An evidence-based analysis of the management of N0 neck in patients with cancer of the parotid gland

References

• Regis de Brito Santos I, Kowalski LP, Cavalcante De Araujo V, et al. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for neck metastases in surgically treated parotid carcinomas. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;127:56–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eveson JW, Auclair P, Gnepp DR, et al. Tumours of the salivary Glands. In: Barnes L, Eveson JW, Reichart P, et al. editors. World health organization classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics of head and neck tumours. Lyon: IARC Press; 2005. p. 209–281.
   Google Scholar
• Medina J, Zbären P, Bradley PJ. Management of regional metastases of malignant salivary gland neoplasms. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;78:132–140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ng-Cheng-Hin B, Glaholm J, Awad Z, et al. Elective management of the neck in parotid tumours. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2018;30(12):764–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO classification of tumours of salivary glands. WHO classification of head and neck tumours. eds, El-Naggar AK, John KC, Grandis JR, et al. Lyon: IARC; 2017. 160–184.
   Google Scholar
• Seifert G, Brocheriou C, Cardesa A, et al. WHO international histological classification of tumours. Tentative histological classification of salivary gland tumours. Pathol Res Pract. 1990;186(5):555–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeannon JP, Calman F, Gleeson M, et al. Management of advanced parotid cancer. A systematic review. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2009;35(9):908–915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong JG, Harrison LB, Thaler HT, et al. The indications for elective treatment of the neck in cancer of the major salivary glands. Cancer. 1992;69:615–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sood S, McGurk M, Vaz F. Management of salivary gland tumours: United Kingdom national multidisciplinary guidelines. J Laryngol Otol. 2016;130(S2):S142–S149.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Terhaard CH, Lubsen H, Rasch CR, et al. The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of malignant salivary gland tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61(1):103–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safdieh J, Givi B, Osborn V, et al. Impact of adjuvant radiotherapy for malignant salivary gland tumors. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;157(6):988–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong JG, Harrison LB, Spiro RH, et al. Malignant tumors of major salivary gland origin. A matched-pair analysis of the role of combined surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990;116:290–293.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korkmaz H, Yoo GH, Du W, et al. Predictors of nodal metastasis in salivary gland cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2002;80(4):186–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zbären P, Schüpbach J, Nuyens M, et al. Elective neck dissection versus observation in primary parotid carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;132(3):387–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold DR, Annino DJ Jr. Management of the neck in salivary gland carcinoma. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2005;38(1):99–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vander Poorten V, Bradley PJ, Takes RP, et al. Diagnosis and management of parotid carcinoma with a special focus on recent advances in molecular biology. Head Neck. 2012;34(3):429–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlito A, Shaha AR, Rinaldo A, et al. Management of clinically negative cervical lymph nodes in patients with malignant neoplasms of the parotid gland. J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2001;63(3):123–126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green B, Rahimi S, Brennan PA. Current management of the neck in salivary gland carcinomas. J Oral Pathol Med. 2017;46(3):161–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali S, Palmer FL, DiLorenzo M, et al. Treatment of the neck in carcinoma of the parotid gland. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(9):3042–3048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley DJ, Spiro RH. Management of the neck in parotid carcinoma. Am J Surg. 1996;172(6):695–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stennert E, Kisner D, Jungehuelsing M, et al. High incidence of lymph node metastasis in major salivary gland cancer. Arch Otolaryngol. 2003;129:720–723.
   Google Scholar
• Kawata R, Koutetsu L, Yoshimura K, et al. Indication for elective neck dissection for N0 carcinoma of the parotid gland: a single institution’s 20-year experience. Acta Otolaryngol. 2010;130(2):286–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim CM, Gilbert M, Johnson JT, et al. Is level V neck dissection necessary in primary parotid cancer? Laryngoscope. 2015;125(1):118–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinomiya H, Otsuki N, Yamashita D, et al. Patterns of lymph node metastasis of parotid cancer. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2016;43(4):446–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankenthaler RA, Luna MA, Lee SS, et al. Prognostic variables in parotid gland cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991;117(11):1251–1256.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frankenthaler RA, Byers RM, Luna MA, et al. Predicting occult lymph node metastasis in parotid cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119:517–520.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klussmann JP, Ponert T, Mueller RP, et al. Patterns of lymph node spread and its influence on outcome in resectable parotid cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2008;34(8):932–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima RA, Tavares MR, Dias FL, et al. Clinical prognostic factors in malignant parotid gland tumors. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;133:702–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battacharyya N, Fried MP. Nodal metastasis in major salivary gland cancer: predictive factors and effects on survival. Arch Otolaryngol. 2002;128:904–908.
   Google Scholar
• Balanzá R, Arrangoiz R, Cordera F, et al. Mammary analog secretory carcinoma of the parotid gland: A case report and literature review. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2015;16:187–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellquist H, Skálová A, Barnes L, et al. Cervical lymph node metastasis in high-grade transformation of head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma: a collective international review. Adv Ther. 2016;33(3):357–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skálová A, Vanecek T, Majewska H, et al. Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma of salivary glands with high-grade transformation: report of 3 cases with the ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion and analysis of TP53, β-catenin, EGFR, and CCND1 genes. Am J Surg Pathol. 2014;38(1):23–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson LD, Aslam MN, Stall JN, et al. Clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic characterization of 25 cases of acinic cell carcinoma with high-grade transformation. Head Neck Pathol. 2016;10(2):152–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen KD, Lewis JE. Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma: a clinicopathologic review. Head Neck. 2001;23:705–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenner M, Molls C, Luers JC, et al. Occurrence of lymph node metastasis in early-stage parotid gland cancer. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;269(2):643–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo SH, Roh JL, Kim SO, et al. Patterns and treatment of neck metastases in patients with salivary gland cancers. J Surg Oncol. 2015;111(8):1000–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang YL, Li DS, Gan HL, et al. Predictive index for lymph node management of major salivary gland cancer. Laryngoscope. 2012;122:1497–1506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulsen MG, Tripcony LB, Kynaston B. Nodal recurrence in primary malignant epithelial tumours of the parotid gland. Australas Radiol. 1991;35(2):169–173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stodulski D, Mikaszewski B, Majewska H, et al. Probability and pattern of occult cervical lymph node metastases in primary parotid carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;274:1659–1664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo G, Zamparelli A, Howard CM, et al. Expression of cell cycle-regulated proteins pRB2/p130, p107, E2F4, p27, and pCNA in salivary gland tumors: prognostic and diagnostic implications. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:3265–3273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lill C, Schneider S, Seemann R, et al. Correlation of β-catenin, but not PIN1 and cyclin D1, overexpression with disease-free and overall survival in patients with cancer of the parotid gland. Head Neck. 2015;37:30–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardi CE, Dedivitis RA, Camillo de Almeida R, et al. The role of E-cadherin and β-catenin in laryngeal cancer. Oncotarget. 2018;9:30199–30209.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christensen RK, Bjørndal K, Godballe C, et al. Value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy of salivary gland lesions. Head Neck. 2010;32(1):104–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zbären P, Triantafyllou A, Devaney KO, et al. Preoperative diagnostic of parotid gland neoplasms: fine-needle aspiration cytology or core needle biopsy? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;275:2609–2613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bree R, Nieweg OE. The history of sentinel node biopsy in head and neck cancer: from visualization of lymphatic vessels to sentinel nodes. Oral Oncol. 2015;51(9):819–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen AM, Granchi PJ, Garcia J, et al. Local-regional recurrence after surgery without postoperative irradiation for carcinomas of the major salivary glands: implications for adjuvant therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67:982–987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman MP, Werning JW, Morris CG, et al. Elective neck management for high-grade salivary gland carcinoma. Am J Otolaryngol. 2013;34(3):205–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould EA, Winship T, Philbin PH, et al. Observations on a “sentinel node” in cancer of the parotid. Cancer. 1960;13:77–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stárek I, Koranda P, Zboøil V, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in parotid gland carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med. 2006;31(4):203–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilling C, Gnanasegaran G, McGurk M. Three-dimensional imaging and navigated sentinel node biopsy for primary parotid malignancy: new application in parotid cancer management. Head Neck. 2014;36(9):E91–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorburger MS, Broglie MA, Soltermann A, et al. Validity of frozen section in sentinel lymph node biopsy for the staging in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol. 2012;106(7):816–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picon AI, Coit DG, Shaha AR, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for cutaneous head and neck melanoma: mapping the parotid gland. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(Suppl 5):9001–9009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nobis CP, Rohleder NH, Wolff KD, et al. Head and neck salivary gland carcinomas-elective neck dissection, yes or no? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(1):205–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amit M, Na’ara S, Sharma K, et al. Elective neck dissection in patients with head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma: an international collaborative study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(4):1353–1359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson GL. Management of the neck in parotid cancer. Am J Surg. 1999;177(3):278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau VH, Aouad R, Farwell DG, et al. Patterns of nodal involvement for clinically N0 salivary gland carcinoma: refining the role of elective neck irradiation. Head Neck. 2014;36(10):1435–1439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen MM, Roman SA, Sosa JA, et al. Histologic grade as prognostic indicator for mucoepidermoid carcinoma: a population-level analysis of 2400 patients. Head Neck. 2014;36:158–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee QT, Fu KK, Kaplan MJ, et al. Lymph node metastasis in maxillary sinus carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;46:541–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendenhall WM, Million RR. Elective neck irradiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: analysis of time-dose factors and causes of failure. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1986;12:741–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang JY, Choi N, Ko YH, et al. Treatment outcomes in metastatic and localized high-grade salivary gland cancer: high chance of cure with surgery and post-operative radiation in T1-2 N0 high-grade salivary gland cancer. BMC Cancer. 2018;18(1):672.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valstar MH, van Den Brekel MW, Smeele LE. Interpretation of treatment outcome in the clinically node-negative neck in primary parotid carcinoma: a systematic review of the literature. Head Neck. 2010;32(10):1402–1411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardi D, McGurk M, Vander Poorten V, et al. Surgical treatment of salivary malignant tumors. Oral Oncol. 2017;65:102–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar