Critical exploration of co-occurring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, mood disorder and Substance Use Disorder

References

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington (VA): American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Betz C, Mihalic D, Pinto ME, et al. Could a common biochemical mechanism underlie addictions? J Clin Pharm Ther. 2000;25:11–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadet JL, Bisagno V. The primacy of cognition in the manifestations of substance use disorders. Front Neurol. 2013;2014:4.
   Google Scholar
• Sloboda Z, Glantz MD, Tarter RE. Revisiting the concepts of risk and protective factors for understanding the etiology and development of substance use and substance use disorders: implications for prevention. Subst Use Misuse. 2012;47:944–962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabricius V, Langa M, Wilson K. An exploratory investigation of co-occurring substance related and psychiatric disorders. J Subst Use. 2008;13(2):99–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst M, Luckenbaugh DA, Moolchan ET, et al. Behavioral predictors of substance-use initiation in adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2006;117:2030–2039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone SV, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Mick E. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis, lifespan, comorbidities and neurobiology. J Pediatr Psychol. 2007;32(6):631–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kooij SJJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, et al. European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: the European Network Adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10(64):1–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cumyn L, French L, Hechtman L. Comorbidity in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Can J Psychiatry. 2009;54(10):673–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobanski E. Psychiatric comorbidity in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;256(1):26–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders [Text revision (DSM-IV-TR]). 4th ed. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Fountoulakis KN. The emerging modern face of mood disorders: a didactic editorial with a detailed presentation of data and definitions. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2010;9(14):1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Amminger GP, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, et al. Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007;20(4):359–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojeda VD, McGuire TG. Gender and racial/ethnic differences in use of outpatient mental health and substance use services by depressed adults. Psychiatr Q. 2006;77:211–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magidson JF, Shuai W, Lejuez CW, et al. Prospective study of substance-induced and independent major depressive disorder among individuals with substance use disorders in a nationally representative sample. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30:538–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, et al. Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Alcohol Res Health. 2006;29(2):107–120.
   Google Scholar
• Langås A-M, Malt UF, Opjordsmoen S. Comorbid mental disorders in substance users from a single catchment area – a clinical study. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11(25):1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health. Geneva (CH): WHO; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health. Geneva: WHO; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Chan Y-F, Dennis ML, Funk RR. Prevalence and comorbidity of major internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents and adults presenting to substance abuse treatment. Subst Abuse Treat. 2008;34:14–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fayyad J, De Graaf R, Kessler J, et al. Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190:402–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mick E, Spencer T, Wozniak J, et al. Heterogeneity of irritability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subjects with and without mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:576–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polanczyk G, De Lima MS, Horta BS, et al. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(6):942–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt S, Petermann F. Developmental psychopathology: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). BMC Psychiatry. 2009;9(58):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nandi A, Beard JR, Galea S. Epidemiologic heterogeneity of common mood and anxiety disorders over the lifecourse in the general population: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2009;9(31):1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGough JJ, Smalley SL, McCracken JT, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: findings in multiplex families. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;162(9):1621–1627.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprafkin J, Gadow KD, Weiss MD, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in ADHD symptom subtypes in clinic and community adults. J Atten Disord. 2007;11(2):114–124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodman D. Adult ADHD and comorbid depressive disorders: diagnostic challenges and treatment options. Prim Psychiatry. 2009;16(7):5–7.
   Google Scholar
• Taurines R, Schmitt J, Renner T, et al. Developmental comorbidity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Adhd Atten Def Hyp. 2010;2(4):267–289.
   Google Scholar
• Bácskai E, Czobor P, Gerevich J. Trait aggression, depression and suicidal behaviour in drug dependent patients with and without ADHD symptoms. Psychiatry Res. 2012;200:719–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang H-N, Tai Y-M, Yang L-K, et al. Prediction of childhood ADHD symptoms to quality of life in young adults: adult ADHD and anxiety/depression as mediators. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34:3168–3181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daviss WB. A review of co-morbid depression in pediatric ADHD: etiologies, phenomenology, and treatment. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008;18(6):565–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer TJ. Issues in the management of patients with complex attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. CNS Drugs. 2009;23(1):9–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner J, Siciliano F, Wang Z, et al. A multimodal MRI study of the hippocampus in medication-naive children with ADHD: what connects ADHD and depression? Psychiat Res-Neuroim. 2014;224:112–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum K, Han D, Hauser M, et al. Neurogenetic impairments of brain reward circuitry links to reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) as evidenced by genetic addiction risk score (GARS): a case study. Iioab J. 2013;5(1):4–9.
   Google Scholar
• Cadet JL, Bisagno V, Milroy CM. Neuropathology of substance use disorders. Acta Neuropathol. 2014;127:91–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirayama Y, Chaki S. Neurochemistry of the nucleus accumbens and its relevance to depression and antidepressant action in rodents. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2006;4:277–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke EJS. The dual pathway model of AD/HD: an elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2003;27:593–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripp G, Wickens JR. Neurobiology of ADHD. Neuropharmacology. 2009;57:579–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagvolden T, Johansen EB, Aase H, et al. A dynamic developmental theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes. Behav Brain Sci. 2005;28:397–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moody L, Francka C, Bickel WK. Comorbid depression, antisocial personality, and substance dependence: relationship with delay discounting. Drug Alcohol Depen. 2016;160:190–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warden D, Riggs PD, Min S-J, et al. Major depression and treatment response in adolescents with ADHD and substance use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depen. 2012;120:214–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagerberg TV, Andreassen OA, Ringen PA, et al. Excessive substance use in bipolar disorder is associated with impaired functioning rather than clinical characteristics, a descriptive study. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10(9):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar