Treatment options for chorea

References

• Jankovic J. Treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:844–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew LC, Jankovic J. Hemidystonia: a report of 22 patients and a review of the literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985;48:650–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankovic J, Killian JM, Spitz MC. Neuroacanthocytosis syndrome and choreoacanthocytosis (Levine-Critchley syndrome). (Letter) Neurol. 1679;1985:35.
   Google Scholar
• Cardoso F, Seppi K, Mair KJ, et al. Seminar on choreas. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:589–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLong MR, Wichmann T. Circuits and circuit disorders of the basal ganglia. Arch Neurol. 2007;64:20–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khedr EM, Ahmed MA, Ali AM, et al. Changes in motor cortical excitability in patients with Sydenham’s chorea. Mov Disord. 2015;30:259–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JY, Chen R. Increased intracortical inhibition in hyperglycemic hemichorea-hemiballism. Mov Disord. 2015;30:198–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• André VM, Cepeda C, Levine MS. Dopamine and glutamate in Huntington’s disease: a balancing act. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2010;16:163–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyant KJ, Ridder AJ, Dayalu P. Huntington’s Disease-Update on Treatments. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2017;17:33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starr PA, Kang GA, Heath S, et al. Pallidal neuronal discharge in Huntington’s disease: support for selective loss of striatal cells originating the indirect pathway. Exp Neurol. 2008;211:227–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jinnah HA, Albanese A, Bhatia KP, et al. Treatable inherited rare movement disorders. Mov Disord. 2017. [Epub ahead of print]. DOI: 10.1002/mds.27140.
   Google Scholar
• Jankovic J, Roos RAC. Chorea associated with Huntington’s disease: to treat or not to treat? Mov. Disord. 2014;29:1414–1418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppen EM, Roos RAC. Current pharmacological approaches to reduce chorea in Huntington’s disease. Drugs. 2017;77:29–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs M, Hart EP, Van Zwet EW, et al. Progression of motor subtypes in Huntington’s disease: a 6-year follow-up study. J Neurol. 2016;263:2080–2085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankovic J. Dopamine depleters in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016;17:2461–2470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankovic J, Clarence-Smith K. Tetrabenazine for the treatment of chorea and other hyperkinetic movement disorders. Expert Rev Neurother. 2011;11:1509–1523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijayakumar D, Jankovic J. Drug-induced dyskinesia, part 2: treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Drugs. 2016;76:779–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waln O, Jankovic J. An update on tardive dyskinesia: from phenomenology to treatment. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N. Y). 2013;3:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Chen JJ, Ondo WG, Dashtipour K, et al. Tetrabenazine for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders: a review of the literature. Clin Ther. 2012;34:1487–1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt C. First deuterated drug approved. Nat Biotechnol. 2017;35:493–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehanna R, Hunter C, Davidson A, et al. Analysis of CYP2D6 genotype and response to tetrabenazine. Mov Disord. 2013;28:210–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntington Study Group. Tetrabenazine as antichorea therapy in Huntington disease: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2006;66:366–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenney C, Hunter C, Jankovic J. Long-term tolerability of tetrabenazine in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Mov Disord. 2007;22:193–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank S. Tetrabenazine as anti-chorea therapy in Huntington disease: an open-label continuation study. Huntington Study Group/TETRA-HD Investigators. BMC Neurol. 2009;9:62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank S, Ondo W, Fahn S, et al. A study of chorea after tetrabenazine withdrawal in patients with Huntington disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2008;31:127–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong MJ, Miyasaki JM. American Academy of Neurology. Evidence-based guideline: pharmacologic treatment of chorea in Huntington disease: report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2012;79:597–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mestre T, Ferreira J, Coelho MM, et al. Therapeutic interventions for disease progression in Huntington’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD006455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mestre TA, Ferreira JJ. An evidence-based approach in the treatment of Huntington’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18:316–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miguel R, Mendonça MD, Barbosa R, et al. Tetrabenazine in treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders: an observational study. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2017;10:81–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehanna R, Jankovic J. Movement disorders in cerebrovascular disease. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:597–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrò RS, Polimeni G, Gervasi G, et al. Postthalamic stroke dystonic choreoathetosis responsive to tetrabenazine. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45:e65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ondo WG, Adam OR, Jankovic J, et al. Dramatic response of facial stereotype/tic to tetrabenazine in the first reported cases of neuroferritinopathy in the United States. Mov Disord. 2010;25:2470–2472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gras D, Jonard L, Roze E, et al. Benign hereditary chorea: phenotype, prognosis, therapeutic outcome and long term follow-up in a large series with new mutations in the TITF1/NKX2-1 gene. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83:956–962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang FCF, Westenberger A, Dale RC, et al. Phenotypic insights into ADCY5-associated disease. Mov Disord. 2016;31:1033–1040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carecchio M, Mencacci NE, Iodice A, et al. ADCY5-related movement disorders: frequency, disease course and phenotypic variability in a cohort of paediatric patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2017;41:37–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardoso F. Autoimmune choreas. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017;88:412–417.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Jankovic J. Movement disorders in autoimmune diseases. Mov Disord. 2012;27:935–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caviness JN. Treatment of myoclonus. Neurotherapeutics. 2014;11:188–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth J. The colorful spectrum of Tourette syndrome and its medical, surgical and behavioral therapies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017. [Epub ahead of print]. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.08.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waln O, Jankovic J. Paroxysmal movement disorders. Neurol Clin. 2015;33:137–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilmann R. Deutetrabenazine-not a revolution but welcome evolution for treating chorea in Huntington disease. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73:1404–1406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullard A. Deuterated drugs draw heavier backing. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2016;15:219–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntington Study Group, Frank S, Testa CM, et al., Effect of deutetrabenazine on chorea among patients with Huntington disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;316:40–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claassen DO, Carroll B, De Boer LM, et al. Indirect tolerability comparison of deutetrabenazine and tetrabenazine for Huntington disease. J Clin Mov Disord. 2017;4:3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frank S, Stamler D, Kayson E, et al. Safety of converting from tetrabenazine to deutetrabenazine for the treatment of chorea. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74:977–982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamler D, Bradbury M, Brown F. The pharmacokinetics and safety of deuterated-tetrabenazine (P07.210). Neurology. 2013;80:P07.210-P07.210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson KE, Stamler D, Davis MD, et al. Deutetrabenazine for treatment of involuntary movements in patients with tardive dyskinesia (AIM-TD): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4:595–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigoriadis DE, Smith E, Hoare SRJ, et al. Pharmacologic characterization of valbenazine (NBI-98854) and its metabolites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2017;361:454–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis MC, Miller BJ, Kalsi JK, et al. Efficient trial design - FDA approval of valbenazine for tardive dyskinesia. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:2503–2506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser RA, Factor SA, Marder SR, et al. KINECT 3: a phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of valbenazine for tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174:476–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unti E, Mazzucchi S, Palermo G, et al. Antipsychotic drugs in Huntington’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother. 2017;17:227–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linet LS. Tourette syndrome, pimozide, and school phobia: the neuroleptic separation anxiety syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142:613–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burn D. Oxford textbook of movement disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013. p. 251–253.
   Google Scholar
• Burgunder J-M, Guttman M, Perlman S, et al. An international survey-based algorithm for the pharmacologic treatment of chorea in Huntington’s disease. PLoS Curr. 2011;3:RRN1260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reilmann R. Pharmacological treatment of chorea in Huntington’s disease-good clinical practice versus evidence-based guideline. Mov Disord. 2013;28:1030–1033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deroover J, Baro F, Bourguignon RP, et al. Tiapride versus placebo: a double-blind comparative study in the management of Huntington’s chorea. Curr Med Res Opin. 1984;9:329–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbon M, Hsieh C-H, Kane JM, et al. Tardive dyskinesia prevalence in the period of second-generation antipsychotic use: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78:e264–e278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priller J, Ecker D, Landwehrmeyer B, et al. A Europe-wide assessment of current medication choices in Huntington’s disease. Mov Disord. 2008;23:1788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solmi M, Murru A, Pacchiarotti I, et al. Safety, tolerability, and risks associated with first- and second-generation antipsychotics: a state-of-the-art clinical review. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2017;13:757–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, Schwarz S, et al. Risperidone versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jan 19;(1):CD006626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brusa L, Orlacchio A, Moschella V, et al. Treatment of the symptoms of Huntington’s disease: preliminary results comparing aripiprazole and tetrabenazine. Mov Disord. 2009;24:126–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciammola A, Sassone J, Colciago C, et al. Aripiprazole in the treatment of Huntington’s disease: a case series. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2009;5:1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peña MS, Yaltho TC, Jankovic J. Tardive dyskinesia and other movement disorders secondary to aripiprazole. Mov Disord. 2011;26:147–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean SL, Singer HS. Treatment of Sydenham’s chorea: a review of the current evidence. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N. Y). 2017;7:456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyasaki JM, Aldakheel A. Movement disorders in pregnancy. Continuum (Minneap. Minn). 2014;20:148–161.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker RH. Management of neuroacanthocytosis syndromes. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N. Y). 2015;5:346.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar N, Rizek P, Jog M. Neuroferritinopathy: pathophysiology, presentation, differential diagnoses and management. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N. Y). 2016;6:355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijayakumar D, Jankovic J. Drug-induced dyskinesia, part 1: treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Drugs. 2016;76:759–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhagen Metman L, Morris MJ, Farmer C, et al. Huntington’s disease: a randomized, controlled trial using the NMDA-antagonist amantadine. Neurology. 2002;59:694–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucetti C, Del Dotto P, Gambaccini G, et al. IV amantadine improves chorea in Huntington’s disease: an acute randomized, controlled study. Neurology. 2003;60:1995–1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Suilleabhain P, Dewey RB. A randomized trial of amantadine in Huntington disease. Arch Neurol. 2003;60:996–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissenkorn A, Hassin-Baer S, Lerman SF, et al. Movement disorder in ataxia-telangiectasia: treatment with amantadine sulfate. J Child Neurol. 2013;28:155–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park H, Jeon BS, Shin JH, et al. A patient with 41 CAG repeats in SCA17 presenting with parkinsonism and chorea. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016;22:106–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oertel W, Eggert K, Pahwa R, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of ADS-5102 (amantadine) extended-release capsules for levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease (EASE LID 3). Mov Disord. 2017. [Epub ahead of print]. DOI: 10.1002/mds.27131.
   Google Scholar
• Huntington Study Group. Dosage effects of riluzole in Huntington’s disease: a multicenter placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 2003;61:1551–1556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landwehrmeyer GB, Dubois B, de Yébenes JG, et al. Riluzole in Huntington’s disease: a 3-year, randomized controlled study. Ann Neurol. 2007;62:262–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saft C, Lauter T, Kraus PH, et al. Dose-dependent improvement of myoclonic hyperkinesia due to Valproic acid in eight Huntington’s Disease patients: a case series. BMC Neurol. 2006;6:11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu CK, Santini VE, Dittus C, et al. Neuroacanthocytosis: a case with unusual clinical features & novel response to treatment. J Neurol Sci. 2017;373:346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker RH. Update on the non-Huntington’s disease choreas with comments on the current nomenclature. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N. Y). 2012;2:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Asmi A, Jansen AC, Badhwar A, et al. Familial temporal lobe epilepsy as a presenting feature of choreoacanthocytosis. Epilepsia. 2005;46:1256–1263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Tommaso M, Di Fruscolo O, Sciruicchio V, et al. Efficacy of levetiracetam in Huntington disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2005;28:280–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zesiewicz TA, Sullivan KL, Hauser RA, et al. Open-label pilot study of levetiracetam (Keppra) for the treatment of chorea in Huntington’s disease. Mov Disord. 2006;21:1998–2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zesiewicz TA, Sanchez-Ramos J, Sullivan KL, et al. Levetiracetam-induced parkinsonism in a Huntington disease patient. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2005;28:188–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mencacci NE, Carecchio M. Recent advances in genetics of chorea. Curr Opin Neurol. 2016;29:486–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papandreou A, Schneider RB, Augustine EF, et al. Delineation of the movement disorders associated with FOXG1 mutations. Neurology. 2016;86:1794–1800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardella E, Becker F, Møller RS, et al. Benign infantile seizures and paroxysmal dyskinesia caused by an SCN8A mutation. Ann Neurol. 2016;79:428–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto S, Monden Y, Fukai R, et al. A case of severe movement disorder with GNAO1 mutation responsive to topiramate. Brain Dev. 2017;39:439–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waak M, Mohammad SS, Coman D, et al. GNAO1-related movement disorder with life-threatening exacerbations: movement phenomenology and response to DBS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017. [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank S, Jankovic J. Advances in the pharmacological management of Huntington’s disease. Drugs. 2010;70:561–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey S, Gupta S. Lower limb monochorea from a globus pallidus infarct. J Clin Neurosci. 2014;21:1455–1457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon KM. Pridopidine for the treatment of Huntington’s disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2016;25:485–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryskamp D, Wu J, Geva M, et al. The sigma-1 receptor mediates the beneficial effects of pridopidine in a mouse model of Huntington disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2017;97:46–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntington Study Group HART Investigators. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pridopidine in Huntington’s disease. Mov Disord. 2013;28:1407–1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Yebenes JG, Landwehrmeyer B, Squitieri F, et al. Pridopidine for the treatment of motor function in patients with Huntington’s disease (MermaiHD): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:1049–1057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel NJ, Jankovic J. NKX2-1-related disorders. 2014 Feb 20 [Updated 2016 Jul 29]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2017.
   Google Scholar
• Kluger B, Triolo P, Jones W, et al. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for movement disorders. Mov Disord. 2015;30:313–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis A, Mitchell I, Patel S, et al. A pilot study using nabilone for symptomatic treatment in Huntington’s disease. Mov Disord. 2009;24:2254–2259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Sendón Moreno JL, García Caldentey J, Trigo Cubillo P, et al. A double-blind, randomized, cross-over, placebo-controlled, pilot trial with Sativex in Huntington’s disease. J Neurol. 2016;263:1390–1400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Toole O, Lennon VA, Ahlskog JE, et al. Autoimmune chorea in adults. Neurology. 2013;80:1133–1144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paz JA, Silva CAA, Marques-Dias MJ. Randomized double-blind study with prednisone in Sydenham’s chorea. Pediatr Neurol. 2006;34:264–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mckeon A, Vincent A. Autoimmune movement disorders. Handb Clin Neurol. 1st. 2016;133: 301–315.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Bonnet C, Jankovic J. Movement disorders in systemic lupus erythematosus and the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Neural Transm. 2013;120:1579–1589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaig C, Graus F, Compta Y, et al. Clinical manifestations of the anti-IgLON5 disease. Neurology. 2017;88:1736–1743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marvi MM, Lew MF. Polycythemia and chorea. Handb Clin Neurol. 2011;100:271–276.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Degnan AJ, Capek E, Bowman A. Chorea in the older adult: a full blooded answer. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2016;46:244–246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andrade C, Rocha H, Albuquerque A, et al. Gluten chorea. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2015;138:8–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann A, Walker RH. Diagnosis and treatment of chorea syndromes. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2015;15:514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• di Biase L, Munhoz RP. Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Expert Rev Neurother. 2016;16:1067–1078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith KM, Spindler MA. Uncommon applications of deep brain stimulation in hyperkinetic movement disorders. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N. Y). 2015;5:278.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hartmann CJ, Groiss SJ, Vesper J, et al. Brain stimulation in Huntington’s disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2016;6:223–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez V, Cif L, Biolsi B, et al. Deep brain stimulation for Huntington’s disease: long-term results of a prospective open-label study. J Neurosurg. 2014;121:114–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber D, Kuhn AA, Schoenecker T, et al. Quadruple deep brain stimulation in Huntington’s disease, targeting pallidum and subthalamic nucleus: case report and review of the literature. J Neural Transm. 2014;121:1303–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojtecki L, Groiss SJ, Ferrea S, et al. A prospective pilot trial for pallidal deep brain stimulation in Huntington’s Disease. Front Neurol. 2015;6:177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma M, Deogaonkar M. Deep brain stimulation in Huntington’s disease: assessment of potential targets. J Clin Neurosci. 2015;22:812–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards TC, Zrinzo L, Limousin P, et al. Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of chorea. Mov Disord. 2012;27:357–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miquel M, Spampinato U, Latxague C, et al. Short and long term outcome of bilateral pallidal stimulation in chorea-acanthocytosis. Gonzalez-Alegre P, editor. PLoS One. 2013;8:e79241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano N, Miyauchi M, Nakanishi K, et al. Successful combination of pallidal and thalamic stimulation for intractable involuntary movements in patients with neuroacanthocytosis. World Neurosurg. 2015;84:1177.e1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhidayasiri R, Fahn S, Weiner WJ, et al. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of tardive syndromes: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2013;81:463–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Coller R, Slabbert P, Vaidyanathan J, et al. Successful treatment of disabling paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia with deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2014;92:388–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgunder J-M. Recent advances in the management of choreas. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2013;6:117–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla A, Jayarajan RN, Muralidharan K, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation not beneficial in severe choreiform movements of Huntington disease. J Ect. 2013;29:e16–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar