References
- Government of Ontario. The Ontario Drug Benefit (ODB) program [Internet]. Available from: https://www.ontario.ca/page/get-coverage-prescription-drugs.
- Formulary search [Internet]. Available from: https://www.formulary.health.gov.on.ca/formulary/
- Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Formulary downloads: Edition 42-Ontario public drug programs - Health care professionals - MOHLTC [Internet]. Available from: http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/drugs/edition_42.aspx
- Canadian Institute for Health Information. Drug expenditure in Canada, 1985 to 2012 [Internet]. Ottawa: Canadian Institute for Health Information. Available from http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2013/icis-cihi/H115-27-2012-eng.pdf
- Blackwell T. Ontario unveils new rules for generic drugs. The National Post (Toronto); 2010.
- Anis AH, Guh DP, Woolcott J. Lowering generic drug prices: less regulation equals more competition. Med Care. 2003;41(1):135–141.
- Anis AH, Harvard S, Marra C. Ontario’s plunging price-caps on generics: deeper dives may drown some drugs. Open Med. 2011;5(3):149–153.
- Anis AH, Guh D, Wang XN. A dog’s breakfast: prescription drug coverage varies widely across Canada. Med Care. 2001;39(4):315–326.
- Gamble J-M, Weir DL, Johnson JA, et al. Analysis of drug coverage before and after the implementation of Canada’s Common Drug Review. Cmaj. 2011;183(17):E1259–E1266.
- Canadian Institute for Health Information. National prescription drug utilization information system database-plan information: summary of changes, July 1, 2013 [Internet]. Ottawa: Canadian Institute for Health Information. Available from https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/NPDUIS_SummaryOfChanges_1307_e1.pdf
- Vogler S. The impact of pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policies on generics uptake: implementation of policy options on generics in 29 European countries—an overview. Gabi J. 2009;1(2):93–100.
- Shajarizadeh A, Hollis A. Price-cap regulation, uncertainty and the price evolution of new pharmaceuticals. Health Econ. 2015;24(8):966–977.
- Zhang W, Guh D, Sun H, et al. The impact of price-cap regulations on exit by generic pharmaceutical firms. Med Care. 2016;54(9):884–890.
- Brekke KR, Canta C, Straume OR Reference pricing, generic entry, and pharmaceutical prices [Internet]. (2015). Available from: http://www.hec.unil.ch/documents/seminars/iems/1717.pdf.pdf
- Brekke KR, Canta C, Straume OR. Reference pricing with endogenous generic entry [Internet]. Rochester (NY): Social Science Research Network. Available from http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2594760
- Moreno-Torres I, Puig-Junoy J, Borrell J-R. Generic entry into the regulated spanish pharmaceutical market. Rev Ind Organ. 2009;34(4):373–388.
- Scott Morton FM. Entry decisions in the generic pharmaceutical industry. Rand J Econ. 1999;30(3):421–440.
- Costa-Font J, McGuire A, Varol N. Price regulation and relative delays in generic drug adoption. J Health Econ. 2014;38:1–9.
- Kanavos P. Measuring performance in off-patent drug markets: a methodological framework and empirical evidence from twelve EU Member States. Health Policy. 2014;118(2):229–241.
- Danzon PM, Furukawa MF. Cross-national evidence on generic pharmaceuticals: pharmacy vs. physician-driven markets [Internet]. National Bureau of Economic Research. Available from http://www.nber.org/papers/w17226
- Brekke KR, Grasdal AL, Holmås TH. Regulation and pricing of pharmaceuticals: reference pricing or price cap regulation? Eur Econ Rev. 2009;53(2):170–185.
- Brekke KR, Holmas TH, Straume OR. Reference pricing, competition, and pharmaceutical expenditures: theory and evidence from a natural experiment. J Public Econ. 2011;95(7–8):624–638.
- Danzon P, Chao L-W. Does regulation drive out competition in pharmaceutical markets? J Law Econ [Internet]. 2000;43(2). Available from http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/jle/vol43/iss2/2
- Danzon PM, Ketcham JD. Reference pricing of pharmaceuticals for medicare: evidence from Germany, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. Forum Health Econ Policy. Internet. 2004;7(1). Available from http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/fhep.2004.7.1/fhep.2004.7.1.1050/fhep.2004.7.1.1050.xml
- Berndt ER, Aitken ML. Brand loyalty, generic entry and price competition in pharmaceuticals in the quarter century after the 1984 Waxman-Hatch Legislation [Internet]. National Bureau of Economic Research. Available from http://www.nber.org/papers/w16431
- Liebman E. The effect of market structure on shortages: the case of injectable pharmaceutical shortages [Internet]. 2014. Available from http://econ.duke.edu/uploads/media_items/liebman-2ndyearpaper.original.pdf
- Woodcock J, Wosinska M. Economic and technological drivers of generic sterile injectable drug shortages. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;93(2):170–176.
- Canadian Drug Shortage » Causes [Internet]. Available from: http://www.canadadrugshortage.com/causes/
- Markowski ME Drug shortages: the problem of inadequate profits [Internet]. (2012). Available from: http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/11940215
- Boyle K. Drug shortages: Canadian strategies for a complex global problem. Healthc Manag Forum. 2012;25(3:suppl), S48–S52.
- CBC News. Epilepsy drug shortage part of a growing problem: B.C. Pharmacy Association [Internet]. Available from: http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/drug-shortage-epilepsy-valproic-acid-1.3465084
- Canadian Institute for Health Information. National Prescription Drug Utilization Information System (NPDUIS) metadata [Internet]. (2014). Available from: http://www.cihi.ca/CIHI-ext-portal/internet/en/document/types+of+care/pharmaceutical/npduis_metadata
- SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA. SAS software [Internet]. Available from: http://www.sas.com/en_us/home.html
- Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Overview - Transparent drug system for patients act, 2006 - Legislation [Internet]. (2012). Available from: http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/common/legislation/bill102/ovr_drugsact.aspx
- Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Implementation of off-formulary interchangeability [Internet]. Available from: http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/drugs/drug_submissions/off_formul_interchangeability.aspx
- Balaban DY, Dhalla IA, Law MR, et al. Private expenditures on brand name prescription drugs after generic entry. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2013;11(5):523–529.
- Hollis A, Grootendorst P. A comparison of mechanisms for setting generic drug prices in Canada. J Generic Med. 2016;0(0):1-9.
- The Patented Medicine Prices Review Board. Analytical snapshot: International generic price comparison, early 2011. [Internet]. Available from: http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/201/301/weekly_checklist/2013/internet/w13-36-U-E.html/collections/collection_2013/cepmb-pmprb/H82-14-2013-eng.pdf
- Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Generic drug products progress -Ensuring better value for money -The government’s plan to reform Ontario’s drug system - Health care professionals - MOHLTC [Internet]. Available from: http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/drugs/plan_reform_ods/ensuring_generic_drug_products.aspx
- Gearing B, Tseng A Changes to Ontario’s drug system in force July 1, 2010 – Generic drug prices to be reduced and professional allowances to be eliminated [Internet]. (2010). Available from: http://www.blakes.com/English/Resources/Bulletins/Pages/Details.aspx?BulletinID=1161
- Scott Morton FM. Barriers to entry, brand advertising, and generic entry in the US pharmaceutical industry. Int J Ind Organ. 2000;18(7):1085–1104.
- Reiffen D, Ward MR. Generic drug industry dynamics. Rev Econ Stat. 2005;87(1):37–49.
- Bae JP. Drug patent expirations and the speed of generic entry. Health Serv Res. 1997;32(1):87–101.
- Hurwitz MA, Caves RE. Persuasion or information? Promotion and the shares of brand name and generic pharmaceuticals. J Law Econ. 1988;31(2):299–320.
- Hudson J. Generic take-up in the pharmaceutical market following patent expiry: a multi-country study. Int Rev Law Econ. 2000;20(2):205–221.
- Hollis A, Grootendorst P. Canada’s new generic pricing policy: a reasoned approach to a challenging problem. Healthc Policy. 2015;11(1):10–14.
- Hollis A. Generic drugs in Canada: an examination of tiered pricing. Cmaj. 2015;187(14):1033–1034.
- Canadian Institute for Health Information. National prescription drug utilization information system database - Plan information document, July 17, 2015 [Internet]. Ottawa: Canadian Institute for Health Information. Available from https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/NPDUIS_PlanInformationComparison2015_EN-web.pdf