Predictors of response to serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder

References

• Skoog G, Skoog I. A 40-year follow-up of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder [see commetns]. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56(2):121–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen SA, Eisen JL. The epidemiology and differential diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(Suppl, 5–10), discussion 11–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arumugham SS, Reddy YCJ. Commonly asked questions in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Expert Rev Neurother. 2014;14(2):151–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lochner C, Stein DJ. Heterogeneity of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a literature review. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2003;11(3):113–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch MH, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Kelmendi B, et al. A systematic review: antipsychotic augmentation with treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11(7):622–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallanti S, Quercioli L. Treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: methodological issues, operational definitions and therapeutic lines. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30(3):400–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Expert Consensus Panel for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(Suppl 4):2–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fineberg NA, Reghunandanan S, Simpson HB, et al. Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD): practical strategies for pharmacological and somatic treatment in adults. Psychiatry Res. 2015;227(1):114–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fineberg NA, Brown A, Reghunandanan S, et al. Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol Off Sci J Coll Int Neuropsychopharmacol CINP. 2012;15(8):1173–1191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Math SB, Janardhan Reddy YC. Issues in the pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(7):1188–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma E, Thennarasu K, Reddy YCJ. Long-term outcome of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(9):1019–1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsburg GS, Kingery JN, Drake KL, et al. Predictors of treatment response in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(8):868–878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraemer HC, Wilson GT, Fairburn CG, et al. Mediators and moderators of treatment effects in randomized clinical trials. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(10):877–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVeaugh-Geiss J, Katz R, Landau P, et al. Clinical predictors of treatment response in obsessive compulsive disorder: exploratory analyses from multicenter trials of clomipramine. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1990;26(1):54–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baer L, Jenike MA, Black DW, et al. Effect of axis II diagnoses on treatment outcome with clomipramine in 55 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49(11):862–866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF, et al. The efficacy of fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: effects of comorbid chronic tic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993;13(5):354–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman DL, Greenland S, Bystritsky A, et al. Predictors of treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder: multivariate analyses from a multicenter trial of clomipramine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1994;14(4):247–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravizza L, Barzega G, Bellino S, et al. Predictors of drug treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56(8):368–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storch EA, Larson MJ, Shapira NA, et al. Clinical predictors of early fluoxetine treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2006;23(7):429–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Alcante CC, Diniz JB, Fossaluza V, et al. Neuropsychological predictors of response to randomized treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2012;39(2):310–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman DL, Greenland S, Bystritsky A. Clinical characteristics of response to fluoxetine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998;18(3):185–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein DJ, Montgomery SA, Kasper S, et al. Predictors of response to pharmacotherapy with citalopram in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;16(6):357–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavedini P, Erzegovesi S, Ronchi P, et al. Predictive value of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in antiobsessional pharmacological treatment. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol J Eur Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 1997;7(1):45–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Conceição Costa DL, Shavitt RG, Castro Cesar RC, et al. Can early improvement be an indicator of treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder? Implications for early-treatment decision-making. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(11):1700–1707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denys D, Burger H, van Megen H, et al. A score for predicting response to pharmacotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;18(6):315–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tükel R, Bozkurt O, Polat A, et al. Clinical predictors of response to pharmacotherapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;60(4):404–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erzegovesi S, Cavallini MC, Cavedini P, et al. Clinical predictors of drug response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21(5):488–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosario-Campos MC, Leckman JF, Mercadante MT, et al. Adults with early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(11):1899–1903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shavitt RG, Belotto C, Curi M, et al. Clinical features associated with treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2006;47(4):276–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uguz F, Askin R, Cilli AS, et al. Comparison of treatment responses and clinical characteristics of early-onset and late-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2006;10(4):291–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakatani E, Nakagawa A, Nakao T, et al. A randomized controlled trial of Japanese patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder–effectiveness of behavior therapy and fluvoxamine. Psychother Psychosom. 2005;74(5):269–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA, Phillips KA, et al. Insight and treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2001;42(6):494–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neziroglu F, Pinto A, Yaryura-Tobias JA, et al. Overvalued ideation as a predictor of fluvoxamine response in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2004;125(1):53–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollander E, Kaplan A, Schmeidler J, et al. Neurological soft signs as predictors of treatment response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;17(4):472–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husted DS, Shapira NA, Murphy TK, et al. Effect of comorbid tics on a clinically meaningful response to 8-week open-label trial of fluoxetine in obsessive compulsive disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2007;41(3–4):332–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catapano F, Sperandeo R, Perris F, et al. Insight and resistance in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopathology. 2001;34(2):62–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisen JL, Phillips KA, Baer L, et al. The Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale: reliability and validity. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(1):102–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch MH, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Rosario MC, et al. Meta-analysis of the symptom structure of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(12):1532–1542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mataix-Cols D, Rauch SL, Manzo PA, et al. Use of factor-analyzed symptom dimensions to predict outcome with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and placebo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(9):1409–1416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein DJ, Andersen EW, Overo KF. Response of symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder to treatment with citalopram or placebo. Rev Bras Psiquiatr São Paulo Braz 1999. 2007;29(4):303–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein DJ, Carey PD, Lochner C, et al. Escitalopram in obsessive-compulsive disorder: response of symptom dimensions to pharmacotherapy. CNS Spectr. 2008;13(6):492–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landeros-Weisenberger A, Bloch MH, Kelmendi B, et al. Dimensional predictors of response to SRI pharmacotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2010;121(1–2):175–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrão YA, Shavitt RG, Bedin NR, et al. Clinical features associated to refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2006;94(1–3):199–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso P, Menchon JM, Pifarre J, et al. Long-term follow-up and predictors of clinical outcome in obsessive-compulsive patients treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and behavioral therapy. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(7):535–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch MH, Bartley CA, Zipperer L, et al. Meta-analysis: hoarding symptoms associated with poor treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19(9):1025–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DSM-5 Classification. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington (VA): American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Neri V, Cardona F. Clinical pharmacology of comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in Tourette syndrome. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2013;112:391–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman DL, Greenland S, Bystritsky A. Side effects as predictors of drug response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19(5):459–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramovitch A, Abramowitz JS, Mittelman A. The neuropsychology of adult obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33(8):1163–1171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim M-S, Park S-J, Shin MS, et al. Neuropsychological profile in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder over a period of 4-month treatment. J Psychiatr Res. 2002;36(4):257–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavedini P, Riboldi G, D’Annucci A, et al. Decision-making heterogeneity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: ventromedial prefrontal cortex function predicts different treatment outcomes. Neuropsychologia. 2002;40(2):205–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontenelle L, Marques C, Engelhardt E, et al. Impaired set-shifting ability and therapeutic response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;13(4):508–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotge J-Y, Guehl D, Dilharreguy B, et al. Meta-analysis of brain volume changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(1):75–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radua J, Mataix-Cols D. Voxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. 2009;195(5):393–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Outhred T, Hawkshead BE, Wager TD, et al. Acute neural effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors on emotion processing: implications for differential treatment efficacy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37(8):1786–1800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe C, Mishor Z, Cowen PJ, et al. Diminished neural processing of aversive and rewarding stimuli during selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67(5):439–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakao T, Nakagawa A, Yoshiura T, et al. Brain activation of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder during neuropsychological and symptom provocation tasks before and after symptom improvement: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(8):901–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoexter MQ, Dougherty DD, Shavitt RG, et al. Differential prefrontal gray matter correlates of treatment response to fluoxetine or cognitive-behavioral therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol J Eur Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;23(7):569–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoexter MQ, Diniz JB, Lopes AC, et al. Orbitofrontal thickness as a measure for treatment response prediction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2015;32(12):900–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoexter MQ, De Souza Duran FL, D’Alcante CC, et al. Gray matter volumes in obsessive-compulsive disorder before and after fluoxetine or cognitive-behavior therapy: a randomized clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012;37(3):734–745.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody AL, Saxena S, Schwartz JM, et al. FDG-PET predictors of response to behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1998;84(1):1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxena S, Brody AL, Maidment KM, et al. Localized orbitofrontal and subcortical metabolic changes and predictors of response to paroxetine treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999;21(6):683–693.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen ES, Hasselbalch S, Law I, et al. The caudate nucleus in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Reduced metabolism following treatment with paroxetine: a PET study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol Off Sci J Coll Int Neuropsychopharmacol CINP. 2002;5(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxena S, Brody AL, Ho ML, et al. Differential brain metabolic predictors of response to paroxetine in obsessive-compulsive disorder versus major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(3):522–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho Pian KL, van Megen HJGM, Ramsey NF, et al. Decreased thalamic blood flow in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients responding to fluvoxamine. Psychiatry Res. 2005;138(2):89–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanematsu H, Nakao T, Yoshiura T, et al. Predictors of treatment response to fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an fMRI study. J Psychiatr Res. 2010;44(4):193–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan Q, Yan X, Wang J, et al. Abnormalities of white matter microstructure in unmedicated obsessive-compulsive disorder and changes after medication. PloS One. 2012;7(4):e35889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Wee NJA, Ramsey NF, van Megen HJGM, et al. Spatial working memory in obsessive–compulsive disorder improves with clinical response: a functional MRI study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;17(1):16–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin D-J, Jung WH, He Y, et al. The effects of pharmacological treatment on functional brain connectome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;75(8):606–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prichep LS, Mas F, Hollander E, et al. Quantitative electroencephalographic subtyping of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1993;50(1):25–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen ES, Prichep LS, Bolwig TG, et al. Quantitative electroencephalography in OCD patients treated with paroxetine. Clin EEG Electroencephalogr. 2003;34(2):70–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fontenelle LF, Mendlowicz MV, Ribeiro P, et al. Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography and treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol Off Sci J Coll Int Neuropsychopharmacol CINP. 2006;9(1):89–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause D, Folkerts M, Karch S, et al. Prediction of treatment outcome in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography: a prospective EEG study. Front Psychol. 2015;6:1993.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Endrass T, Schuermann B, Kaufmann C, et al. Performance monitoring and error significance in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychol. 2010;84(2):257–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern ER, Liu Y, Gehring WJ, et al. Chronic medication does not affect hyperactive error responses in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychophysiology. 2010;47(5):913–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shugart YY, Samuels J, Willour VL, et al. Genomewide linkage scan for obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence for susceptibility loci on chromosomes 3q, 7p, 1q, 15q, and 6q. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11(8):763–770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart SE, Fagerness JA, Platko J, et al. Association of the SLC1A1 glutamate transporter gene and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet Off Publ Int Soc Psychiatr Genet. 2007;144B(8):1027–1033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold PD, Rosenberg DR, Mundo E, et al. Association of a glutamate (NMDA) subunit receptor gene (GRIN2B) with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary study. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 2004;174(4):530–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso P, Gratacós M, Segalàs C, et al. Association between the NMDA glutamate receptor GRIN2B gene and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci JPN. 2012;37(4):273–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billett EA, Richter MA, King N, et al. Obsessive compulsive disorder, response to serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the serotonin transporter gene. Mol Psychiatry. 1997;2(5):403–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougle CJ, Epperson CN, Price LH, et al. Evidence for linkage disequilibrium between serotonin transporter protein gene (SLC6A4) and obsessive compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 1998;3(3):270–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Bella D, Erzegovesi S, Cavallini MC, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and treatment response. Pharm J. 2002;2(3):176–181.
   Google Scholar
• Denys D, van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D, et al. Prediction of response to paroxetine and venlafaxine by serotonin-related genes in obsessive-compulsive disorder in a randomized, double-blind trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(5):747–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Nieuwerburgh FCW, Denys DAJP, Westenberg HGM, et al. Response to serotonin reuptake inhibitors in OCD is not influenced by common CYP2D6 polymorphisms. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2009;13(1):345–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Real E, Gratacòs M, Soria V, et al. A brain-derived neurotrophic factor haplotype is associated with therapeutic response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;66(7):674–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miguita K, Cordeiro Q, Shavitt RG, et al. Association study between genetic monoaminergic polymorphisms and OCD response to clomipramine treatment. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2011;69(2B):283–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corregiari FM, Bernik M, Cordeiro Q, et al. Endophenotypes and serotonergic polymorphisms associated with treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clin São Paulo Braz. 2012;67(4):335–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller DJ, Brandl EJ, Hwang R, et al. The AmpliChip® CYP450 test and response to treatment in schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive disorder: a pilot study and focus on cases with abnormal CYP2D6 drug metabolism. Genet Test Mol Biomark. 2012;16(8):897–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vulink NCC, Westenberg HGM, van Nieuwerburgh F, et al. Catechol-O-methyltranferase gene expression is associated with response to citalopram in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2012;16(4):277–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandl EJ, Tiwari AK, Zhou X, et al. Influence of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 gene variants on antidepressant response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Pharm J. 2014;14(2):176–181.
   Google Scholar
• Qin H, Samuels JF, Wang Y, et al. Whole-genome association analysis of treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21(2):270–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, et al. Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997;340(2–3):249–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corregiari FM, Gattaz WF, Bernik M. Acute hormonal changes after IV citalopram and treatment response in OCD. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 2007;193(4):487–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fluitman SBAHA, Denys DAJP, Heijnen CJ, et al. Disgust affects TNF-alpha, IL-6 and noradrenalin levels in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2010;35(6):906–911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konuk N, Tekin IO, Ozturk U, et al. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in obsessive compulsive disorder. Mediators Inflamm. 2007;65704:2007.
   Google Scholar
• Monteleone P, Catapano F, Fabrazzo M, et al. Decreased blood levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychobiology. 1998;37(4):182–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denys D, Fluitman S, Kavelaars A, et al. Decreased TNF-alpha and NK activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004;29(7):945–952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weizman R, Laor N, Barber Y, et al. Cytokine production in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;40(9):908–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter LL, Heninger GR, McDougle CJ, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 in obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania. Psychiatry Res. 2002;112(3):257–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray SM, Bloch MH. Systematic review of proinflammatory cytokines in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012;14(3):220–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao NP, Venkatasubramanian G, Ravi V, et al. Plasma cytokine abnormalities in drug-naïve, comorbidity-free obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2015;229(3):949–952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenis G, Maes M. Effects of antidepressants on the production of cytokines. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol Off Sci J Coll Int Neuropsychopharmacol CINP. 2002;5(4):401–412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denys D, Fluitman S, Kavelaars A, et al. Effects of paroxetine and venlafaxine on immune parameters in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006;31(3):355–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorän P, Asberg M, Bertilsson L, et al. Clomipramine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. II. Biochemical aspects. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980;37(11):1289–1294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flament MF, Rapoport JL, Murphy DL, et al. Biochemical changes during clomipramine treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44(3):219–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna GL, Yuwiler A, Cantwell DP. Whole-blood serotonin during clomipramine treatment of juvenile obsessive—compulsive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1993;3(4):223–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humble M, Bejerot S, Bergqvist PB, et al. Reactivity of serotonin in whole blood: relationship with drug response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(4):360–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delorme R, Chabane N, Callebert J, et al. Platelet serotonergic predictors of clinical improvement in obsessive compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004;24(1):18–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar