1,023
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Therapeutics of postpartum depression

&
Pages 495-507 | Received 11 Jul 2016, Accepted 24 Nov 2016, Published online: 09 Dec 2016

References

  • Depression Fact Sheet. World Health Organization, 2016; [cited 2016 Jul 7]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/
  • Pedersen CB, Mors O, Bertelsen A, et al. A comprehensive nationwide study of the incidence rate and lifetime risk for treated mental disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(5):573–581.
  • Wisner KL, Sit DKY, McShea MC, et al. Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(5):490–498.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington (VA): American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
  • Gaynes BN, Gavin N, Meltzer-Brody S, et al. Perinatal depression: prevalence, screening accuracy, and screening outcomes. Evid Rep Technol Assess. 2005 Feb;(119):1–8.
  • Sadat Z, Abedzadeh-Kalahroudi M, Atrian MK, et al. The impact of postpartum depression on quality of life in women after child’s birth. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(2):e14995–e15002.
  • Mirhosseini H, Moosavipoor SA, Nazari MA, et al. Cognitive behavioral development in children following maternal postpartum depression: a review article. Electron Physician. 2015;7(8):1673–1679.
  • Hendrick V, Altshuler LL, Suri R. Hormonal changes in the postpartum and implications for postpartum depression. Psychosomatics. 1998;39(2):93–101.
  • Brummelte S, Galea LA. Postpartum depression: etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care. Horm Behav. 2016;77:153–166.
  • Mori T, Tsuchiya KJ, Matsumoto K, et al. Psychosocial risk factors for postpartum depression and their relation to timing of onset: the Hamamatsu Birth Cohort (HBC) study. J Affect Disord. 2011;135(1–3):341–346.
  • Di Florio A, Meltzer-Brody S. Is postpartum depression a distinct disorder? Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015;17(10):76.
  • Sharma V, Khan M, Corpse C, et al. Missed bipolarity and psychiatric comorbidity in women with postpartum depression. Bipolar Disord. 2008;10(6):742–747.
  • Reck C, Struben K, Backenstrass M, et al. Prevalence, onset and comorbidity of postpartum anxiety and depressive disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008;118(6):459–468.
  • Rihmer Z, Gonda X. Antidepressant-resistant depression and antidepressant-associated suicidal behaviour: the role of underlying bipolarity. Depress Res Treat. 2011;2011:906462. doi:10.1155/2011/906462.
  • Sharma V. A cautionary note on the use of antidepressants in postpartum depression. Bipolar Disord. 2006;8(4):411–414.
  • Mandelli L, Sourey D, Bartova L, et al. Bipolar II disorder as a risk factor for postpartum depression. J Affect Disord. 2016;204:54–58.
  • Wesseloo R, Kamperman AM, Munk-Olsen T, et al. Risk of postpartum relapse in bipolar disorder and postpartum psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(2):117–127.
  • Cooper PJ, Murray L. Course and recurrence of postnatal depression. Evidence for the specificity of the diagnostic concept. Br J Psychiatry. 1995;166(2):191–195.
  • Fisher SD, Wisner KL, Clark CT, et al. Factors associated with onset timing, symptoms, and severity of depression identified in the postpartum period. J Affect Disord. 2016;203:111–120.
  • Hendrick V, Altshuler L, Strousse T, et al. Postpartum and nonpostpartum depression: differences in presentation and response to pharmacologic treatment. Depress Anxiety. 2000;11(2):66–72.
  • Freeman MP, Smith KW, Freeman SA, et al. The impact of reproductive events on the course of bipolar disorder in women. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(4):284–287.
  • Benazzi F. Prevalence of bipolar II disorder in atypical depression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999;249(2):62–65.
  • Azorin JM, Angst J, Gamma A, et al. Identifying features of bipolarity in patients with first-episode postpartum depression: findings from the international BRIDGE study. J Affect Disord. 2012;136:710–715.
  • Angst J, Azorin JM, Bowden CL, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of undiagnosed bipolar disorder in patients with a major depressive episode: the BRIDGE study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(8):791–798.
  • Sharma V, Corpse C. Is your depressed postpartum patient bipolar? Curr Psychiatry. 2011;10(6):81–82.
  • Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Meltzer-Brody S, et al. Psychiatric disorders with postpartum onset: possible early manifestations of bipolar affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(4):428–434.
  • Brockington IF, Marginson FR, Schofield E, et al. The clinical picture of the depressed form of puerperal psychosis. J Affec Disord. 1988;15(1):29–37.
  • Pinheiro E, Bogen DL, Hoxha D. Sertraline and breastfeeding: review and meta-analysis. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2015;18:139–146.
  • Leopacher AK, Liebers D, Pirooznia M, et al. Distinguishing bipolar from unipolar depression: the importance of clinical symptoms and illness features. Psychol Med. 2015;45:2437–2446.
  • Brockington I. Postpartum psychiatric disorders. Lancet. 2004;363(9405):303–310.
  • Chaudron LH, Pies RW. The relationship between postpartum psychosis and bipolar disorder: a review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(11):1284–1292.
  • Seo HJ, Wang HR, Jun TY, et al. Factors related to suicidal behavior in patients with bipolar disorder: the effect of mixed features on suicidality. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2016;39:91–96.
  • Sockol LE, Epperson CN, Barber JP. A meta-analysis of treatments for perinatal depression. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(5):839–849.
  • Milgrom J, Gemmill AW, Ericksen J, et al. Treatment of postnatal depression with cognitive behavioural therapy, sertraline and combination therapy: a randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2015;49(3):236–245.
  • Simidjian S, Goodman S. Nonpharmacologic intervention and prevention strategies for depression during pregnancy and the postpartum. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2009;52(3):498–515.
  • Kennedy SH, Lam RW, Parikh SV, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) clinical guidelines for the management of major depressive disorder in adults. Introduction. J Affect Disord. 2009;117(1):S1–2.
  • Stowe Z, Casarella J, Landry J, et al. Sertraline in the treatment of women with postpartum major depression. Depression. 1995;3(1–2):49–55.
  • Misri S, Abizadeh J, Albert G, et al. Restoration of functionality in postpartum depressed mothers: an open-label study with escitalopram. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(5):729–732.
  • Roy A, Cole K, Goldman Z, et al. Fluoxetine treatment of postpartum depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(8):1273.
  • Cohen LS, Viguera AC, Bouffard SM, et al. Venlafaxine in the treatment of postpartum depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(8):592–596.
  • Nonacs RM, Soares CN, Viguera AC, et al. Bupropion SR for the treatment of postpartum depression: a pilot study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;8(3):445–449.
  • De Crescenzo F, Perelli F, Armando M, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for post-partum depression (PPD): a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. J Affect Disord. 2014;152-154:39–44.
  • Sharma V, Sommerdyk C. Are antidepressants effective in the treatment of postpartum depression? A systematic review. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2013;15:6.
  • Hantsoo L, Ward-O’Brien D, Czarkowski KA, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of sertraline for postpartum depression. Psychopharmacology. 2014;231(5):939–948.
  • Bloch M, Meiboom H, Lorberblatt M, et al. The effect of sertraline add-on to brief dynamic psychotherapy for the treatment of postpartum depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(2):235–241.
  • Sharp DJ, Chew-Graham C, Tylee A, et al. A pragmatic randomized controlled trial to compare antidepressants with a community-based psychosocial intervention for the treatment of women with postnatal depression: the RESPOND trial. Health Technol Assess. 2010;14(43):1–153.
  • Yonkers KA, Lin H, Howell HB, et al. Pharmacologic treatment of postpartum women with new-onset major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial with paroxetine. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(4):659–665.
  • Wisner KL, Hanusa BH, Perel JM, et al. Postpartum depression: a randomized trial of sertraline versus nortriptyline. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;26(4):353–360.
  • Misri S, Reebye P, Corral M, et al. The use of paroxetine and cognitive-behavioral therapy in postpartum depression and anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(9):1236–1241.
  • Appleby L, Warner R, Whitton A, et al. A controlled study of fluoxetine and cognitive-behavioral counseling in the treatment of postnatal depression. BMJ. 1997;314(7085):932–936.
  • Gentile S. The safety of newer antidepressants in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Drug Saf. 2005;28(2):137–152.
  • Sie SD, Wennink JM, van Driel JJ, et al. Maternal use of SSRIs, SNRIs and NaSSAs: practical recommendations during pregnancy and lactation. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2012;97(6):F472–F476.
  • Sharma V, Sommerdyk C, Xie B. Aripiprazole augmentation of antidepressants for postpartum depression: a preliminary report. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2015;18(1):131–134.
  • Wisner KL, Perel JM, Peindl KS, et al. Prevention of postpartum depression: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(7):1290–1292.
  • Yonkers KA, Gotman N, Smith MV, et al. Does antidepressant use attenuate the risk of a major depressive episode in pregnancy? Epidemiology. 2011;22(6):848–854.
  • Wisner KL, Perel JM, Peindl KS, et al. Prevention of recurrent postpartum depression: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(2):82–86.
  • Wisner KL, Wheeler SB. Prevention of recurrent postpartum major depression. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1994;45(12):1191–1196.
  • Yonkers KA, Blackwell KA, Forray A. Antidepressant use in pregnant and postpartum women. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2014;10:369–392.
  • Ross LE, Grigoriadis S. Selected pregnancy and delivery outcomes after exposure to antidepressant medication. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(6):716–717.
  • Nikfar S, Rahimi R, Hendoiee N, et al. Increasing the risk of spontaneous abortion and major malformations in newborns following use of serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy a systematic review and updated meta-analysis. DARU J Pharm Sci. 2012;20:78–85.
  • Grigoriadis S, VonderPorten EH, Mamisashvili L, et al. Antidepressant exposure during pregnancy and congential malformations is there an association? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the best evidence. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;74(4):e293–308.
  • Suppes T, Silva R, Cucchiaro J, et al. Lurasidone for the treatment of major depressive disorder with mixed features: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(4):400–407.
  • Sharma V, Khan M, Sommerdyk C. Quetiapine in the acute treatment of bipolar postpartum depression: a chart review. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;35(6):733–735.
  • Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Parikh SV, et al. Canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments (CANMAT) and international society for bipolar disorders (ISBD) collaborative update of CANMAT guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: update 2013. Bipolar Disord. 2013;15(1):1–44.
  • Sharma V, Sommerdyk C, Xie B, et al. Pharmacotherapy of bipolar II disorder during and after pregnancy. Curr Drug Saf. 2013;8(4):246–252.
  • Doyle K, Heron J, Berrisford G, et al. The management of bipolar disorder in the perinatal period and risk factors for postpartum relapse. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):563–569.
  • Jentink J, Loane MA, Dolk H, et al. Valproate monotherapy in pregnancy and major congenital malformations. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(23):2185–2193.
  • Rihtman T, Parush S, Ornoy A. Developmental outcomes at preschool age after fetal exposure to valproate and lamotrigine: cognitive, motor, sensory and behavioral function. Reprod Toxicol. 2013;41:115–125.
  • Ottomani H, Gouraud A, Jonville-Bera AP, et al. Pregnancy outcome after first trimester exposure to valproate used in bipolar disorders. Meeting Abstracts the 2nd International OTIS-ENTIS Conference at the Hospital for Sick Children; 2014 Sept 19–21; Toronto, Canada; 100(7):532–533.
  • Koren G, Nava-Ocampo AA, Moretti ME, et al. Major malformations with valproic acid. Can Fam Physician. 2006;52(4):441–447.
  • Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Bar-Oz B, et al. Pregnancy outcome after in utero exposure to valproate evidence of dose relationship in teratogenic effect. CNS Drugs. 2008;22(4):325–334.
  • Wisner KL, Hanusa BH, Peindl KS, et al. Prevention of postpartum episodes in women with bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;56:592–596.
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health. [cited 2016 Nov 7]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs115/resources/antenatal-and-postnatal-mental-health-75545299789765
  • Eberhard-Gran M, Eskild A, Opjordsmoen S. Use of psychotropic medications in treating mood disorders during lactation: practical recommendations. CNS Drugs. 2006;20(3):187–198.
  • Kendall-Tackett K, Hale TW. The use of antidepressants in pregnant and breastfeeding women: a review of recent studies. J Hum Lact. 2010;26(2):187–195.
  • Rosso G, Albert U, Di Salvo G, et al. Lithium prophylaxis during pregnancy and the postpartum period in women with lithium-responsive bipolar I disorder. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2016;19:429–432.
  • Bergink V, Kushner SA. Lithium in pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171(7):712–715.
  • McKnight RF. Lithium toxicity profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012;379(9817):721–728.
  • Yacobi S, Ornoy A. Is lithium really a teratogen? What can we conclude from the prospective versus retrospective studies? A review. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 2008;45(2):95–106.
  • Sharma V, Smith A, Maxmanian D. Olanzapine in the prevention of postpartum psychosis and mood episodes in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2006;8:400–404.
  • Gentile S. Lithium in pregnancy: the need to treat, the duty to ensure safety. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2012;11(3):425–437.
  • Infant and young child feeding. World Health Organization. [cited 2016 Jun 20]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs342/en/
  • Uguz F, Sharma V. Mood stabilizers during breastfeeding: a systematic review of the recent literature. Bipolar Disord. 2016;18(4):325–333.
  • Uguz F. Second-generation antipsychotics during the lactation period: a comparative systematic review on infant safety. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016;36(3):244–252.
  • Sachs HC. The transfer of drugs and therapeutics into human breast milk: an update on selected topics. Pediatrics. 2013;132(3):e796–809.
  • Orsolini L, Bellantuono C. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breastfeeding: a systematic review. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2015;30(1):4–20.
  • Weissman AM, Levy BT, Martz AJ, et al. Pooled analysis of antidepressant levels in lactating mothers, breast milk and nursing infants. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(6):1066–1078.
  • Menon SJ. Psychotropic medication during pregnancy and lactation. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2008;277(1):1–13.
  • Davanzo R, Copertino M, De Cuno A, et al. Antidepressant drugs and breastfeeding: a review of the literature. Breastfeed Med. 2015;3(1):4–20.
  • Chad L, Pupco A, Bozzo P, et al. Motherisk update: update on antidepressant use during breastfeeding. Can Fam Physician. 2013;59:633–634.
  • Rampono J, Teoh S, Hackett LP. Estimation of desvenlafaxine transfer into milk and infant exposure during its use in lactating women with postnatal depression. Arch Womens Mental Health. 2011;14:49–53.
  • Haas JS, Kaplan CP, Darenboim D, et al. Bupropion in breast milk: an exposure assessment for potential treatment to prevent post-partum tobacco use. Tob Control. 2004;13(1):52–56.
  • Spinelli MG. Postpartum psychosis: detection of risk and management. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(4):405–408.
  • Nordmo E, Aronsen L, Wasland K, et al. Severe apnea in an infant exposed to lamotrigine in breast milk Ann. Pharmacother. 2009;43:1893–1896.
  • Wakil L, Eppernson EN, Gonzalez J, et al. Neonatal outcomes with the use of lamotrigine for bipolar disorder in pregnancy and breastfeeding: a case series and review of the literature. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2009;42:91–98.
  • Sharma V, Mazmanian D. Sleep loss and postpartum psychosis. Bipolar Disord. 2003;5:98–105.
  • Wisner KL, Perel JM, Peindl KS, et al. Timing of depression recurrence in the first year after birth. J Affect Disord. 2004;78(3):249–252.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.