113
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Evaluation instruments for executive functions in children and adolescents: an update of a systematic review

, ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 487-508 | Received 26 Jul 2023, Accepted 25 Jan 2024, Published online: 06 Feb 2024

References

  • Frolli A, Cerciello F, Esposito C, et al. Executive functions and foreign language learning. Pediatr Rep. 2022;14(4):450–456. doi: 10.3390/pediatric14040053
  • Campbell AM, Davalos DB, McCabe DP, et al. Executive functions and extraversion. Pers Individ Dif. 2011;51(6):720–725. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.018
  • Miyake A, Friedman NP, Emerson MJ, et al. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cogn Psychol. 2000;41(1):49–100. doi: 10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
  • Giménez de la Peña A, López-Zamora M, Vila O, et al. Validation of the Spanish version of the childhood executive functioning inventory (CHEXI) in 4-5 year-old children. Anales de Psicología. 2022;38(1):101–109. doi: 10.6018/analesps.453171
  • Owen AM. The functional organization of working memory processes within human lateral frontal cortex: the contribution of functional neuroimaging. Eur J of Neuroscience. 1997;9(7):1329–1339. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01487.x
  • Parhoon K, Moradi A, Alizadeh H, et al. Psychometric properties of the behavior rating inventory of executive function, second edition (BRIEF2) in a sample of children with ADHD in Iran. Child Neuropsychol. 2022;28(4):427–436. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2021.1975669
  • Horowitz-Kraus T, Randell K, Morag I. Neurobiological perspective on the development of executive functions. Acta Paediatr. 2023;112(9):1860–1864. doi: 10.1111/apa.16883
  • Wagner CA, Alloy LB, Abramson LY. Trait Rumination, Depression, and Executive Functions in Early Adolescence. J Youth Adolesc. 2015;44(1):18–36. doi: 10.1007/s10964-014-0133-8
  • Barkley RA. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull. 1997;121(1):65–94. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65
  • Berardi A, Panuccio F, Pilli L, et al. Evaluation instruments for executive functions in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2021;21(5):885–896.
  • Berardi A, Regoli E, Tofani M, et al. Tools to assess the quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2021;21(1):55–68. doi: 10.1080/14737167.2021.1841638
  • Monti M, Marquez MA, Berardi A, et al. The multiple sclerosis intimacy and sexuality questionnaire (MSISQ-15): validation of the Italian version for individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2020 Oct;58(10):1128–1133. doi: 10.1038/s41393-020-0469-8
  • Panuccio F, Galeoto G, Marquez MA, et al. Internal consistency and validity of the Italian version of the Jebsen-Taylor hand function test (JTHFT-IT) in people with tetraplegia. Spinal Cord. 2021;59(3):266–273. doi: 10.1038/s41393-020-00602-4
  • Berardi A, De Santis R, Tofani M, et al. The wheelchair use confidence scale: Italian translation, adaptation, and validation of the short form. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2018;13(6):575–580. doi: 10.1080/17483107.2017.1357053
  • Ioncoli M, Berardi A, Tofani M, et al. Crosscultural validation of the community integration questionnaire–revised in an Italian population. Occup Ther Int. 2020;2020:1–7. doi: 10.1155/2020/8916541
  • Berardi A, Saffioti M, Tofani M, et al. Internal consistency and validity of the Jebsen-Taylor hand function test in an Italian population with hemiparesis. NeuroRehabilitation. 2019;45(3):331–339. doi: 10.3233/NRE-192867
  • Tofani M, Castelli E, Sabbadini M, et al. Examining reliability and validity of the Jebsen-Taylor hand function test among children with cerebral palsy. Percept Mot Skills. 2020;127(4):684–697. doi: 10.1177/0031512520920087
  • Ponti A, Berardi A, Galeoto G, et al. Quality of life, concern of falling and satisfaction of the sit-ski aid in sit-skiers with spinal cord injury: observational study. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2020;6(1):8. doi: 10.1038/s41394-020-0257-x
  • Galeoto G, Turriziani S, Berardi A, et al. Levels of cognitive functioning assessment scale: Italian cross-cultural adaptation and validation. Ann Ig. 2020;32(1):16–26. doi: 10.7416/ai.2020.2326
  • Galeoto G, Formica MC, Mercuri NB, et al. Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Barthel index in an Italian ischemic stroke population in the acute phase: a cross-sectional study. Funct Neurol. 2019;34(1):29–34.
  • Cavalli G, Galeoto G, Sogos C, et al. The efficacy of executive function interventions in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Neurother. 2022;22(1):77–84. doi: 10.1080/14737175.2022.2011215
  • Miniera F, Berardi A, Panuccio F, et al. Measuring environmental barriers: validation and cultural adaptation of the Italian version of the Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors (CHIEF) scale. Occup Ther Health Care. 2020;34(4):373–385. doi: 10.1080/07380577.2020.1834174
  • Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1):1. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1
  • Mokkink LB, de Vet HCW, Prinsen CAC, et al. COSMIN risk of bias checklist for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(5):1171–1179.
  • Chen IC, Lee PW, Wang LJ, et al. Incremental validity of multi-method and multi-informant evaluations in the clinical diagnosis of preschool ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2022 Aug;26(10):1293–1303. doi: 10.1177/10870547211045739
  • Ezpeleta L, Penelo E, de la Osa N, et al. How the affective reactivity index (ARI) works for teachers as informants. J Affect Disord. 2020;261:40–48. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.080
  • Memisevic H, Malec D, Pasalic A. Factor structure of the BRIEF-P teacher version in a sample of Bosnian preschool children with intellectual disability. Child Neuropsychol. 2022 Jul;28(5):689–700. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2021.2008338
  • Aita SL, Moncrief GG, Carrillo A, et al. Enhanced interpretation of the BRIEF2: multivariate base rates of elevated scores in the standardization samples. Child Neuropsychol. 2022;28(4):535–553. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2021.1998408
  • Li X, Lam CBI, Chung KKH. Development and validation of the Chinese inventory of children’s socioemotional competence (CICSEC). Early Educ Dev. 2020;31:854–872. doi: 10.1080/10409289.2020.1715735
  • San Diego RJ, Franke N, Harding JE, et al. Cross-cultural validity and reliability of the BRIEF-P at age 2 and 4.5 years in children born at risk of neonatal hypoglycemia. Child Neuropsychol. 2023;29(2):340–356. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2093340
  • Mashhadi A, Maleki ZH, Hasani J, et al. Psychometric properties of Persian version of the Barkley deficits in executive functioning scale-children and adolescents. Appl Neuropsychol Child. 2021;10(4):369–376. doi: 10.1080/21622965.2020.1726352
  • Riccio CA, Jimenez EM, Schwartz J, et al. Do parent and self-report rating scales of executive function measure the same constructs with adolescents? Appl Neuropsychol Child. 2022;11(3):212–219. doi: 10.1080/21622965.2020.1780129
  • Chen PH, Lim TZ, Chang ST, et al. Developing new scales for assessing parents’ aural and oral rehabilitation skills to interact with children with hearing loss. Int J Audiol. 2021;60(10):797–807. doi: 10.1080/14992027.2020.1861345
  • Pino Muñoz M, Arán Filippetti V. Confirmatory factor analysis of the BRIEF-2 parent and teacher form: relationship to performance-based measures of executive functions and academic achievement. Appl Neuropsychol Child. 2021;10(3):219–233.
  • Rossignoli-Palomeque T, Perez-Hernandez E. Validity of the evaluation system of children and adolescents to measure executive functions: convergent validity. J Psychoeduc Assess. 2022;40(7):853–864. doi: 10.1177/07342829221104349
  • Fernández-Alcántara M, Albaladejo-Blázquez N, Fernández-Ávalos MI, et al. Validity of the computerized battery for neuropsychological evaluation of children (BENCI) in Spanish children: preliminary results. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. 2022;12(8):893–903. doi: 10.3390/ejihpe12080065
  • Romundstad B, Solem S, Brandt AE, et al. Validity of the behavioural assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome for children (BADS-C) in children and adolescents with pediatric acquired brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2023;33(4):551–573. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2022.2034649
  • Jamshidian E, Mirzaei H, Hosseini SA, et al. Validity and reliability of family time and routines index in the families of children with autism. J Rehabil. 2019;158–173. doi: 10.32598/rj.20.2.158
  • Bernes GA, Villodas M, Coles CD, et al. Validity and reliability of Executive function measures in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure: correspondence between multiple raters and laboratory measures. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2021 Mar;45(3):596–607. doi: 10.1111/acer.14547
  • Chan WT, Bull R, Ng EL, et al. Validation of the child behavior rating scale (CBRS) using multilevel factor analysis. Psychol Assess. 2021;33:1138–1151. doi: 10.1037/pas0001075
  • Rowe K, Duta M, Demeyere N, et al. Validation of Oxford cognitive screen: executive function (OCS-EF), a tablet-based executive function assessment tool amongst adolescent females in rural South Africa. Int J Psychol. 2021;56(6):895–907. doi: 10.1002/ijop.12764
  • Sugaya LS, Kircanski K, Stringaris A, et al. Validation of an irritability measure in preschoolers in school-based and clinical Brazilian samples. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022;31(4):577–587. doi: 10.1007/s00787-020-01701-6
  • Song H, Yi DJ, Park HJ, et al. Validation of a mobile game-based assessment of cognitive control among children and adolescents. PLoS One. 2020 Mar 20;15(3):e0230498. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230498
  • van Baar AL, de Jong M, Maat M, et al. Reliability and validity of the Utrecht tasks for attention in toddlers using eye tracking (UTATE). Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;11:1179. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01179
  • Veraksa A, Bukhalenkova D, Almazova O, et al. The relationship between Russian kindergarteners’ play and Executive functions: validating the play observed behaviors scale. Frontiers in Psychology. 2022;13:797531. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.797531
  • Sofologi M, Papantoniou G, Avgita T, et al. The gifted rating scales-Preschool/Kindergarten form (GRS-P): a preliminary examination of their psychometric properties in two Greek samples. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(11):2809. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12112809
  • Haag AC, Cha CB, Noll JG, et al. The flexible regulation of emotional expression scale for youth (FREE-Y): adaptation and validation across a varied sample of children and adolescents. Assessment. 2023;30(4):1265–1284. doi: 10.1177/10731911221090465
  • Snelling M, Dawes A, Biersteker L, et al. The development of a South African early learning outcomes measure: a South African instrument for measuring early learning program outcomes. Child Care Health Dev. 2019;45(2):257–270. doi: 10.1111/cch.12641
  • Rosenblum S, Zandani IE, Deutsch-Castel T, et al. The child evaluation checklist (CHECK): a screening questionnaire for detecting daily functional “red flags” of underrecognized neurodevelopmental disorders among preschool children. Occup Ther Int. 2019;2019:1–12. doi: 10.1155/2019/6891831
  • Voltmer K, von Salisch M. The adaptive test of emotion knowledge for 3-to 9-year-olds: psychometric properties and validity. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:901304. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.901304
  • Anderson KJ, HenningJasmin TJ, Moonsamy R, et al. Test–retest reliability and concurrent validity of the South African early learning outcomes measure (ELOM). S Afr J Child Educ. 2021;11. doi: 10.4102/sajce.v11i1.881
  • Lemberger-Truelove ME, Carbonneau KJ, Zieher AK, et al. Support for the development and use of the child observation of mindfulness measure (C-OMM). Mindfulness (NY). 2019;10(7):1406–1416. doi: 10.1007/s12671-019-1094-5
  • Apiquian R, Ulloa RE, Victoria G, et al. Standardization and validity of Chefmania, a video game designed as a cognitive screening test for children. Humanit Soc Sci Commun. 2020;7:51. doi: 10.1057/s41599-020-00547-2
  • Vilaseca R, Rivero M, Bersabé RM, et al. Spanish validation of the PICCOLO (parenting interactions with children: checklist of observations linked to outcomes). Frontiers in Psychology. 2019;10:680. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00680
  • Tuerk C, Anderson V, Bernier A, et al. Social competence in early childhood: an empirical validation of the SOCIAL model. J Neuropsychol. 2021;15(3):477–499. doi: 10.1111/jnp.12230
  • Wall VL, Kestle JRW, Fulton JB, et al. Social-emotional functioning in pediatric hydrocephalus: comparison of the hydrocephalus outcome questionnaire to the behavior assessment system for children. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2021;28(5):572–578. doi: 10.3171/2021.5.PEDS2178
  • Wang L, Pollastri AR, Vuijk PJ, et al. Reliability and validity of the thinking skills inventory, a screening tool for cross-diagnostic skill deficits underlying youth behavioral challenges. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2019;41(1):144–159. doi: 10.1007/s10862-018-9703-5
  • Ke X, Du Y, Zheng Y, et al. Risk factors for the difficulties in general activities across the day in Chinese children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2018;15:157–166. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S187882
  • Brosseau-Liard P, Poulin-Dubois D. Fiabilité et validité de l’Échelle de compréhension sociale des enfants. Psychologie Française. 2019;64:331–341. doi: 10.1016/j.psfr.2018.01.003
  • Bausela Herreras E. BRIEF-P: validation study in children in early childhood with neurodevelopmental disorders. Sage Open. 2019;9:215824401987916. doi: 10.1177/2158244019879166
  • Cakiroglu S, Gormez V, Gozpinar N, et al. Psychometric properties of the teenage executive functioning inventory in a Turkish sample of adolescents: deficits in working memory and inhibition among adolescents. Child Neuropsychol. 2023;29(2):321–339. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2086975
  • Mashhadi A, Maleki ZH, Hasani J, et al. Psychometric properties of the childhood executive functioning inventory (CHEXI): a confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance by sex and age in Iranian children. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2023;33(3):409–427. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2021.2021952
  • Lai CYY, Yung TWK, Gomez INB, et al. Psychometric properties of sensory processing and self-regulation checklist (SPSRC). Occup Ther Int. 2019 Dec 1;2019:1–9. doi: 10.1155/2019/8796042
  • Arruda MA, Arruda R, Anunciação L. Psychometric properties and clinical utility of the executive function inventory for children and adolescents: a large multistage populational study including children with ADHD. Appl Neuropsychol Child. 2022;11(1):1–17. doi: 10.1080/21622965.2020.1726353
  • Kenworthy L, Freeman A, Ratto A, et al. Preliminary psychometrics for the Executive function challenge task: a novel, “hot” flexibility, and planning task for youth. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2020;26(7):725–732. doi: 10.1017/S135561772000017X
  • Costa S, Bianco A, Scifo L, et al. Preliminary evaluation of a short version questionnaire for executive functioning self-report (EF-SR). Curr Psychol. 2022;41(4):2099–2108. doi: 10.1007/s12144-020-00733-0
  • Navarro Soria I, Real Fernández M, Lavigne Cerván R, et al. Predictive capacity of the Spanish neuropsychological assessment of executive functions battery when diagnosing child ADHD. Rev Latinoam Psicol. 2019;51. doi: 10.14349/rlp.2019.v51.n3.2
  • Varni JW, Junger KF, Kellermann T, et al. PedsQL™ cognitive functioning scale in youth with epilepsy: reliability and validity. Epilepsy Behav. 2020;103(Pt A):106850. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106850
  • Halvorsen M, Aman MG, Mathiassen B. Psychometric properties of the Norwegian aberrant behavior checklist and diagnostic relationships in a neuro-pediatric sample. J Ment Health Res Intellect Disabil. 2019;12(3–4):234–255. doi: 10.1080/19315864.2019.1630872
  • Billard C, Jung C, Munnich A, et al. External validation of BMT-i computerized test battery for diagnosis of learning disabilities. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:733713. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.733713
  • Mukhopadhyay P, Bhattacharya L, Roy PK, et al. Development of a battery to assess perceptual-motor, cognition, language, and scholastic skills among Bengali Children with neuro developmental disorders. Indian J Psychol Med. 2020;42(3):238–249. doi: 10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_198_19
  • Pin TW, So VKK, Siu CSH, et al. Development of the social motor function classification system for children with autism spectrum disorders: a psychometric study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;51(6):1995–2003. doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04689-9
  • Soto EF, Kofler MJ, Singh LJ, et al. Executive functioning rating scales: Ecologically valid or construct invalid? Neuropsychology. 2020 Sep;34(6):605–619. doi: 10.1037/neu0000681
  • Nasledov A, Miroshnikov S, Tkacheva L, et al. Elaboration of screening scales for mental development problems detection in Russian preschool children: psychometric approach. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020;10(9):646. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics10090646
  • Lai JS, Blackwell CK, Tucker CA, et al. Measuring PROMIS® physical activity and sleep problems in early childhood. J Pediatr Psychol. 2022;47(5):534–546. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsac028
  • Sherlock P, Blackwell CK, Kallen MA, et al. Measuring PROMIS® emotional distress in early childhood. J Pediatr Psychol. 2022;47(5):547–558. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsac029
  • Timmers I, Simons LE, Hernandez JM, et al. Parent psychological flexibility in the context of pediatric pain: brief assessment and associations with parent behaviour and child functioning. Eur J Pain. 2019;23(7):1340–1350. doi: 10.1002/ejp.1403
  • Orkin Simon N, Jansari A, Gilboa Y. Hebrew version of the Jansari assessment of executive functions for children (JEF-C©): translation, adaptation and validation. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2022;32(2):287–305. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2020.1821718
  • Hendry A, Holmboe K. Development and validation of the early executive functions questionnaire: a carer-administered measure of executive functions suitable for 9- to 30-month-olds. Infancy. 2021;26(6):932–961. doi: 10.1111/infa.12431
  • Zentner M. Identifying child temperament risk factors from 2 to 8 years of age: validation of a brief temperament screening tool in the US, Europe, and China. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020 May;29(5):665–678. doi: 10.1007/s00787-019-01379-5
  • Ruiz FJ, García-Martín MB, Suárez-Falcón JC, et al. Development and initial validation of the generalized tracking questionnaire. PLoS One. 2020;15(6):e0234393. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234393
  • Zebdi R, Plateau E, Monsillion J, et al. Emotion regulation scale and mindfulness scale in school aged children: construction and validation of French versions. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2022;53(5):1004–1017. doi: 10.1007/s10578-021-01182-x
  • Ramos-Galarza C, Bolaños-Pasquel M, García-Gómez A, et al. La Escala EFECO para Valorar Funciones Ejecutivas en Formato de Auto-Reporte. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación – e Avaliação Psicológica. 2019;50. doi: 10.21865/RIDEP50.1.07
  • Korzeniowski C, Ison M. Escala de Funcionamiento Ejecutivo para Escolares: Análisis de las Propiedades Psicométricas. Psicol Educ (Madr). 2019;25:147–157. doi: 10.5093/psed2019a4
  • Ross RA, Baldwin DA. Development and initial validation of a scale measuring young children’s self-perceptions of trait cognitive control. J Cogn Dev. 2021;22(2):203–225. doi: 10.1080/15248372.2020.1867554
  • de Freitas Elage GK, Seabra AG. Desenvolvimento e Propriedades Psicométricas do Teste Informatizado de Avaliação das Funções Executivas. Revista Avaliação Psicológica. 2021;20. doi: 10.15689/ap.2021.2001.17491.11
  • Canet-Juric L, Del Valle M, Gelpi-Trudo R. Desarrollo y validación del Cuestionario de Funciones Ejecutivas en niños de 9 a 12 años. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana. 2021;39(1):39. doi: 10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.9892
  • Bell MD, Weinstein AJ, Pittman B, et al. The activate test of embodied cognition (ATEC): reliability, concurrent validity and discriminant validity in a community sample of children using cognitively demanding physical tasks related to executive functioning. Child Neuropsychol. 2021;27(7):973–983. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2021.1923686
  • Gomez R, Vance A, Stavropoulos V. Correlated trait-correlated method minus one analysis of the convergent and discriminant validity of the Conners 3 short forms. Assessment. 2020;27(7):1463–1475. doi: 10.1177/1073191118803714
  • Veraksa A, Gavrilova M, Lepola J. Learning motivation tendencies among preschoolers: impact of executive functions and gender differences. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2022;228:103647. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103647
  • Limpo T, Rasteiro I, Aguiar S, et al. Examining the factorial structure, reliability, and predictive validity of the Portuguese version of the child and adolescent mindfulness measure (CAMM). Mindfulness (NY). 2022;13:2879–2890. doi: 10.1007/s12671-022-02003-5
  • Jacobson LA, Pritchard AE, Koriakin TA, et al. Initial examination of the BRIEF2 in clinically referred children with and without ADHD symptoms. J Atten Disord. 2020;24(12):1775–1784. doi: 10.1177/1087054716663632
  • O’Brien AM, Kivisto LR, Deasley S, et al. Executive functioning rating scale as a screening tool for ADHD: independent validation of the BDEFS-CA. J Atten Disord. 2021;25(7):965–977. doi: 10.1177/1087054719869834
  • Camodeca A, Hosack A, Todd KQ. Investigation of broad autism phenotype traits as measured by the 26-item autism quotient. J Psychoeduc Assess. 2019;37(3):338–357. doi: 10.1177/0734282918768706
  • Scionti N, Luzi G, Zampini L, et al. Identifying children with self-regulation problems. Europ J Psychol Assess. 2023;39:106–113. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000706
  • Yao M, Wang J, Liu P, et al. Development, reliability, and validity of the preschool learning skills scale: a tool for early identification of preschoolers at risk of learning disorder in mainland China. Front Neurol. 2022;13:918163. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.918163
  • Romero-Ayuso D, Toledano-González A, Segura-Fragoso A, et al. Assessment of sensory processing and executive functions at the school: development, reliability, and validity of EPYFEI-Escolar. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:275. doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.00275
  • Meltzer LJ, Forrest CB, de la Motte A, et al. Clinical validity of the PROMIS pediatric sleep measures across populations of children with chronic illnesses and neurodevelopment disorders. J Pediatr Psychol. 2020;45(3):319–327. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsz088
  • Finnanger TG, Andersson S, Chevignard M, et al. Assessment of executive function in everyday life-psychometric properties of the Norwegian adaptation of the children’s cooking task. Front Hum Neurosci. 2022;15:761755. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.761755
  • Hudson KN, Willoughby MT. Evaluating the factor structure and criterion validity of the Canadian little DCDQ: associations between motor competence, executive functions, early numeracy skills, and ADHD in early childhood. Assessment. 2022;29(6):1134–1143. doi: 10.1177/10731911211003967
  • Norman Å, Wright J, Patterson E. Brief parental self-efficacy scales for promoting healthy eating and physical activity in children: a validation study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):540. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10581-7
  • Fish J, Wilson FC. Assessing children’s executive function: BADS-C validity. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021;12:626291. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626291
  • Phillips H, Wright B, Allgar V, et al. Adapting and validating the autism diagnostic observation schedule version 2 for use with deaf children and young people. J Autism Dev Disord. 2022;52(2):553–568. doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-04931-y
  • Barrios-Fernandez S, Gozalo M, Amado-Fuentes M, et al. Short version of the EFECO online questionnaire for the assessment of executive functions in school-age children. Children. 2021;8(9):799. doi: 10.3390/children8090799
  • Shum KK, Zheng Q, Chak GS, et al. Dimensional structure of the BRIEF2 and its relations with ADHD symptoms and task performance on executive functions in Chinese children. Child Neuropsychol. 2021;27(2):165–189. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2020.1817355
  • Chinn LK, Momotenko DA, Grigorenko EL. A Russian translation of the BRIEF2 disproportionately flags typical Russian and Previously institutionalized individuals on validity scales. Clin PsycholSpec Ed. 2022;11:138–157. doi: 10.17759/cpse.2022110209
  • Gonthier C, Aubry A, Bourdin B. Measuring working memory capacity in children using adaptive tasks: example validation of an adaptive complex span. Behav Res Methods. 2018;50(3):910–921. doi: 10.3758/s13428-017-0916-4
  • Miller EK, Cohen JD. An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:167–202. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167
  • Gilboa Y, Jansari A, Kerrouche B, et al. Assessment of executive functions in children and adolescents with acquired brain injury (ABI) using a novel complex multi-tasking computerised task: the Jansari assessment of executive functions for children (JEF-C©). Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2019;29(9):1359–1382. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2017.1411819
  • Lutz MT, Helmstaedter C. EpiTrack: tracking cognitive side effects of medication on attention and executive functions in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2005 Dec;7(4):708–714. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.08.015

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.