Cost analysis of registered brands of oral antidepressant drugs in Pakistan: a descriptive analysis

References

• Pharmaceutical Drugs Global Market Report 2018 including: musculoskeletal disorder drugs; cardiovascular drugs; oncology drugs; anti-infective drugs; metabolic disorder drugs; central nervous system drugs; genito-urinary drugs; gastrointestinal drugs; He [Internet]. Bus Res Co. 2018 cited 2019 Feb 5;455. Available from: https://www.marketresearch.com/Business-Research-Company-v4006/Pharmaceutical-Drugs-Global-Musculoskeletal-Disorder-11518658/?progid=90731
   Google Scholar
• Waheed SK. Pakistan’s pharmaceutical industry. 2017. Published by Pakistan Pharmaceutical Manufacturer's Association. p. 38. Available from: http://www.ppma.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Final-Report-Pharma-Industry_August-10.pdf
   Google Scholar
• IMS Health [Internet]. 2017 cited 2019 Feb 9. Available from: http://www.imshealth.com.pk/.
   Google Scholar
• Babar Z-U-D, Shazia Qasim Jamshed MAM, Löfgren H, et al. The pharmaceutical industry, intellectual property rights and access to medicines in Pakistan. New Polit Econ Pharm. 2013;167–184.
   Google Scholar
• Pharmaceutical industry [Internet]. Karachi; 2018 cited 2019 Feb 9. Available from: http://www.icap.org.pk/paib/
   Google Scholar
• Hassan A, Mahmood K, Bukhsh HA. Healthcare system of Pakistan. Int J Adv Res Publ. 2017;1:170–173.
   Google Scholar
• Nishtar S. Choked pipes: reforming Pakistan’s mixed health system. Bull World Health Organ. [Internet]. 2010;88:876. Available from: http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/11/10-077313.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure) | data [Internet]. cited 2019 Jun 16. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.OOPC.CH.ZS.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. World Health Organization report – depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates. World Heal Organ. [Internet]. 2017;1–24. Available from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254610/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf;jsessionid=4FF29DAD6B4F47CAD1E699440E15D059?sequence=1%0Ahttp://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/254610/1/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Depression fact sheet [Internet]. World Heal Organ. 2018 cited 2019 Jun 10. Available from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression
   Google Scholar
• Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Global burden of disease and injury series the global burden of disease. In: Lancet. 2014. p. 1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Bishwajit G, O’Leary DP, Ghosh S, et al. Physical inactivity and self-reported depression among middle- and older-aged population in South Asia: world health survey. BMC Geriatr. 2017;17:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, et al. Global burden of disease and risk factors [Internet]. Glob Burd Dis Risk Factors. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank; 2006 cited 2019 Feb 20. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21250374
   Google Scholar
• Pakistan Economic Survey 2017-2018 [Internet]. Economic Adviser’s Wing, Finance Division, Gov Pak. Islamabad. 2018. Available from: www.finance.gov.pk
   Google Scholar
• Malik AM, Khan MM. Economic burden of mental illnesses in Pakistan. J Ment Health Policy Econ. [Internet]. 2016;19:155–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogbo FA, Perz J, Page A, et al. The burden of depressive disorders in South Asia, 1990–2016: findings from the global burden of disease study. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadit AA. Economic burden of depression in Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2004;54:43–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naqvi H. Depression in Pakistan: an epidemiolgical critique. J Pakistan Psychiatr Soc. [Internet]. 2007 cited 2019 Jun 11;4:1–10. Available from: http://jpps.com.pk/article/depressioninpakistananepidemiolgicalcritique_2294.html
   Google Scholar
• Sarfraz H. Let’s talk about depression | the Express Tribune [Internet]. Express Trib. 2017 cited 2019 Jun 11. Available from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1376547/lets-talk-depression/
   Google Scholar
• World Health Day 2017: depression and anxiety on rise in Pakistan – tele-visual infolink [Internet]. 2017 cited 2019 Jun 11. Available from: http://tvi.com.pk/world-health-day-2017-depression-and-anxiety-on-rise-in-pakistan/.
   Google Scholar
• Pincus HA, Tanielian TL, Marcus SC, et al. Prescribing trends in psychotropic medications: primary care, psychiatry, and other medical specialties. JAMA. Internet. 1998 cited 2019 Feb 20;279:526–531. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9480363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das N, Khan AN, Badini ZA, et al. Prescribing practices of consultants at Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2001;51:74–77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amin F, Islam N, Gilani A. Traditional and complementary/alternative medicine use in a South-Asian population. Asian Pac J Heal Sci ASIAN PACIFIC J Heal Sci. [Internet]. 2015;2:36–4236. Available from: www.apjhs.com
   Google Scholar
• James S, Chishlom D, Murthy RS, et al. Demand for, access to and use of community mental health care: lessons from a demonstration project in India and Pakistan. Int J Soc Psychiatry. [Internet]. 2002;48:163–176. Available from: http://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&from=export&id=L35256201%5Cndoi:
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husnain SZ, Bukhari NI, Hussain K, et al. Cross verification of prescribing trends through loop evaluation of physicians, patients and medical store personnel. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;7:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Akila L, Rani RJ. Cost analysis of different brands antianginal drugs available in India. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2016;4:859–865.
   Google Scholar
• Patel B, Patel K, Patel M. Antidepressant drugs: evaluation of price variation. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. Internet. 2015;4:432–437. Available from: http://www.ijbcp.com/?mno=181712
   Google Scholar
• Ross S, Bond C, Rothnie H, et al. What is the scale of prescribing errors committed by junior doctors? A systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. Internet. 2009 cited 2019 Feb 9;67:629–640. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19094162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan GM, Lexchin J, Wiebe N. Physician awareness of drug cost: a systematic review. Hill S, editor. PLoS Med. [Internet]. 2007 cited 2019 Feb 9;4:e283. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17896856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saeed A, Saeed H, Saleem Z, et al. Evaluation of prices, availability and affordability of essential medicines in Lahore Division, Pakistan: a cross-sectional survey using WHO/HAI methodology. PLoS One. 2019;14:1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Pakistan. Drug regulatory authority of Pakistan – Act XXI of 2012 [Internet]. 2012. Published in The Gazette of Pakistan by Senate Secretrait Islamabad on November 13, 2012. Available from: http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1352964021_588.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lee KS, Shahidullah A, Zaidi STR, et al. The crux of the medicine prices’ controversy in Pakistan. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron A, Ewen M, Ross-Degnan D, et al. Medicine prices, availability, and affordability in 36 developing and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis. Lancet. Internet. 2009 cited 2019 Feb 20;373:240–249. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19042012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendis S, Fukino K, Cameron A, et al. The availability and affordability of selected essential medicines for chronic diseases in six low- and middle-income countries. Bull World Health Organ. Internet. 2007 cited 2019 Feb 20;85:279–288. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17546309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drug Regulatory Autority of Pakistan. Drug pricing policy 2015 [Internet]. 2015. [cited 2019 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.dra.gov.pk/userfiles1/file/DrugPricingPolicy2015.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Drug Regulatory Autority of Pakistan. Drug pricing policy 2018 [Internet]. 2018. [cited 2019 Jul 21]. Available from: http://www.dra.gov.pk/userfiles1/file/DrugPricingPolicy2018.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Patel B, Patel K, Patel M. Antidepressant drugs: evaluation of price variation. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2015;4:432–437.
   Google Scholar
• Authority DR, Services NH. National essesntial medicines list. 2018. p. 82. Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan.
   Google Scholar
• Ming LC, Hadi MA. Uncontrollable medicine prices in Pakistan. Lancet. [Internet]. 2016;388:2602. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaidi S, Bigdeli M, Aleem N, et al. Access to essential medicines in Pakistan: policy and health systems research concerns. Meara JG, editor. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 cited 2019 Feb 20;8:e63515. Available from: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godman B, Bucsics A, Vella Bonanno P, et al. Barriers for access to new medicines: searching for the balance between rising costs and limited budgets. Front Public Health. [Internet]. 2018;6:1–21. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naqvi AA, Hassali MA, Aftab MT, et al. A qualitative study investigating perceived barriers to medication adherence in chronic illness patients of Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2019;69:216–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Network for Consumer Protection, G-9 Markaz, Islamabad. Prices, availability and affordability of medicines in Pakistan. 2006. p. 1–46.
   Google Scholar