Valuing health outcomes: developing better defaults based on health opportunity costs

References

• Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Claxton K, et al. Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford University Press: Oxford; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson LA, Hammitt JK, Jamison DT, et al. Conducting benefit-cost analysis in low- and middle-income countries: introduction to the special issue. J Benefit-Cost Anal. 2019;10(S1):1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassman A, Giedion U, Smith PC, Eds. What’s in, what’s out: designing benefits for universal health coverage. Washington D.C.: Center For Global Development; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Danzon PM, Drummond MF, Towse A, et al. Objectives, budgets, thresholds, and opportunity costs-a health economics approach: an ISPOR special task force report [4]. Value Health. 2018 Feb;21(2):140–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann PJ, Willke RJ, Garrison LP. A health economics approach to US value assessment frameworks-introduction: an ISPOR special task force report [1]. Value Health. 2018 Feb;21(2):119–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann PJ, Thorat T, Zhong Y, et al. A systematic review of cost-effectiveness studies reporting cost-per-DALY averted. PLoS One. 2016 Dec;11(12):e0168512.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panzer AD, Emerson JG, D’Cruz B, et al. Growth and capacity for cost-effectiveness analysis in Africa. Health Economics. 2020 Aug;29(8):945–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butt T, Liu GG, Kim DD, et al. Taking stock of cost-effectiveness analysis of healthcare in China. BMJ Glob Health. 2019 May;4:3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins DA. Universal Health Coverage and Essential Packages of Care. In: Jamison DT, Gelband H, Horton S, et al. editors. Disease Control Priorities: improving Health and Reducing Poverty. 3rd. Washington D.C.: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. World Bank Country and Lending Groups; 2020. [Online]. [cited 2020 Apr 20]. Available from: https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups
   Google Scholar
• Stinnett AA, Mullahy J. Net health benefits: a new framework for the analysis of uncertainty in cost-effectiveness analysis. Medical Decision Making. 1998 Jan;18(2_suppl):S68–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoch JS, Briggs AH, Willan AR. Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue: a framework for the marriage of health econometrics and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Econ. 2002 Jul;11(5):415–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelps CE, Mushlin AI. On the (near) equivalence of cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 1991;7(1):12–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paulden M. Why it’s Time to Abandon the ICER. Pharmacoeconomics. 2020 Aug;38(8):781–784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulden M. Calculating and Interpreting ICERs and Net Benefit. Pharmacoeconomics. 2020 Aug;38(8):785–807.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallejo-Torres L, García-Lorenzo B, Castilla I, et al. On the Estimation of the Cost-Effectiveness Threshold: why, What, How? Value Heal. 2016 Jul;19(5):558–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thokala P, Ochalek J, Leech AA, et al. Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds: the Past, the Present and the Future. Pharmacoeconomics. 2018 Feb;36(5):509–522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shillcutt SD, Walker DG, Goodman CA, et al. Cost effectiveness in low-and middle-income countries a review of the debates surrounding decision rules. PharmacoEconomics. 2009;27(11):903–917. Europe PMC Funders.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos AS, Guerra-Junior AA, Godman B, et al. Cost-effectiveness thresholds: methods for setting and examples from around the world. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. Taylor and Francis Ltd, 277–288, 04-May. 2018;18(3).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosse SD. Assessing cost-effectiveness in healthcare: history of the $50,000 per QALY threshold. Expert Rev Pharm Outcomes Res. Apr 2008;8(2):165–178.
   Google Scholar
• Lee CP, Chertow GM, Zenios SA. An empiric estimate of the value of life: updating the renal dialysis cost-effectiveness standard. Value Heal. 2009 Jan;12(1):80–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sculpher M, Claxton K, Pearson SD. Developing a Value Framework: the Need to Reflect the Opportunity Costs of Funding Decisions. Value Heal. 2017 Feb;20(2):234–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods B, Revill P, Sculpher M, et al. Country-Level Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds: initial Estimates and the Need for Further Research. Value Heal. 2016;19(8):929–935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claxton K, Martin S, Soares M, et al. Methods for the estimation of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence cost-effectiveness threshold. Health Technol Assess (Rockv). 2015 Feb;19(14):1–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edney LC, Haji Ali Afzali H, Cheng TC, et al. Estimating the Reference Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio for the Australian Health System. Pharmacoeconomics. 2018 Feb;36(2):239–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallejo-Torres L, García-Lorenzo B, Serrano-Aguilar P. Estimating a cost-effectiveness threshold for the Spanish NHS. Health Econ. 2018 Apr;27(4):746–761.
   Google Scholar
• Stadhouders N, Koolman X, Dijk C, et al. The marginal benefits of healthcare spending in the Netherlands: estimating cost‐effectiveness thresholds using a translog production function. Health Econ. 2019 Aug;28(11):1331–1344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Baal P, Perry-Duxbury M, Bakx P, et al. A cost-effectiveness threshold based on the marginal returns of cardiovascular hospital spending. Health Econ. 2019 Jan;28(1):87–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochalek J, Lomas J, Claxton K. Estimating health opportunity costs in low-income and middle-income countries: a novel approach and evidence from cross-country data. BMJ Glob Health. Nov 2018;3(6):e000964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochalek J, Lomas J. Reflecting the health opportunity costs of funding decisions within value frameworks: initial estimates and the need for further research. Clin Ther. 2020 Jan;42(1):44–59.e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edoka IP, Stacey NK. Estimating a cost-effectiveness threshold for health care decision-making in South Africa. Health Policy Plan. 2020 Jun 1;35(5):546–555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siverskog J, Henriksson M. Estimating the marginal cost of a life year in Sweden’s public healthcare sector. Eur J Heal Econ. 2019 Jul;20(5):751–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health. New York: Oxford University Press. The World Bank; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Bowie C, Mwase T. Assessing the use of an essential health package in a sector wide approach in Malawi. Health Res Policy Syst. 2011 Jan 9:4. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. Macroeconomics and Health: investing in Health for Economic Development. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The world health report 2002 - Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Initiative for Vaccine Research of the Department of Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals. WHO guide for the standardization of economic evaluations of immunization programmes. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Initiative for Vaccine Research of the Department of Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals. WHO guide for standardization of economic evaluations of immunization programmes. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Leech AA, Kim D, Cohen J, et al. Use and Misuse of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Thresholds in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: trends in Cost-per-DALY Studies. Value Heal. 2018;21(7):759–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertram MY, Lauer JA, De Joncheere K, et al. Cost-effectiveness thresholds: pros and cons. Bull World Health Organ. 2016 Dec;94(12):925–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton S. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition. In: Jamison DT, Gelband H, Horton S, et al., editors. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Francke JA, Penazzato M, Hou T, et al. Clinical Impact and Cost-effectiveness of Diagnosing HIV Infection During Early Infancy in South Africa: test Timing and Frequency. J Infect Dis. 2016 Nov;214(9):1319–1328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duintjer Tebbens RJ, Pallansch MA, Cochi SL, et al. Economic analysis of the global polio eradication initiative. Vaccine. 2011;29:334–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank, GDP deflator 2019. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 2020 May 05] https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.ZS..
   Google Scholar
• Dieleman JL, Campbell M, Chapin A, et al. Future and potential spending on health 2015-40: development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries. Lancet. 2017 May;389(10083):2005–2030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bokhari FAS, Gai Y, Gottret P. Government health expenditures and health outcomes. Health Econ. 2007 Mar;16(3):257–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulden M, O’Mahony J, McCabe C. Determinants of Change in the Cost-effectiveness Threshold. Med Decis Mak. 2017 Feb;37(2):264–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank, Why can’t I find estimates of gross national product (GNP)? – world bank data help desk [Online]. Available [cited 2020 May 4]: https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/77930-why-can-t-i-find-estimates-of-gross-national-produ
   Google Scholar