase III randomized comparison of gemcitabine versus gemcitabine plus capecitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2009;27:5513–5518.
  • Middleton G, Greenhalf W, Costello E, et al. Immunobiological effects of gemcitabine and capecitabine combination chemotherapy in advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2016;114:510-518.
  • Ueno H, Okusaka T, Funakoshi A, et al. A phase II study of weekly irinotecan as first-line therapy for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2007;59:447–454.
  • Wagener DT, Verdonk H, Dirix L, et al. Phase II trial of CPT-11 in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, an EORTC early clinical trials group study. Ann Oncol. 1995;6:129–132.
  • Azrak RG, Cao S, Slocum HK, et al. Therapeutic synergy between irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil against human tumor xenografts. Clinical Cancer Research. 2004;10:1121–1129.
  • Mans DRA, Grivicich I, Peters GJ, et al. Sequence-dependent growth inhibition and DNA damage formation by the irinotecan–5-fluorouracil combination in human colon carcinoma cell lines. European Journal of Cancer. 1999;35:1851-1861.
  • Mullany S, Svingen PA, Kaufmann SH, et al. Effect of adding the topoisomerase I poison 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) to 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid in HCT-8 cells: elevated dTTP pools and enhanced cytotoxicity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1998;42:391–399.
  • Pavillard V, Formento P, Rostagno P, et al. Combination of irinotecan (CPT11) and 5-fluorouracil with an analysis of cellular determinants of drug activity. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1998;56:1315–1322.
  • Ducreux M, Mitry E, Ould-Kaci M, et al. Randomized phase II study evaluating oxaliplatin alone, oxaliplatin combined with infusional 5-FU, and infusional 5-FU alone in advanced pancreatic carcinoma patients. Annals of Oncology. 2004;15:467–473.
  • Duffy A. Greten T: immunological off-target effects of standard treatments in gastrointestinal cancers. Annals of Oncology. 2013;25:24–32.
  • Frese KK, Neesse A, Cook N, et al. nab-Paclitaxel potentiates gemcitabine activity by reducing cytidine deaminase levels in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. In Cancer discovery. 2012;  March ; 2(3): 260–269.
  • Cullis JE, Siolas D, Avanzi A, et al. Macropinocytosis of nab-paclitaxel drives macrophage activation in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Immunology Research:Canimm.. 2017;0125.2016.182-190.
  • Siolas D, Cullis J, Avanzi A, et al. Antitumor activity and immune reponse in CD40 immunotherapy with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel in an orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:271.
  • Moertel C, Frytak S, Hahn R, et al. Therapy of locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma: A randomized comparison of high dose (6000 rads) radiation alone, moderate dose radiation (4000 rads+ 5‐fluorouracil), and high dose radiation+ 5‐fluorouracil. The Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Cancer. 1705-1710;48:1981.
  • Shibuya K, Oya N, Fujii T, et al. Phase II study of radiation therapy combined with weekly low-dose gemcitabine for locally advanced, unresectable pancreatic cancer. American Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2011;34:115–119.
  • Shinchi H, Takao S, Noma H, et al. Length and quality of survival after external-beam radiotherapy with concurrent continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion for locally unresectable pancreatic cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology• Biology• Physics. 2002;53:146–150.
  • Ehlers G. Fridman M: abscopal effect of radiation in papillary adenocarcinoma. The British Journal of Radiology. 1973;46:220–222.
  • Lugade AA, Moran JP, Gerber SA, et al. Local radiation therapy of B16 melanoma tumors increases the generation of tumor antigen-specific effector cells that traffic to the tumor. J Immunol. 2005;174:7516–7523.
  • Lee Y, Auh SL, Wang Y, et al. Therapeutic effects of ablative radiation on local tumor require CD8+ T cells: changing strategies for cancer treatment. Blood. 2009;114:589–595.
  • Cao ZA, Daniel D. Hanahan D: sub-lethal radiation enhances anti-tumor immunotherapy in a transgenic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer. 2002;2:11.
  • Crittenden M, Kohrt H, Levy R, et al. Current clinical trials testing combinations of immunotherapy and radiation, Seminars in radiation. Oncology, Elsevier. 2015;Vol. 25, No. 1, 54–64.
  • Rosenberg S. The development of new cancer therapies based on the molecular identification of cancer regression antigens. The Cancer Journal from Scientific American. 1995;1:90–100.
  • Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Schwartzentruber DJ, et al. Immunologic and therapeutic evaluation of a synthetic peptide vaccine for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. Nature Medicine. 1998;4:321–327.
  • Slingluff Jr CL. The present and future of peptide vaccines for cancer: single or multiple, long or short, alone or in combination?. Cancer J. 2011;17:343-350.
  • Yan H-X, Cheng P, Wei H-Y, et al. Active immunotherapy for mouse breast cancer with irradiated whole-cell vaccine expressing VEGFR2. Oncology Reports. 2013;29:1510–1516.
  • Steinman RM. The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity. Annual Review of Immunology. 1991;9:271–296.
  • Palucka K. Banchereau J: dendritic-cell-based therapeutic cancer vaccines. Immunity. 2013;39:38–48.
  • Gendler SJ, Lancaster CA, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, et al. Molecular cloning and expression of human tumor-associated polymorphic epithelial mucin. J Biol Chem. 1990;265:15286–15293.
  • Sahraei M, Roy LD, Curry JM, et al. MUC1 regulates PDGFA expression during pancreatic cancer progression. Oncogene. 2012;31:4935-4945.
  • Chaika NV, Gebregiworgis T, Lewallen ME, et al.: MUC1 mucin stabilizes and activates hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha to regulate metabolism in pancreatic cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109:13787–13792, 2012.
  • Lüttges J, Feyerabend B, Buchelt T, et al. The mucin profile of noninvasive and invasive mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2002;26:466–471.
  • Masaki Y, Oka M, Ogura Y, et al. Sialylated MUC1 mucin expression in normal pancreas, benign pancreatic lesions, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Hepato-gastroenterology. 1999;46:2240–2245.
  • Kawaoka T, Oka M, Takashima M, et al. Adoptive immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer: cytotoxic T lymphocytes stimulated by the MUC1-expressing human pancreatic cancer cell line YPK-1. Oncology Reports. 2008;20:155–163.
  • Shindo Y, Hazama S, Maeda Y, et al. Adoptive immunotherapy with MUC1-mRNA transfected dendritic cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes plus gemcitabine for unresectable pancreatic cancer. Journal of Translational Medicine. 2014;12:175.
  • Matsui H, Hazama S, Sakamoto K, et al. Postoperative Adjuvant Therapy for Resectable Pancreatic Cancer With Gemcitabine and Adoptive Immunotherapy. Pancreas. 2017;46:994-1002.
  • Chang K, Pastan I: molecular cloning of mesothelin, a differentiation antigen present on mesothelium, mesotheliomas, and ovarian cancers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93:136–140, 1996.
  • Chang K, Pastan I. Willingham MC: isolation and characterization of a monoclonal antibody, K1, reactive with ovarian cancers and normal mesothelium. International Journal of Cancer. 1992;50:373–381.
  • Argani P, Iacobuzio-Donahue C, Ryu B, et al. Mesothelin is overexpressed in the vast majority of ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas: identification of a new pancreatic cancer marker by serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). Clinical Cancer Research. 2001;7:3862–3868.
  • Rump A, Morikawa Y, Tanaka M, et al. Binding of ovarian cancer antigen CA125/MUC16 to mesothelin mediates cell adhesion. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:9190–9198.
  • Yamashita Y, Yokoyama M, Kobayashi E, et al. Mapping and determination of the cDNA sequence of the Erc gene preferentially expressed in renal cell carcinoma in the Tsc2 gene mutant (Eker) rat model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;275:134–140.
  • Mak BC, Takemaru K-I, Kenerson HL, et al. The tuberin-hamartin complex negatively regulates beta-catenin signaling activity.. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003;278:5947–5951.
  • Prieve MG. Moon RT: stromelysin-1 and mesothelin are differentially regulated by Wnt-5a and Wnt-1 in C57mg mouse mammary epithelial cells. BMC Developmental Biology. 2003;3:2.
  • Li M, Bharadwaj U, Zhang R, et al. Mesothelin is a malignant factor and therapeutic vaccine target for pancreatic cancer. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 2008;7:286–296.
  • Call KM, Glaser T, Ito CY, et al. Isolation and characterization of a zinc finger polypeptide gene at the human chromosome 11 Wilms’ tumor locus. Cell. 1990;60:509–520.
  • Gessler M, Poustka A, Cavenee W, et al. Homozygous deletion in Wilms tumours of a zinc-finger gene identified by chromosome jumping. Nature. 1990;343:774.
  • Oji Y, Nakamori S, Fujikawa M, et al. Overexpression of the Wilms’ tumor gene WT1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Sci. 2004;95:583–587.
  • Elisseeva OA, Oka Y, Tsuboi A, et al. Humoral immune responses against Wilms tumor gene WT1product in patients with hematopoietic malignancies. Blood. 2002;99:3272–3279.
  • Ambrosini G, Adida C. Altieri DC: A novel anti-apoptosis gene, survivin, expressed in cancer and lymphoma. Nature Medicine. 1997;3:917.
  • Engels K, Knauer S, Metzler D, et al. Dynamic intracellular survivin in oral squamous cell carcinoma: underlying molecular mechanism and potential as an early prognostic marker. The Journal of Pathology. 2007;211:532–540.
  • Li F, Yang J, Ramnath N, et al. Nuclear or Cytoplasmic Expression of Survivin: What Is the Significance? International Journal of Cancer. 2005;114509–512.
  • Virrey JJ, Guan S, Li W, et al. Increased survivin expression confers chemoresistance to tumor-associated endothelial cells. Am J Pathol. 2008;173:575–585.
  • Hirokawa N, Noda Y. Okada Y: kinesin and dynein superfamily proteins in organelle transport and cell division. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1998;10:60–73.
  • Echard A, Jollivet F, Martinez O, et al. Interaction of a Golgi-associated kinesin-like protein with Rab6. Science (80- ). 1998;279:580–585.
  • Hill E, Clarke M. Barr FA: the Rab6‐binding kinesin, Rab6‐KIFL, is required for cytokinesis. The EMBO Journal. 2000;19:5711–5719.
  • Fontijn RD, Goud B, Echard A, et al. The human kinesin-like protein RB6K is under tight cell cycle control and is essential for cytokinesis. Mol Cell Biol. 2001;21:2944–2955.
  • Costache M, Ioana M, Iordache S, et al. VEGF expression in pancreatic cancer and other malignancies: a review of the literature. Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine. 2015;53:199–208.
  • Ziogas AC, Gavalas NG, Tsiatas M, et al. VEGF directly suppresses activation of T cells from ovarian cancer patients and healthy individuals via VEGF receptor Type 2. International Journal of Cancer. 2012;130:857–864.
  • Suzuki H, Onishi H, Wada J, et al. VEGFR2 is selectively expressed by FOXP3high CD4+ Treg. Eur J Immunol. 2010;40:197–203.
  • Gjertsen MK, Bakka A, Breivik J, et al. Ex vivo ras peptide vaccination in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: results of a phase I/II study. International Journal of Cancer. 1996;65:450–453.
  • Wobser M, Keikavoussi P, Kunzmann V, et al. Complete remission of liver metastasis of pancreatic cancer under vaccination with a HLA-A2 restricted peptide derived from the universal tumor antigen survivin. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 2006;55:1294–1298.
  • Ramanathan RK, Lee KM, McKolanis J, et al. Phase I study of a MUC1 vaccine composed of different doses of MUC1 peptide with SB-AS2 adjuvant in resected and locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 2005;54:254–264.
  • Yamamoto K, Ueno T, Kawaoka T, et al. MUC1 peptide vaccination in patients with advanced pancreas or biliary tract cancer. Anticancer Res. 2005;25:3575–3579.
  • Yanagimoto H, Shiomi H, Satoi S, et al. A phase II study of personalized peptide vaccination combined with gemcitabine for non-resectable pancreatic cancer patients. Oncology Reports. 2010;24:795–801.
  • Miyazawa M, Ohsawa R, Tsunoda T, et al. Phase I clinical trial using peptide vaccine for human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in combination with gemcitabine for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Cancer Sci. 2010;101:433–439.
  • Yamaue H, Tsunoda T, Tani M, et al. Randomized phase II/III clinical trial of elpamotide for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: PEGASUS‐PC Study. Cancer Sci. 2015;106:883–890.
  • Suzuki N, Hazama S, Ueno T, et al. A phase I clinical trial of vaccination with KIF20A-derived peptide in combination with gemcitabine for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Journal of Immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md.. 1997;37:36:2014.
  • Suzuki N, Hazama S, Iguchi H, et al. Phase II clinical trial of peptide cocktail therapy for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: VENUS‐PC study. Cancer Sci. 2017;108:73–80.
  • Shindo Y, Hazama S, Suzuki N, et al. Predictive biomarkers for the efficacy of peptide vaccine treatment: based on the results of a phase II study on advanced pancreatic cancer. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 2017;36:36.
  • Nishida S, Ishikawa T, Egawa S, et al. Combination gemcitabine and WT1 peptide vaccination improves progression-free survival in advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: A phase II randomized study. Cancer Immunology Research:Canimm.. 2018;0386.2017;320-331.
  • Middleton G, Silcocks P, Cox T, et al. Gemcitabine and capecitabine with or without telomerase peptide vaccine GV1001 in patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer (TeloVac): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. The Lancet Oncology. 2014;15:829–840.
  • Koido S, Homma S, Okamoto M, et al. Treatment with Chemotherapy and Dendritic Cells Pulsed with Multiple Wilms’ Tumor 1 (WT1)–specific MHC Class I/II–restricted Epitopes for Pancreatic Cancer. Clinical Cancer Research. 2014;20:4228–4239.
  • Mayanagi S, Kitago M, Sakurai T, et al. Phase I pilot study of Wilms tumor gene 1 peptide‐pulsed dendritic cell vaccination combined with gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Sci. 2015;106:397–406.
  • Hirooka Y, Kawashima H, Ohno E, et al. Comprehensive immunotherapy combined with intratumoral injection of zoledronate-pulsed dendritic cells, intravenous adoptive activated T lymphocyte and gemcitabine in unresectable locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma: a phase I/II trial. Oncotarget. 2018;9:2838-2847.
  • Le DT, Wang-Gillam A, Picozzi V, et al. Safety and survival with GVAX pancreas prime and Listeria monocytogenes–expressing mesothelin (CRS-207) boost vaccines for metastatic pancreatic cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2015;33:1325-1333.
  • Kano Y, Iguchi T, Matsui H, et al. Combined adjuvants of poly (I: C) plus LAG‐3‐Ig improve antitumor effects of tumor‐specific T cells, preventing their exhaustion. Cancer Sci. 2016;107:398–406.
  • Rizvi NA, Hellmann MD, Snyder A, et al. Mutational landscape determines sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in non–small cell lung cancer. Science (80- ). 2015;348:124–128.
  • Herbst RS, Baas P, Kim D-W, et al. Pembrolizumab versus docetaxel for previously treated, PD-L1-positive, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-010): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2016;387:1540–1550.
  • Zhang J, Wolfgang CL. Zheng L: precision Immuno-Oncology: prospects of Individualized Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers. 2018;10:39.
  • Lutz E, Wu A, Bigelow E, et al. Immunotherapy converts nonimmunogenic pancreatic tumors into immunogenic foci of immune regulation. Cancer Immunol Res. 2014;2:616–631; PMID: 24942756, CIR-14-0027.
  • Jiang H, Hegde S, Knolhoff BL, et al. Targeting focal adhesion kinase renders pancreatic cancers responsive to checkpoint immunotherapy. Nature Medicine. 2016;22:851-860.
  • Nywening TM, Wang-Gillam A, Sanford DE, et al. Targeting tumour-associated macrophages with CCR2 inhibition in combination with FOLFIRINOX in patients with borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer: a single-centre, open-label, dose-finding, non-randomised, phase 1b trial. The Lancet Oncology. 2016;17:651–662.
  • Balachandran VP, Łuksza M, Zhao JN, et al. Identification of unique neoantigen qualities in long-term survivors of pancreatic cancer. Nature. 2017;551:512-516.
  • Patel RK, Ko AH, Onners B, et al. A phase 2, multicenter study of FOLFIRINOX followed by ipilimumab in combination with allogeneic GM-CSF transfected pancreatic tumor vaccine in the treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014 32:TPS4160-TPS4160.
  • Kakarla S. Gottschalk S: CAR T cells for solid tumors: armed and ready to go? Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.). 20:151 (2014).
  • Adachi K, Kano Y, Tamada K, et al. IL-7 and CCL19 expression in CAR-T cells improves immune cell infiltration and CAR-T cell survival in the tumor. In Nature biotechnology. 2018;346-351.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.