Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders

References

• Benabid AL, Chabardes S, Mitrofanis J, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(1):67–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasano A, Romito LM, Daniele A, et al. Motor and cognitive outcome in patients with Parkinson’s disease 8 years after subthalamic implants. Brain. 2010;133(9):2664–2676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moro E, Lozano AM, Pollak P, et al. Long‐term results of a multicenter study on subthalamic and pallidal stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Move Disord. 2010;25(5):578–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romito LM, Contarino MF, Vanacore N, et al. Replacement of dopaminergic medication with subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: long‐term observation. Move Disord. 2009;24(4):555–561.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cif L, El Fertit H, Vayssiere N, et al. Treatment of dystonic syndromes by chronic electrical stimulation of the internal globus pallidus. J Neurosurg Sci. 2003;47(1):52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kupsch A, Benecke R, Müller J, et al. Pallidal deep-brain stimulation in primary generalized or segmental dystonia. New England J Med. 2006;355(19):1978–1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrkens JH, Bötzel K, Steude U, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of chronic globus pallidus internus stimulation in different types of primary dystonia. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2008;87(1):8–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidailhet M, Vercueil L, Houeto J-L, et al. Bilateral, pallidal, deep-brain stimulation in primary generalised dystonia: a prospective 3 year follow-up study. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(3):223–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koller WC, Lyons KE, Wilkinson SB, et al. Efficacy of unilateral deep brain stimulation of the VIM nucleus of the thalamus for essential head tremor. Move Disorders. 1999;14(5):847–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koller WC, Lyons KE, Wilkinson SB, et al. Long‐term safety and efficacy of unilateral deep brain stimulation of the thalamus in essential tremor. Move Disorders. 2001;16(3):464–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehncrona S, Johnels B, Widner H, et al. Long‐term efficacy of thalamic deep brain stimulation for tremor: double‐blind assessments. Move Disorders. 2003;18(2):163–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zesiewicz T, Elble R, Louis E, et al. Practice parameter: therapies for essential tremor report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2005;64(12):2008–2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albanese A, Bhatia K, Bressman SB, et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update. Move Disorders. 2013;28(7):863–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahn S. Concept and classification of dystonia. Adv Neurol. 1988;50:1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aderibigbe YA, Jampala VC, Mathews T. The current status of tardive dystonia. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45(6):715–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiriakakis V, Bhatia KP, Quinn NP, et al. The natural history of tardive dystonia. Brain. 1998;121(11):2053–2066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke RE, Fahn S, Jankovic J, et al. Tardive dystonia late‐onset and persistent dystonia caused by antipsychotic drugs. Neurology. 1982;32(12):1335–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damier P, Thobois S, Witjas T, et al. Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus to treat tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(2):170–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouclet-Courtemanche H, Rouaud T, Thobois S, et al. Long-term efficacy and tolerability of bilateral pallidal stimulation to treat tardive dyskinesia. Neurology. 2016;86(7):651–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrader C, Peschel T, Petermeyer M, et al. Unilateral deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus alleviates tardive dyskinesia. Move Disorders. 2004;19(5):583–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sako W, Goto S, Shimazu H, et al. Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus in tardive dystonia. Move Disord. 2008;23(13):1929–1931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber D, Trottenberg T, Kivi A, et al. Long-term effects of pallidal deep brain stimulation in tardive dystonia. Neurology. 2009;73(1):53–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen OS, Hassin-Baer S, Spiegelmann R. Deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus for refractory tardive dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007;13(8):541–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eltahawy HA, Feinstein A, Khan F, et al. Bilateral globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation in tardive dyskinesia: a case report. Move Disorders. 2004;19(8):969–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trottenberg T, Volkmann J, Deuschl G, et al. Treatment of severe tardive dystonia with pallidal deep brain stimulation. Neurology. 2005;64(2):344–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franzini A, Marras C, Ferroli P, et al. Long-term high-frequency bilateral pallidal stimulation for neuroleptic-induced tardive dystonia: report of two cases. J Neurosurg. 2005;102(4):721–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun B, Chen S, Zhan S, et al. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation for primary dystonia and tardive dystonia. In: Sakas DE, Simpson BA, editors. Operative neuromodulation. Wien: Springer; 2007. p. 207–214.
   Google Scholar
• Jankovic J. Treatment of dystonia. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5(10):864–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke RE, Fahn S, Marsden CD, et al. Validity and reliability of a rating scale for the primary torsion dystonias. Neurology. 1985;35(1):73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiner A, Albin RL, Anderson KD, et al. Differential loss of striatal projection neurons in Huntington disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1988;85(15):5733–5737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLong MR. Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. Trends Neurosci. 1990;13(7):281–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang JK, Moro E, Lozano AM, et al. Firing rates of pallidal neurons are similar in Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease patients. Exp Brain Res. 2005;166(2):230–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albin RL, Young AB, Penney JB. The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosci. 1989;12(10):366–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groiss SJ, Elben S, Reck C, et al. Local field potential oscillations of the globus pallidus in Huntington’s disease. Move Disord. 2011;26(14):2577–2578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krack P, Pollak P, Limousin P, et al. Opposite motor effects of pallidal stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 1998;43(2):180–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yianni J, Nandi D, Bradley K, et al. Senile chorea treated by deep brain stimulation—a clinical, neurophysiological and functional imaging study. Move Disord. 2004;19(5):597–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang AE. Surgery for levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Ann Neurol. 2000;47(4 Suppl 1):S193–199; discussion S199–S202.
   Google Scholar
• Krauss JK, Loher TJ, Weigel R, et al. Chronic stimulation of the globus pallidus internus for treatment of non-dYT1 generalized dystonia and choreoathetosis: 2-year follow up. J Neurosurg. 2003;98(4):785–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasano A, Mazzone P, Piano C, et al. GPi‐DBS in Huntington’s disease: results on motor function and cognition in a 72‐year‐old case. Move Disord. 2008;23(9):1289–1292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez V, Cif L, Biolsi B, et al. Deep brain stimulation for Huntington’s disease: long-term results of a prospective open-label study: clinical article. J Neurosurg. 2014;121(1):114–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moro E, Lang AE, Strafella AP, et al. Bilateral globus pallidus stimulation for Huntington’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2004;56(2):290–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebb MO, Garcia R, Gaudet P, et al. Bilateral stimulation of the globus pallidus internus to treat choreathetosis in Huntington’s disease: technical case report. Neurosurgery. 2006;58(2):E383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biolsi B, Cif L, El Fertit H, et al. Long-term follow-up of Huntington disease treated by bilateral deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus. J Neurosurg. 2008;109(1):130–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang GA, Heath S, Rothlind J, et al. Long-term follow-up of pallidal deep brain stimulation in two cases of Huntington’s disease. J Neurology Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82(3):272–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger S, Hotter A, Wolf E, et al. Deep brain stimulation in Huntington’s disease: a 4‐year follow‐up case report. Move Disord. 2012;27(6):806–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huys D, Bartsch C, Poppe P, et al. Management and outcome of pallidal deep brain stimulation in severe Huntington’s disease. Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie. 2013;81(4):202–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cislaghi G, Capiluppi E, Saleh C, et al. Bilateral globus pallidus stimulation in Westphal variant of Huntington disease. Neuromodulation. 2014;17(5):502–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojtecki L, Groiss SJ, Ferrea S, et al. A prospective pilot trial for pallidal deep brain stimulation in Huntington’s disease. Front Neurol. 2015;6:177. doi:10.3389/fneur.2015.00177.
   Google Scholar
• Gruber D, Kuhn A, Schoenecker T, et al. Quadruple deep brain stimulation in Huntington’s disease, targeting pallidum and subthalamic nucleus: case report and review of the literature. J Neural Transm. 2014;121(10):1303–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miquel M, Spampinato U, Latxague C, et al. Short and long term outcome of bilateral pallidal stimulation in chorea-acanthocytosis. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e79241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim TT, Fernandez HH, Cooper S, et al. Successful deep brain stimulation surgery with intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging on a difficult neuroacanthocytosis case: case report. Neurosurgery. 2013;73(1):E184–E188.
   Google Scholar
• Lee J-H, Cho W-H, Cha S-H, et al. Globus pallidus interna deep brain stimulation for chorea-acanthocytosis. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2015;57(2):143–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burbaud P, Vital A, Rougier A, et al. Minimal tissue damage after stimulation of the motor thalamus in a case of chorea-acanthocytosis. Neurology. 2002;59(12):1982–1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danek A, Jung HH, Melone MA, et al. Neuroacanthocytosis: new developments in a neglected group of dementing disorders. J Neurol Sci. 2005;229:171–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rughani AI, Lozano AM. Surgical treatment of myoclonus dystonia syndrome. Move Disord. 2013;28(3):282–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foncke EM, Bour LJ, Speelman JD, et al. Local field potentials and oscillatory activity of the internal globus pallidus in myoclonus–dystonia. Move Disord. 2007;22(3):369–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Griffin IC, Parkin SG, et al. Involvement of the medial pallidum in focal myoclonic dystonia: a clinical and neurophysiological case study. Move Disord. 2002;17(2):346–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber D, Kühn AA, Schoenecker T, et al. Pallidal and thalamic deep brain stimulation in myoclonus‐dystonia. Move Disord. 2010;25(11):1733–1743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsui JC, Stoessl AJ, Eisen A, et al. Double-blind study of botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis. The Lancet. 1986;328(8501):245–247.
   Google Scholar
• Azoulay-Zyss J, Roze E, Welter M-L, et al. Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the pallidum for myoclonus-dystonia due to ε-sarcoglycan mutations: a pilot study. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(1):94–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beukers RJ, Contarino MF, Speelman J, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the pallidum is effective and might stabilize striatal D2 receptor binding in myoclonus–dystonia. Front Neurol. 2012;3:22. doi:10.3389/fneur.2012.00022
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cif L, Valente EM, Hemm S, et al. Deep brain stimulation in myoclonus–dystonia syndrome. Move Disord. 2004;19(6):724–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contarino MF, Foncke EM, Cath DC, et al. Effect of pallidal deep brain stimulation on psychiatric symptoms in myoclonus-dystonia due to ε-sarcoglycan mutations. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(8):1087–1089.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jog M, Kumar H. Bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation in a case of myoclonus dystonia syndrome. Move Disord. 2009;24(10):1547–1549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuncel AM, Turner DA, Ozelius LJ, et al. Myoclonus and tremor response to thalamic deep brain stimulation parameters in a patient with inherited myoclonus–dystonia syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2009;111(3):303–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtis MM, San Luciano M, Yu Q, et al. Clinical and neurophysiological improvement of SGCE myoclonus–dystonia with GPi deep brain stimulation. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010;112(2):149–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magarinos-Ascone C, Regidor I, Martinez-Castrillo J, et al. Pallidal stimulation relieves myoclonus–dystonia syndrome. J Neurology Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(7):989–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oropilla JQ, Diesta CC, Itthimathin P, et al. Both thalamic and pallidal deep brain stimulation for myoclonic dystonia: case report. J Neurosurg. 2010;112(6):1267–1270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papuć E, Obszańska K, Rejdak K, et al. Atypical symptomatology of myoclonus dystonia (DYT‐11) with positive response to bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation. Move Disord. 2014;29(7):E3–E3.
   Google Scholar
• Trottenberg T, Meissner W, Arnold G, et al. Neurostimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus in inherited myoclonus‐dystonia syndrome. Move Disord. 2001;16(4):769–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson MM. Tourette syndrome, associated conditions and the complexities of treatment. Brain. 2000;123(3):425–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson MM. The prevalence and epidemiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: part 1: the epidemiological and prevalence studies. J Psychosom Res. 2008;65(5):461–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrock LE, Mink JW, Woods DW, et al. Tourette syndrome deep brain stimulation: a review and updated recommendations. Move Disord. 2015;30(4):448–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marceglia S, Servello D, Foffani G, et al. Thalamic single‐unit and local field potential activity in Tourette syndrome. Move Disord. 2010;25(3):300–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassler R, Dieckmann G. Stereotaxic treatment of tics and inarticulate cries or coprolalia considered as motor obsessional phenomena in Gilles de la Tourette’s disease. Rev Neurol. 1970;123(2):89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassler R, Dieckmann G. Relief of obsessive-compulsive disorders, phobias and tics by stereotactic coagulations of the rostral intralaminar and medial-thalamic nuclei. In: Laitanen L, Livingston K, editors. Surgical approaches in psychiatry. Proceedings of the third international congress of psychosurgery. Cambridge: Ganden City Press; 1973. p. 206–212.
   Google Scholar
• Hassler R. Stereotaxic surgery for psychiatric disturbances. In: Schaltenbrand G, Walker AE, editors. Stereotaxy of human brain. New York: Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgard; 1982. p. 570–590.
   Google Scholar
• Porta M, Brambilla A, Cavanna A, et al. Thalamic deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome two-year outcome. Neurology. 2009;73(17):1375–1380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welter M-L, Mallet L, Houeto J-L, et al. Internal pallidal and thalamic stimulation in patients with Tourette syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2008;65(7):952–957.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dehning S, Mehrkens JH, Müller N, et al. Therapy‐refractory Tourette syndrome: beneficial outcome with globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation. Move Disord. 2008;23(9):1300–1302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaherty AW, Williams ZM, Amirnovin R, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the anterior internal capsule for the treatment of Tourette syndrome: technical case report. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(4):E403.
   Google Scholar
• Maciunas RJ, Maddux BN, Riley DE, et al. Prospective randomized double-blind trial of bilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation in adults with Tourette syndrome. J Neurosurg. 2007;107(5):1004–1014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajwa RJ, De Lotbinière AJ, King RA, et al. Deep brain stimulation in Tourette’s syndrome. Move Disord. 2007;22(9):1346–1350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn J, Lenartz D, Mai JK, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens and the internal capsule in therapeutically refractory Tourette-syndrome. J Neurol. 2007;254(7):963–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahed J, Poysky J, Kenney C, et al. GPi deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome improves tics and psychiatric comorbidities. Neurology. 2007;68(2):159–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diederich NJ, Kalteis K, Stamenkovic M, et al. Efficient internal pallidal stimulation in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a case report. Move Disord. 2005;20(11):1496–1499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houeto J, Karachi C, Mallet L, et al. Tourette’s syndrome and deep brain stimulation. J Neurology Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(7):992–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servello D, Porta M, Sassi M, et al. Deep brain stimulation in 18 patients with severe Gilles de la Tourette syndrome refractory to treatment: the surgery and stimulation. J Neurology Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79(2):136–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackermans L, Duits A, van der Linden C, et al. Double-blind clinical trial of thalamic stimulation in patients with Tourette syndrome. Brain. 2011;134(3):832–844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duits A, Ackermans L, Cath D, et al. Unfavourable outcome of deep brain stimulation in a Tourette patient with severe comorbidity. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;21(9):529–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser-Vandewalle V, Temel Y, Boon P, et al. Chronic bilateral thalamic stimulation: a new therapeutic approach in intractable Tourette syndrome: report of three cases. J Neurosurg. 2003;99(6):1094–1100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savica R, Stead M, Mack KJ, et al. Deep brain stimulation in tourette syndrome: a description of 3 patients with excellent outcome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(1); 59–62. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.08.005.
   Google Scholar
• Servello D, Sassi M, Brambilla A, et al. Long‐term, post‐deep brain stimulation management of a series of 36 patients affected with refractory Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Neuromodulation. 2010;13(3):187–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idris Z, Ghani ARI, Mar W, et al. Intracerebral haematomas after deep brain stimulation surgery in a patient with Tourette syndrome and low factor XIIIA activity. J Clin Neurosci. 2010;17(10):1343–1344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motlagh MG, Smith ME, Landeros-Weisenberger A, et al. Lessons learned from open-label deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome: eight cases over 7 years. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2013;3 pii: tre-03-170-4428-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burdick A, Foote KD, Goodman W, et al. Lack of benefit of accumbens/capsular deep brain stimulation in a patient with both tics and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Neurocase. 2010;16(4):321–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Torres I, Hariz M, Zrinzo L, et al. Improvement of tics after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. Neurology. 2009;72(20):1787–1789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espay AJ, Duker AP, Chen R, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus in medically refractory orthostatic tremor: preliminary observations. Move Disord. 2008;23(16):2357–2362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilman KM. Orthostatic tremor. Arch Neurol. 1984;41(8):880–881.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gates P. Orthostatic tremor (shaky legs syndrome). Clin Exp Neurol. 1992;30:66–71.
   Google Scholar
• Walker FO, McCormick GM, Hunt VP. Isometric features of orthostatic tremor: an electromyographic analysis. Muscle Nerve. 1990;13(10):918–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown P. New clinical sign for orthostatic tremor. Lancet. 1995;346(8970):306–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McManis PG, Sharbrough FW. Orthostatic tremor: clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics. Muscle Nerve. 1993;16(11):1254–1260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthuraman M, Hellriegel H, Paschen S, et al. The central oscillatory network of orthostatic tremor. Move Disord. 2013;28(10):1424–1430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guridi J, Rodriguez‐Oroz MC, Arbizu J, et al. Successful thalamic deep brain stimulation for orthostatic tremor. Move Disord. 2008;23(13):1808–1811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons MK, Behbahani M, Boucher OK, et al. Orthostatic tremor responds to bilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2012;2. pii: tre-02-30-85-9.
   Google Scholar
• Magariños‐Ascone C, Ruiz FM, Millán AS, et al. Electrophysiological evaluation of thalamic DBS for orthostatic tremor. Move Disord. 2010;25(14):2476–2477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaltho TC, Ondo WG. Orthostatic tremor: a review of 45 cases. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(7):723–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes G. On certain tremors in organic cerebral lesions. Brain. 1904;27(3):327–375.
   Google Scholar
• Berkovic S, Bladin P. Rubral tremor: clinical features and treatment of three cases. Clin Exp Neurol. 1983;20:119–128.
   Google Scholar
• Deuschl G, Raethjen J, Lindemann M, et al. The pathophysiology of tremor. Muscle Nerve. 2001;24(6):716–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung G, Fan Y, Ho S. Rubral tremor associated with cavernous angioma of the midbrain. Move Disord. 1999;14(1):191–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miwa H, Hatori K, Kondo T, et al. Thalamic tremor case reports and implications of the tremor-generating mechanism. Neurology. 1996;46(1):75–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikkhah G, Prokop T, Hellwig B, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus ventralis intermedius for Holmes’ (rubral) tremor and associated dystonia caused by upper brainstem lesions: report of two cases. J Neurosurg. 2004;100(6):1079–1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez JAE, Arango GJ, Fonoff ET, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus or ventralis intermedius nucleus of thalamus for Holmes’ tremor. Neurosurg Rev. 2015;38(4):753–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi K, Katayama Y, Oshima H, et al. Multitarget, dual-electrode deep brain stimulation of the thalamus and subthalamic area for treatment of Holmes’ tremor: clinical article. J Neurosurg. 2014;120(5):1025–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydin S, Abuzayed B, Kiziltan G, et al. Unilateral thalamic Vim and GPi stimulation for the treatment of Holmes’ tremor caused by midbrain cavernoma: case report and review of the literature. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg. 2013;74(4):271–276.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goto S, Yamada K. Combination of thalamic VIM stimulation and GPi pallidotomy synergistically abolishes Holmes’ tremor. J Neurology Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(8):1203–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudo M, Goto S, Nishikawa S, et al. Bilateral thalamic stimulation for Holmes’ tremor caused by unilateral brainstem lesion. Move Disord. 2001;16(1):170–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pahwa R, Lyons KE, Kempf L, et al. Thalamic stimulation for midbrain tremor after partial hemangioma resection. Move Disord. 2002;17(2):404–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samadani U, Umemura A, Jaggi JL, et al. Thalamic deep brain stimulation for disabling tremor after excision of a midbrain cavernous angioma: case report. J Neurosurg. 2003;98(4):888–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diederich N, Verhagen Metman L, Bakay R, et al. Ventral intermediate thalamic stimulation in complex tremor syndromes. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2008;86(3):167–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Follett MA, Torres‐Russotto D, Follett KA. Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus for posttraumatic midbrain tremor. Neuromodulation. 2014;17(3):289–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd GM, Tauböll E, Bakke SJ, et al. Midbrain tremor and hypertrophic olivary degeneration after pontine hemorrhage. Move Disord. 1997;12(3):432–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castrop F, Jochim A, Berends LP, et al. Sustained suppression of Holmes’ tremor after cessation of thalamic stimulation. Move Disord. 2013;28(10):1456–1457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piette T, Mescola P, Henriet M, et al. Approche chirurgicale d’un tremblement de Holmes associé à un tremblement synchrone de haute fréquence. Rev Neurol. 2004;160(6):707–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peker S, Isik U, Akgun Y, et al. Deep brain stimulation for Holmes’ tremor related to a thalamic abscess. Childs Nerv Sys. 2008;24(9):1057–1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanborn MR, Danish SF, Ranalli NJ, et al. Thalamic deep brain stimulation for midbrain tremor secondary to cystic degeneration of the brainstem. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2009;87(2):128–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acar G, Acar F, Bir LS, et al. Vim stimulation in Holmes’ tremor secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Res. 2010;32(9):992–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issar NM, Hedera P, Phibbs FT, et al. Treating post-traumatic tremor with deep brain stimulation: report of five cases. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19(12):1100–1105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilbane C, Ramirez-Zamora A, Ryapolova-Webb E, et al. Pallidal stimulation for Holmes’ tremor: clinical outcomes and single-unit recordings in 4 cases. J Neurosurg. 2015;122(6):1306–1314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foote KD, Okun MS. Ventralis intermedius plus ventralis oralis anterior and posterior deep brain stimulation for posttraumatic Holmes tremor: two leads may be better than one: technical note. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(4):E445.
   Google Scholar
• Foote KD, Seignourel P, Fernandez HH, et al. Dual electrode thalamic deep brain stimulation for the treatment of posttraumatic and multiple sclerosis tremor. Neurosurgery. 2006;58(4):ONS-280–ONS-286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim DA, Khandhar SM, Heath S, et al. Multiple target deep brain stimulation for multiple sclerosis related and poststroke Holmes’ tremor. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2007;85(4):144–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plaha P, Khan S, Gill SS. Bilateral stimulation of the caudal zona incerta nucleus for tremor control. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79(5):504–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanelli P, Bronté-Stewart H, Courtney T, et al. Possible necessity for deep brain stimulation of both the ventralis intermedius and subthalamic nuclei to resolve Holmes’ tremor: case report. J Neurosurg. 2003;99(3):566–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar