Pseudoprogression after glioma therapy: an update

References

• Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(10):987–996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taal W, Brandsma D, de Bruin HG, et al. Incidence of early pseudo-progression in a cohort of malignant glioma patients treated with chemoirradiation with temozolomide. Cancer. 2008;113(2):405–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandes AA, Franceschi E, Tosoni A, et al. MGMT promoter methylation status can predict the incidence and outcome of pseudoprogression after concomitant radiochemotherapy in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2192–2197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandsma D, van den Bent MJ. Pseudoprogression and pseudoresponse in the treatment of gliomas. Curr Opin Neurol. 2009;22(6):633–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen PY, Macdonald DR, Reardon DA, et al. Updated response assessment criteria for high-grade gliomas: response assessment in neuro-oncology working group. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(11):1963–1972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandsma D, Stalpers L, Taal W, et al. Clinical features, mechanisms, and management of pseudoprogression in malignant gliomas. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(5):453–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melguizo-Gavilanes I, Bruner JM, Guha-Thakurta N, et al. Characterization of pseudoprogression in patients with glioblastoma: is histology the gold standard? J Neurooncol. 2015;123(1):141–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegi ME, Diserens AC, Gorlia T, et al. MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:997–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinot OL, Wick W, Mason W, et al. Bevacizumab plus radiotherapy-temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(8):709–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kebir S, Fimmers R, Galldiks N, et al. Late pseudoprogression in glioblastoma: diagnostic value of dynamic O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-Tyrosine PET. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22(9):2190–2196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuplich M, Hadizadeh DR, Kuchelmeister K, et al. Late and prolonged pseudoprogression in glioblastoma after treatment with lomustine and temozolomide. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(21):e180–e183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruser TJ, Mehta MP, Robins HI. Pseudoprogression after glioma therapy: a comprehensive review. Expert Rev Neurother. 2013;13(4):389–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald DR, Cascino TL, Schold SC Jr., et al. Response criteria for phase II studies of supratentorial malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol. 1990;8(7):1277–1280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young RJ, Gupta A, Shah AD, et al. Potential utility of conventional MRI signs in diagnosing pseudoprogression in glioblastoma. Neurology. 2011;76(22):1918–1924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhermain FG, Hau P, Lanfermann H, et al. Advanced MRI and PET imaging for assessment of treatment response in patients with gliomas. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(9):906–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahluwalia MS, Wen PY. Antiangiogenic therapy for patients with glioblastoma: current challenges in imaging and future directions. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2011;11(5):653–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar AJ, Leeds NE, Fuller GN, et al. Malignant gliomas: MR imaging spectrum of radiation therapy- and chemotherapy-induced necrosis of the brain after treatment. Radiology. 2000;217(2):377–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbasi AW, Westerlaan HE, Holtman GA, et al. Incidence of tumour progression and pseudoprogression in high-grade gliomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neuroradiol. 2017 May 2. Epub ahead of print.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis DN, Perry A, Reifenberger G, et al. The 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Acta Neuropathol. 2016;131(6):803–820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juratli TA, Engellandt K, Lautenschlaeger T, et al. Is there pseudoprogression in secondary glioblastomas? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;87(5):1094–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motegi H, Kamoshima Y, Terasaka S, et al. IDH1 mutation as a potential novel biomarker for distinguishing pseudoprogression from true progression in patients with glioblastoma treated with temozolomide and radiotherapy. Brain Tumor Pathol. 2013;30(2):67–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van West SE, de Bruin HG, van de Langerijt B, et al. Incidence of pseudoprogression in low-grade gliomas treated with radiotherapy. Neuro Oncol. 2017;19(5):719–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chassot A, Canale S, Varlet P, et al. Radiotherapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide in children with newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. J Neurooncol. 2012;106(2):399–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negretti L, Blanchard P, Couanet D, et al. Pseudoprogression after high-dose busulfan-thiotepa with autologous stem cell transplantation and radiation therapy in children with brain tumors: impact on survival. Neuro Oncol. 2012;14(11):1413–1421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spreafico F, Gandola L, Marchiano A, et al. Brain magnetic resonance imaging after high-dose chemotherapy and radiotherapy for childhood brain tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;70(4):1011–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouladi M, Chintagumpala M, Laningham FH, et al. White matter lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging after radiotherapy and high-dose chemotherapy in children with medulloblastoma or primitive neuroectodermal tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(22):4551–4560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parakh S, Park JJ, Mendis S, et al. Efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with melanoma brain metastases. Br J Cancer. 2017;116(12):1558–1563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada H, Weller M, Huang R, et al. Immunotherapy response assessment in neuro-oncology: a report of the RANO working group. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(15):e534–e542.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolchok JD, Hoos A, O’Day S, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation of immune therapy activity in solid tumors: immune-related response criteria. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:7412–7420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preusser M, Lim M, Hafler DA, et al. Prospects of immune checkpoint modulators in the treatment of glioblastoma. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11(9):504–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth P, Valavanis A, Weller M. Long-term control and partial remission after initial pseudoprogression of glioblastoma by anti-PD-1 treatment with nivolumab. Neuro Oncol. 2017;19(3):454–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galldiks N, Langen KJ, Pope WB. From the clinician’s point of view - what is the status quo of positron emission tomography in patients with brain tumors? Neuro Oncol. 2015;17(11):1434–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang I, Aghi MK. New advances that enable identification of glioblastoma recurrence. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2009;6:648–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang I, Huh NG, Smith ZA, et al. Distinguishing glioma recurrence from treatment effect after radiochemotherapy and immunotherapy. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2010;21:181–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galldiks N, Langen K, Holy R, et al. Assessment of treatment response in patients with glioblastoma using [18F]Fluoroethyl-L-Tyrosine PET in comparison to MRI. J Nucl Med. 2012;53(7):1048–1057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachinger W, Goetz C, Pöpperl G, et al. Positron emission tomography with O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine versus magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of recurrent gliomas. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(3):505–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herholz K, Langen KJ, Schiepers C, et al. Brain tumors. Semin Nucl Med. 2012;42(6):356–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langen KJ, Hamacher K, Weckesser M, et al. O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine: uptake mechanisms and clinical applications. Nucl Med Biol. 2006;33(3):287–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calcagni ML, Galli G, Giordano A, et al. Dynamic O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (F-18 FET) PET for glioma grading: assessment of individual probability of malignancy. Clin Nucl Med. 2011;36(10):841–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen NL, Suchorska B, Wenter V, et al. Dynamic 18F-FET PET in newly diagnosed astrocytic low-grade glioma identifies high-risk patients. J Nucl Med. 2014;55(2):198–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen NL, Suchorska B, Wenter V, et al. Prognostic significance of dynamic 18F-FET PET in newly diagnosed astrocytic high-grade glioma. J Nucl Med. 2015;56(1):9–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galldiks N, Dunkl V, Stoffels G, et al. Diagnosis of pseudoprogression in patients with glioblastoma using O-(2-[(18)F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;42(5):685–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceccon G, Lohmann P, Stoffels G, et al. Dynamic O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine positron emission tomography differentiates brain metastasis recurrence from radiation injury after radiotherapy. Neuro Oncol. 2017;19(2):281–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulin-Romsée G, D’Hondt E, de Groot T, et al. Non-invasive grading of brain tumours using dynamic amino acid PET imaging: does it work for 11C-methionine? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34(12):2082–2087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becherer A, Karanikas G, Szabo M, et al. Brain tumour imaging with PET: a comparison between [18F]fluorodopa and [11C]methionine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30(11):1561–1567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kebir S, Khurshid Z, Gaertner FC, et al. Unsupervised consensus cluster analysis of [18F]-fluoroethyl-L-tyrosine positron emission tomography identified textural features for the diagnosis of pseudoprogression in high-grade glioma. Oncotarget. 2017;8(5):8294–8304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann K, Czernin J, Cloughesy T, et al. Comparison of visual and semiquantitative analysis of 18F-FDOPA-PET/CT for recurrence detection in glioblastoma patients. Neuro Oncol. 2014;16(4):603–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kebir S, Rauschenbach L, Galldiks N, et al. Dynamic O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET imaging for the detection of checkpoint inhibitor-related pseudoprogression in melanoma brain metastases. Neuro Oncol. 2016;18(10):1462–1464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kickingereder P, Wiestler B, Burth S, et al. Relative cerebral blood volume is a potential predictive imaging biomarker of bevacizumab efficacy in recurrent glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol. 2015;17(8):1139–1147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan B, Wang S, Tu M, et al. The diagnostic performance of perfusion MRI for differentiating glioma recurrence from pseudoprogression: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(11):e6333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel P, Baradaran H, Delgado D, et al. MR perfusion-weighted imaging in the evaluation of high-grade gliomas after treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuro Oncol. 2017;19(1):118–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zach L, Guez D, Last D, et al. Delayed contrast extravasation MRI: a new paradigm in neuro-oncology. Neuro Oncol. 2015;17(3):457–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kickingereder P, Götz M, Muschelli J, et al. Large-scale radiomic profiling of recurrent glioblastoma identifies an imaging predictor for stratifying anti-angiogenic treatment response. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22(23):5765–5771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohmann P, Stoffels G, Ceccon G, et al. Radiation injury vs. recurrent brain metastasis: combining textural feature radiomics analysis and standard parameters may increase 18F-FET PET accuracy without dynamic scans. Eur Radiol. 2017;27(7):2916–2927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filss CP, Galldiks N, Stoffels G, et al. Comparison of 18F-FET PET and perfusion-weighted MR imaging: a PET/MR imaging hybrid study in patients with brain tumors. J Nucl Med. 2014;55(4):540–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksen OM, Larsen VA, Muhic A, et al. Simultaneous evaluation of brain tumour metabolism, structure and blood volume using [(18)F]-fluoroethyltyrosine (FET) PET/MRI: feasibility, agreement and initial experience. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43(1):103–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Göttler J, Lukas M, Kluge A, et al. Intra-lesional spatial correlation of static and dynamic FET-PET parameters with MRI-based cerebral blood volume in patients with untreated glioma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44(3):392–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jena A, Taneja S, Gambhir A, et al. Glioma recurrence versus radiation necrosis: single-session multiparametric approach using simultaneous O-(2-18F-Fluoroethyl)-L-Tyrosine PET/MRI. Clin Nucl Med. 2016;41(5):e228–e236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladefoged CN, Law I, Anazodo U, et al. A multi-centre evaluation of eleven clinically feasible brain PET/MRI attenuation correction techniques using a large cohort of patients. Neuroimage. 2017;147:346–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward KM, Aletras AH, Balaban RS. A new class of contrast agents for MRI based on proton chemical exchange dependent saturation transfer (CEST). J Magn Reson. 2000;143(1):79–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma B, Blakeley JO, Hong X, et al. Applying amide proton transfer-weighted MRI to distinguish pseudoprogression from true progression in malignant gliomas. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;44(2):456–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langen KJ, Galldiks N, Hattingen E, et al. Advances in neuro-oncology imaging. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017;13(5):279–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert NL, Weller M, Suchorska B, et al. Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology working group and European Association for Neuro-Oncology recommendations for the clinical use of PET imaging in gliomas. Neuro Oncol. 2016;18(9):1199–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langen KJ, Watts C. Neuro-oncology: amino acid PET for brain tumours - ready for the clinic? Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12(7):375–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinzel A, Müller D, Langen KJ, et al. The use of O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET for treatment management of bevacizumab and irinotecan in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma: a cost-effectiveness analysis. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:1217–1222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinzel A, Müller D, Yekta-Michael SS, et al. O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET for evaluation of brain metastasis recurrence after radiotherapy: an effectiveness and cost-effectiveness analysis. Neuro Oncol. 2017;19(9):1271–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinzel A, Stock S, Langen KJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of amino acid PET-guided surgery for supratentorial high-grade gliomas. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:552–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinzel A, Stock S, Langen KJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of FET PET-guided target selection for the diagnosis of gliomas. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012;39:1089–1096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touat M, Duran-Pena A, Alentorn A, et al. Emerging circulating biomarkers in glioblastoma: promises and challenges. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2015;15(10):1311–1323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar