Current treatment approaches for brain metastases in ALK/ROS1/NTRK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer

References

• Tan AC, Itchins M, Khasraw M. Brain Metastases in Lung Cancers with Emerging Targetable Fusion Drivers. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(4):1416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabir SR, Yeoh S, Jackson G, et al. EML4-ALK variants: biological and molecular properties, and the implications for patients. Cancers (Basel). 2017;9(9):118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrobel JK, Toborek M. Blood-brain barrier remodeling during brain metastasis formation. Mol Med. 2016;22:32–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steeg PS, Camphausen KA, Smith QR. Brain metastases as preventive and therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011;11(5):352–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patchell RA. The management of brain metastases. Cancer Treat Rev. 2003;29(6):533–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owonikoko TK, Arbiser J, Zelnak A, et al. Current approaches to the treatment of metastatic brain tumours. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2014;11(4):203–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai A, Menon SP, Dy GK. Alterations in genes other than EGFR/ALK/ROS1 in non-small cell lung cancer: trials and treatment options. Cancer Biol Med. 2016;13(1):77–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amatu A, Sartore-Bianchi A, Siena S. NTRK gene fusions as novel targets of cancer therapy across multiple tumour types. ESMO Open. 2016;1(2):e000023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remon J, Besse B. Brain metastases in oncogene-addicted non-small cell lung cancer patients: incidence and treatment. Front Oncol. 2018;8:88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koivunen JP, Mermel C, Zejnullahu K, et al. EML4-ALK fusion gene and efficacy of an ALK kinase inhibitor in lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14(13):4275–4283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spagnuolo A, Muto M, Monaco F, et al. The optional approach of oncogene-addicted non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases in the new generation targeted therapies era. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2019;8(6):1134–1151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Wang S, Xu S, et al. Clinicopathologic features of patients with non-small cell lung cancer harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e110617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong DW, Leung EL, So KK, et al. The EML4-ALK fusion gene is involved in various histologic types of lung cancers from nonsmokers with wild-type EGFR and KRAS. Cancer. 2009;115(8):1723–1733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergethon K, Shaw AT, Ou SH, et al. ROS1 rearrangements define a unique molecular class of lung cancers. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(8):863–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies KD, Le AT, Theodoro MF, et al. Identifying and targeting ROS1 gene fusions in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(17):4570–4579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Q, Zhan P, Zhang X, et al. Clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with ROS1 fusion gene in non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2015;4(3):300–309.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ou SI, Zhu VW. CNS metastasis in ROS1+ NSCLC: an urgent call to action, to understand, and to overcome. Lung Cancer. 2019;130:201–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirchner M, Glade J, Lehmann U, et al. NTRK testing: first results of the QuiP-EQA scheme and a comprehensive map of NTRK fusion variants and their diagnostic coverage by targeted RNA-based NGS assays. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2020;59(8):445–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farago AF, Taylor MS, Doebele RC, et al. Clinicopathologic features of non-small-cell lung cancer harboring an NTRK gene fusion. JCO Precis Oncol. 2018;2018:O.18.00037.
   Google Scholar
• Tsao MN, Rades D, Wirth A, et al. Radiotherapeutic and surgical management for newly diagnosed brain metastasis(es): an American society for radiation oncology evidence-based guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2012;2(3):210–225.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of single metastases to the brain: a randomized trial. JAMA. 1998;280(17):1485–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw E, Scott C, Souhami L, et al. Single dose radiosurgical treatment of recurrent previously irradiated primary brain tumors and brain metastases: final report of RTOG protocol 90-05. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;47(2):291–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw E, Scott C, Souhami L, et al. Radiosurgery for the treatment of previously irradiated recurrent primary brain tumors and brain metastases: initial report of radiation therapy oncology group protocol (90-05). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;34(3):647–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto M, Serizawa T, Shuto T, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with multiple brain metastases (JLGK0901): a multi-institutional prospective observational study. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Apr;15(4):387–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes RT, Masters AH, McTyre ER, et al. Initial SRS for patients with 5 to 15 brain metastases: results of a multi-institutional experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2019;104(5):1091–1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minniti G, D’Angelillo RM, Scaringi C, et al. Fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with brain metastases. J Neurooncol. 2014;117(2):295–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarria P, Pessina F, Cozzi L, et al. Hypo-fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy alone using volumetric modulated arc therapy for patients with single, large brain metastases unsuitable for surgical resection. Radiat Oncol. 2016;11:76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feuvret L, Vinchon S, Martin V, et al. Stereotactic radiotherapy for large solitary brain metastases. Cancer Radiother. 2014;18(2):97–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soffietti R, Kocher M, Abacioglu UM, et al. A European organisation for research and treatment of Cancer phase III trial of adjuvant whole-brain radiotherapy versus observation in patients with one to three brain metastases from solid tumors after surgical resection or radiosurgery: quality-of-life results. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(1):65–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown PD, Jaeckle K, Ballman KV, et al. Effect of radiosurgery alone vs radiosurgery with whole brain radiation therapy on cognitive function in patients with 1 to 3 brain metastases: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;316(4):401–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang EL, Wefel JS, Hess KR, et al. Neurocognition in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery or radiosurgery plus whole-brain irradiation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(11):1037–1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gondi V, Pugh SL, Tome WA, et al. Preservation of memory with conformal avoidance of the hippocampal neural stem-cell compartment during whole-brain radiotherapy for brain metastases (RTOG 0933): a phase II multi-institutional trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(34):3810–3816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown PD, Gondi V, Pugh S, et al. Hippocampal avoidance during whole-brain radiotherapy plus memantine for patients with brain metastases: phase III trial NRG oncology CC001. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(10):1019–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Walsh JV, et al. A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(8):494–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vecht CJ, Haaxma-Reiche H, Noordijk EM, et al. Treatment of single brain metastasis: radiotherapy alone or combined with neurosurgery? Ann Neurol. 1993;33(6):583–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews DW, Scott CB, Sperduto PW, et al. Whole brain radiation therapy with or without stereotactic radiosurgery boost for patients with one to three brain metastases: phase III results of the RTOG 9508 randomised trial. Lancet. 2004;363(9422):1665–1672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoyama H, Shirato H, Tago M, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole-brain radiation therapy vs stereotactic radiosurgery alone for treatment of brain metastases: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;295(21):2483–2491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsao M, Xu W, Sahgal A. A meta-analysis evaluating stereotactic radiosurgery, whole-brain radiotherapy, or both for patients presenting with a limited number of brain metastases. Cancer. 2012;118(9):2486–2493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayama T, Sato S, Sakurada K, et al. Effects of surgery with salvage stereotactic radiosurgery versus surgery with whole-brain radiation therapy in patients with one to four brain metastases (JCOG0504): a phase III, noninferiority, randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(33):3282–3289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown PD, Ballman KV, Cerhan JH, et al. Postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery compared with whole brain radiotherapy for resected metastatic brain disease (NCCTG N107C/CEC•3): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(8):1049–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kępka L, Tyc-Szczepaniak D, Bujko K, et al. Stereotactic radiotherapy of the tumor bed compared to whole brain radiotherapy after surgery of single brain metastasis: results from a randomized trial. Radiother Oncol. 2016;121(2):217–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel KR, Burri SH, Asher AL, et al. Comparing preoperative with postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery for resectable brain metastases: a multi-institutional analysis. Neurosurgery. 2016;79(2):279–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrido P, Conde E, De Castro J, et al. Updated guidelines for predictive biomarker testing in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a national consensus of the spanish society of pathology and the spanish society of medical oncology. Clin Transl Oncol. 2020;22(7):989–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon BJ, Mok T, Kim DW, et al. First-line crizotinib versus chemotherapy in ALK-positive lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(23):2167–2177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nath J, Johnson KL. A review of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH): current status and future prospects. Biotech Histochem. 2000;75(2):54–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang Z, Wang L, Tang G, et al. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for detecting anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement in lung cancer: clinically relevant technical aspects. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(16):3939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindeman NI, Cagle PT, Aisner DL, et al. Updated molecular testing guideline for the selection of lung cancer patients for treatment with targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors: guideline from the college of american pathologists, the international association for the study of lung cancer, and the association for molecular pathology. J Thorac Oncol. 2018;13(3):323–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynes MW, Sholl LM, Dietel M, et al. An international interpretation study using the ALK IHC antibody D5F3 and a sensitive detection kit demonstrates high concordance between ALK IHC and ALK FISH and between evaluators. J Thorac Oncol. 2014;9(5):631–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosas G, Ruiz R, Araujo JM, et al. ALK rearrangements: biology, detection and opportunities of therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2019;136:48–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soda M, Choi YL, Enomoto M, et al. Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. Nature. 2007;448(7153):561–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekar-Zlotin M, Hirsch FR, Soussan-Gutman L, et al. Fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and next‐generation sequencing for detection of EML4‐ALK rearrangement in Lung Cancer. Oncologist. 2015;20(3):316–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scattone A, Catino A, Schirosi L, et al. Discordance between FISH, IHC, and NGS analysis of ALK Status in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a brief report of 7 cases. Transl Oncol. 2019;12(2):389–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocco E, Scaltriti M, Drilon A. NTRK fusion-positive cancers and TRK inhibitor therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018;15(12):731–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi Y, Won YJ, Lee S, et al. Cytoplasmic TrkA Expression as a Screen for Detecting NTRK1 Fusions in Colorectal Cancer. Transl Oncol. 2018;11(3):764–770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savic S, Bubendorf L. Common Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Applications in Cytology. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2016;140(12):1323–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyokawa G, Seto T, Takenoyama M, et al. Insights into brain metastasis in patients with ALK+ lung cancer: is the brain truly a sanctuary? Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2015;34(4):797–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallberg B, Palmer RH. The role of the ALK receptor in cancer biology. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(3):iii4–iii15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin JJ, Zhu VW, Yoda S, et al. Impact of EML4-ALK variant on resistance mechanisms and clinical outcomes in ALK-Positive Lung Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(12):1199–1206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum JN, Bloom R, Forys JT, et al. Genomic heterogeneity of ALK fusion breakpoints in non-small-cell lung cancer. Mod Pathol. 2018;31(5):791–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du X, Shao Y, Qin HF, et al. ALK-rearrangement in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Thorac Cancer. 2018;9(4):423–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiao M, Zhao C, Liu Q, et al. Impact of ALK variants on brain metastasis and treatment response in advanced NSCLC patients with oncogenic ALK fusion. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2020;9(4):1452–1463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gainor JF, Dardaei L, Yoda S, et al. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to first- and second-generation ALK inhibitors in ALK -rearranged lung cancer. Cancer Discov. 2016;6(10):1118–1133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw AT, Solomon BJ, Chiari R, et al. Lorlatinib in advanced ROS1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 1-2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(12):1691–1701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoda S, Lin JJ, Lawrence MS, et al. Sequential ALK Inhibitors Can Select for Lorlatinib-Resistant Compound ALK Mutations in ALK-Positive Lung Cancer. Cancer Discov. 2018;8(6):714–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recondo G, Mezquita L, Facchinetti F, et al. Diverse Resistance Mechanisms to the Third-Generation ALK Inhibitor Lorlatinib in ALK-Rearranged Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2020;26(1):242–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ou SH, Bartlett CH, Mino-Kenudson M, et al. Crizotinib for the treatment of ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer: a success story to usher in the second decade of molecular targeted therapy in oncology. Oncologist. 2012;17(11):1351–1375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sehgal K, Patell R, Rangachari D, et al. Targeting ROS1 rearrangements in non-small cell lung cancer with crizotinib and other kinase inhibitors. Transl Cancer Res. 2018;7(7):S779–S786.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoshida A, Tsuta K, Wakai S, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of ROS1 is useful for identifying ROS1 rearrangements in lung cancers. Mod Pathol. 2014;27(5):711–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Shen L, Ding D, et al. Efficacy of Crizotinib among Different Types of ROS1 Fusion Partners in Patients with ROS1-rearranged non–small cell lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2018;13(7):987–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patil T, Smith DE, Bunn PA, et al. The Incidence of Brain Metastases in Stage IV ROS1-Rearranged Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Rate of Central Nervous System Progression on Crizotinib. J Thorac Oncol. 2018;13(11):1717–1726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drilon A, Ou SI, Cho BC, et al. Repotrectinib (Tpx-0005) is a next-generation ros1/trk/alk inhibitor that potently inhibits ros1/trk/alk solvent-front mutations. Cancer Discov. 2018;8(10):1227–1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katayama R, Gong B, Togashi N, et al. The new-generation selective ROS1/NTRK inhibitor DS-6051b overcomes crizotinib resistant ROS1-G2032R mutation in preclinical models. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):3604.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaw AT, Kim DW, Nakagawa K, et al. Crizotinib versus chemotherapy in advanced ALK-positive lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(25):2385–2394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackhall F, Ross Camidge D, Shaw AT, et al. Final results of the large-scale multinational trial PROFILE 1005: efficacy and safety of crizotinib in previously treated patients with advanced/metastatic ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. ESMO Open. 2017;2(3):e000219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon BJ, Cappuzzo F, Felip E, et al. Intracranial efficacy of crizotinib versus chemotherapy in patients with advanced ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: results from PROFILE 1014. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(24):2858–2865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camidge DR, Dziadziuszko R, Peters S, et al. Updated efficacy and safety data and impact of the EML4-ALK fusion variant on the efficacy of alectinib in untreated ALK-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer in the global phase III ALEX study. J Thorac Oncol. 2019;14(7):1233–1243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa K, Hida T, Nokihara H, et al. Final progression-free survival results from the J-ALEX study of alectinib versus crizotinib in ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2020;139:195–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa DB, Shaw AT, Ou SH, et al. Clinical experience with crizotinib in patients with advanced ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer and brain metastases. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(17):1881–1888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters S, Camidge DR, Shaw AT, et al. Alectinib versus crizotinib in untreated ALK-positive non-small-cell lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(9):829–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camidge DR, Kim HR, Ahn MJ, et al. Brigatinib versus crizotinib in advanced ALK inhibitor-naive ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer: second interim analysis of the phase III ALTA-1L trial. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(31):3592–3603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw AT, Bauer TM, de Marinis F, et al. First-line lorlatinib or crizotinib in advanced ALK-positive lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(21):2018–2029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw AT, Riely GJ, Bang YJ, et al. Crizotinib in ROS1-rearranged advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): updated results, including overall survival, from PROFILE 1001. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(7):1121–1126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu YL, Yang JC, Kim DW, et al. Phase II Study of crizotinib in East Asian patients with ROS1-positive advanced non-small-cell lung Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(14):1405–1411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim DW, Mehra R, Tan DSW, et al. Activity and safety of ceritinib in patients with ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (ASCEND-1): updated results from the multicentre, open-label, phase 1 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(4):452–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crinò L, Ahn MJ, De Marinis F, et al. Multicenter phase II study of whole-body and intracranial activity with ceritinib in patients with ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer previously treated with chemotherapy and crizotinib: results From ASCEND-2. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(24):2866–2873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw AT, Kim TM, Crinò L, et al. Ceritinib versus chemotherapy in patients with ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer previously given chemotherapy and crizotinib (ASCEND-5): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(7):874–886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soria JC, Tan DSW, Chiari R, et al. First-line ceritinib versus platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (ASCEND-4): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2017;389(10072):917–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiura K, Imamura F, Kagamu H, et al. Phase 3 study of ceritinib vs chemotherapy in ALK-rearranged NSCLC patients previously treated with chemotherapy and crizotinib (ASCEND-5): japanese subset. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2018;48(4):367–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim SM, Kim HR, Lee JS, et al. Open-label, multicenter, phase II study of ceritinib in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer harboring ROS1 rearrangement. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(23):2613–2618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodama T, Hasegawa M, Takanashi K, et al. Antitumor activity of the selective ALK inhibitor alectinib in models of intracranial metastases. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2014;74(5):1023–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadgeel SM, Gandhi L, Riely GJ, et al. Safety and activity of alectinib against systemic disease and brain metastases in patients with crizotinib-resistant ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (AF-002JG): results from the dose-finding portion of a phase 1/2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(10):1119–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ou SH, Ahn JS, De Petris L, et al. Alectinib in crizotinib-refractory ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung Cancer: a phase II global study. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(7):661–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadgeel S, Peters S, Mok T, et al. Alectinib versus crizotinib in treatment-naive anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive (ALKþ) non-small-cell lung cancer: CNS efficacy results from the ALEX study. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(11):2214–2222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hida T, Nokihara H, Kondo M, et al. Alectinib versus crizotinib in patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (J-ALEX): an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2017;390(10089):29–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishio M, Nakagawa K, Mitsudomi T, et al. Analysis of central nervous system efficacy in the J-ALEX study of alectinib versus crizotinib in ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2018;121:37–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novello S, Mazières J, Oh IJ, et al. Alectinib versus chemotherapy in crizotinib-pretreated anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: results from the phase III ALUR study. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(6):1409–1416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gettinger SN, Bazhenova LA, Langer CJ, et al. Activity and safety of brigatinib in ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer and other malignancies: a single-arm, open-label, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(12):1683–1696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber RM, Hansen KH, Paz-Ares Rodríguez L, et al. Brigatinib in crizotinib-refractory ALK+ NSCLC: 2-year follow-up on systemic and intracranial outcomes in the phase 2 ALTA trial. J Thorac Oncol. 2020;15(3):404–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudnik E, Agbarya A, Grinberg R, et al. Clinical activity of brigatinib in ROS1-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Transl Oncol. 2020;22(12):2303–2311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou HY, Friboulet L, Kodack DP, et al. PF-06463922, an ALK/ROS1 inhibitor, overcomes resistance to first and second generation ALK inhibitors in preclinical models. Cancer Cell. 2015;28(1):70–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn L, Whisenant JG, Wakelee H, et al. Monitoring therapeutic response and resistance: analysis of circulating tumor DNA in patients with ALK+ lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2019;14(11):1901–1911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw AT, Felip E, Bauer TM, et al. Lorlatinib in non-small-cell lung cancer with ALK or ROS1 rearrangement: an international, multicentre, open-label, single-arm first-in-man phase 1 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(12):1590–1599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon BJ, Besse B, Bauer TM, et al. Lorlatinib in patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: results from a global phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(12):1654–1667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felip E, Shaw AT, Bearz A, et al. Intracranial and extracranial efficacy of lorlatinib in patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer previously treated with second-generation ALK TKIs. Ann Oncol. 2021;32(5):620–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landi L, Tiseo M, Heukamp L, et al. P1.14-03 molecular determinants for lorlatinib activity in ROS1 positive NSCLC: results of the prospective PFROST trial. J Thorac Oncol. 2019;14(10):S553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer H, Ullah M, de la Cruz CC, et al. Entrectinib, a TRK/ROS1 inhibitor with anti-CNS tumor activity: differentiation from other inhibitors in its class due to weak interaction with P-glycoprotein. Neuro Oncol. 2020;22(6):819–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drilon A, Siena S, Ou SI, et al. Safety and antitumor activity of the multitargeted Pan-TRK, ROS1, and ALK inhibitor entrectinib: combined results from two phase I trials (ALKA-372-001 and STARTRK-1). Cancer Discov. 2017;7(4):400–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drilon A, Siena S, Dziadziuszko R, et al. Entrectinib in ROS1 fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: integrated analysis of three phase 1-2 trials. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(2):261–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ou S, Shaw A, Riely G, et al. OA02.03 clinical activity of lorlatinib in patients with ROS1+ advanced non-small cell lung Cancer: phase 2 study cohort EXP-6. J Thorac Oncol. 2018;13(10):S322–S323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao BC, Lee JH, Lin CC, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for non-small-cell lung cancer patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. J Thorac Oncol. 2015;10(12):1754–1761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umemura S, Tsubouchi K, Yoshioka H, et al. Clinical outcome in patients with leptomeningeal metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer: Okayama Lung Cancer Study Group. Lung Cancer. 2012;77(1):134–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riess JW, Nagpal S, Iv M, et al. Prolonged survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in the modern treatment era. Clin Lung Cancer. 2014;15(3):202–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow LQ, Barlesi F, Bertino EM, et al. Results of the ASCEND-7 phase II study evaluating ALK inhibitor (ALKi) ceritinib in patients (pts) with ALK+ non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) metastatic to the brain. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(Suppl 5):v602–v603.
   Google Scholar
• Gainor JF, Ou SH, Logan J, et al. The central nervous system as a sanctuary site in ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2013;8(12):1570–1573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gainor JF, Chi AS, Logan J, et al. Alectinib dose escalation reinduces central nervous system responses in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer relapsing on standard dose alectinib. J Thorac Oncol. 2013;8(12):1570–1573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gafer H, de Waard Q, Compter A, et al. Rapid regression of neurological symptoms in patients with metastasised ALK+ lung cancer who are treated with lorlatinib: a report of two cases. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(7):1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Gaye E, Geier M, Bore P, et al. Intra-cranial efficacy of brigatinib in an ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer patient presenting leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Lung Cancer. 2019;133:1–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geraud A, Mezquita L, Bigot F, et al. Prolonged leptomeningeal responses with brigatinib in two heavily pretreated ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer patients. J Thorac Oncol. 2018;13(11):e215–e217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsakonas G, Ekman S. Oncogene-addicted non-small cell lung cancer and immunotherapy. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10(Suppl 13):S1547–S1555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garassino MC, Cho BC, Kim JH, et al. Durvalumab as third-line or later treatment for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (ATLANTIC): an open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(4):521–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazieres J, Drilon A, Lusque A, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for patients with advanced lung cancer and oncogenic driver alterations: results from the IMMUNOTARGET registry. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(8):1321–1328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Socinski MA, Jotte RM, Cappuzzo F, et al. Atezolizumab for first-line treatment of metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(24):2288–2301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Planchard D, Popat S, Kerr K, et al. Metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(Suppl 4):iv192–iv237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar