7,966
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Neurocysticercosis: the good, the bad, and the missing

, , &
Pages 289-301 | Received 22 Sep 2017, Accepted 08 Mar 2018, Published online: 14 Mar 2018

References

  • World Health Organization. Assembling a framework for intensified control of taeniasis and neurocysticercosis caused by Taenia solium. Report of an informal consultation. Geneva: WHO Headquarters; 2014 July 17-8.
  • Fleury A, Moreno García J, Valdez Aguerrebere P, et al. Neurocysticercosis, a persisting health problem in Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4:e805.
  • Zammarchi L, Angheben A, Gobbi F, et al. Profile of adult and pediatric neurocysticercosis cases observed in five Southern European centers. Neurol Sci. 2016;37:1349–1355.
  • Devleesschauwer B, Allepuz A, Dermauw V, et al. Taenia solium in Europe: still endemic? Acta Trop. 2017;165:96–99.
  • Borzello M, Mateen FJ. Time for a new March of Dimes. Neurology. 2016;86:e85–e88.
  • Carabin H, Traoré AA. Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis control and elimination through community-based interventions. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2014;1:181–193.
  • Garcia HH, O’Neal SE, Gilman RH, for the Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. Elimination of Taenia solium transmission in Peru. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:2335–2344.
  • Carpio A, Fleury A, Parkhouse M. Elimination of Taenia solium transmission in Peru. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1196–1197.
  • Okello AL, Thomas LF. Human taeniasis: current insights into prevention and management strategies in endemic countries. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2017;10:107–116.
  • Carpio A, Romo ML, Parkhouse RM, et al. Parasitic diseases of the central nervous system: lessons for clinicians and policy makers. Expert Rev Neurother. 2016;16:401–414.
  • Tuero I, Palma S, Cabeza F, et al.; for the Cysticercosis Working Group in Perú. A comparative study of peripheral immune responses to Taenia solium in individuals with parenchymal and subarachnoid neurocysticercosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e0004143.
  • Marcin Sierra M, Arroyo M, Cadena Torres M, et al. Extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis: demographic, clinicoradiological, and inflammatory features. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005646.
  • Fleury A, Escobar A, Fragoso G, et al. Clinical heterogeneity of human neurocysticercosis results from complex interactions among parasite, host and environmental factors. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2010;104:243–250.
  • Carpio A, Romo ML. The relationship between neurocysticercosis and epilepsy: an endless debate. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2014;72:383–390.
  • Carabin H, Ndimubanzi PC, Budke CM, et al. Clinical manifestations associated with neurocysticercosis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop 14 Dis. 2011;5:e1152.
  • Winkler AS, Richter H. Landscape analysis: management of neurocysticercosis with an emphasis on low- and middle-income countries. Geneva, Switzerland: Commissioned by the World Health Organization; 2015. Available from:: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/152896/1/WHO_HTM_NTD_NZD_2015.05_eng.pdf
  • Tellez-Zenteno JF, Hernandez-Ronquillo L. Epidemiology of neurocysticercosis and epilepsy, is everything described? Epilepsy Behav. 2017;76:146–150.
  • Gripper LB, Welburn SC. The causal relationship between neurocysticercosis infection and the development of epilepsy – a systematic review. Infect Dis Poverty. 2017;6:31.
  • World Health Organization. Update: International Task Force for Disease Eradication. Weekly Epidemiological record 1992; 1992. 46. [cited 2017 September 1]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/228533/1/WER6746_344-345.PDF
  • Torgerson PR, Devleesschauwer B, Praet N, et al. World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 11 foodborne parasitic diseases, 2010: a data synthesis. PLoS Med. 2015;12:e1001920.
  • Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Yepes-Echeverri MC, Acevedo-Mendoza WF, et al. Mapping the residual incidence of taeniasis and cysticercosis in Colombia, 2009-2013, using geographical information systems: implications for public health and travel medicine. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2017 Dec 27:pii: S1477-8939(17)30223–5. Epub ahead of print.
  • Garcia HH, Gonzales I, Lescano AG, et al.; for the Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. Efficacy of combined antiparasitic therapy with praziquantel and albendazole for neurocysticercosis: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:687–695.
  • Ndimubanzi PC, Carabin H, Budke CM, et al. A systematic review of the frequency of neurocyticercosis with a focus on people with epilepsy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4:e870.
  • Fleury A, Gomez T, Alvarez I, et al. High prevalence of calcified silent neurocysticercosis in a rural village of Mexico. Neuroepidemiology. 2003;22:139–145.
  • Prasad KN, Verma A, Srivastava S, et al. An epidemiological study of asymptomatic neurocysticercosis in a pig farming community in northern India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2011;105:531–536.
  • Moyano LM, O’Neal SE, Ayvar V, et al.; for the Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. High prevalence of asymptomatic neurocysticercosis in an endemic rural community in Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:e0005130.
  • Sotelo J, Marin C. Hydrocephalus secondary to cysticercotic arachnoiditis. A long-term follow-up review of 92 cases. J Neurosurg. 1987;66:686–689.
  • Sorvillo FJ, DeGiorgio C, Waterman SH. Deaths from cysticercosis, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:230–235.
  • Martins-Melo FR, Ramos AN Jr, Cavalcanti MG, et al. Neurocysticercosis-related mortality in Brazil, 2000-2011: epidemiology of a neglected neurologic cause of death. Acta Trop. 2016;153:128–136.
  • Carpio A, Hauser WA. Prognosis for seizure recurrence in patients with newly diagnosed neurocysticercosis. Neurology. 2002;59:1730–1734.
  • Fleury A, Carrillo-Mezo R, Flisser A, et al. Subarachnoid basal neurocysticercosis: a focus on the most severe form of the disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011;9:123–133.
  • Escobar A. The pathology of neurocysticercosis. In: Palacios E, Rodriquez-Carbajal J, Taveras JM, eds. Cysticercosis of the central nervous system. Springfield, Ill: Thom as; 1983. p. 27–54.
  • Carpio A, Placencia M, Santillán F, et al. A proposal for a classification of neurocysticercosis. Can J Neuro Sci. 1994;21:43–47.
  • Carpio A, Kelvin E, Bagiella E, et al.; for the Ecuadorian Neurocysticercosis Group. The effects of albendazole treatment on neurocysticercosis: a randomized controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79:1050–1055.
  • Góngora-Rivera F, Soto-Hernández JL, González Esquivel D, et al. Albendazole trial at 15 or 30 mg/kg/day for subarachnoid and intraventricular cysticercosis. Neurology. 2006;66(3):436–438.
  • Carpio A, Fleury A, Romo ML, et al. New diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis: reliability and validity. Ann Neurol. 2016;80:434–442.
  • Kumar Garg R, Kumar Singh M, Misra S. Single-enhancing CT lesions in Indian patients with seizures: a review. Epilepsy Res. 2000;38:91–104.
  • Sáenz B, Ruíz-Garcia M, Jiménez E, et al. Neurocysticercosis: clinical, radiologic, and inflammatory differences between children and adults. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:801–803.
  • Del Brutto OH. Neurocysticercosis in infants and toddlers: report of seven cases and review of published patients. Pediatr Neurol. 2013;48:432–435.
  • Cárdenas G, Fragoso G, Rosetti M, et al. Neurocysticercosis: the effectiveness of the cysticidal treatment could be influenced by the host immunity. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2014;203:373–381.
  • Ciampi de Andrade D, Rodrigues CL, Abraham R, et al. Cognitive impairment and dementia in neurocysticercosis: a cross-sectional controlled study. Neurology. 2010;74:1288–1295.
  • Velasco TR, Zanello PA, Dalmagro CL, et al. Calcified cysticercotic lesions and intractable epilepsy: a cross sectional study of 512 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:485–488.
  • Goyal M, Chand P, Modi M, et al. Neurocysticercosis: an uncommon cause of drug-refractory epilepsy in North Indian population. Epilepsia. 2015;56:1747–1752.
  • Leon A, Saito EK, Mehta B, et al. Calcified parenchymal central nervous system cysticercosis and clinical outcomes in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;43:77–80.
  • Kelvin EA, Carpio A, Bagiella E, et al.; for the Ecuadorian Neurocysticercosis Group. The association of host age and gender with inflammation around neurocysticercosis cysts. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2009;103:487–499.
  • Zhao BC, Jiang HY, Ma WY, et al. Albendazole and corticosteroids for the treatment of solitary cysticercus granuloma: a network meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Feb 5;10:e0004418.
  • Patel R, Jha S, Yadav RK. Pleomorphism of the clinical manifestations of neurocysticercosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006;100:134–141.
  • Sotelo J, Rubio-Donnadieu F. Granuloma en parenquima cerebral. Un modelo humano para el estudio de la epilepsia. Gac Med Mex. 1989;125:31–35.
  • Nash TE, Mahanty S, Loeb JA, et al. Neurocysticercosis: a natural human model of epileptogenesis. Epilepsia. 2015;56:177–183.
  • Jr EJ, Pitkanen A, Loeb JA, et al. Epilepsy biomarkers. Epilepsia. 2013;54(Suppl. 4):61–69.
  • Carpio A, Romo ML. Multifactorial basis of epilepsy in patients with neurocysticercosis. Epilepsia. 2015;56:973–974.
  • de Souza A, Nalini A, Kovoor JM, et al. Perilesional gliosis around solitary cerebral parenchymal cysticerci and long-term seizure outcome: a prospective study using serial magnetization transfer imaging. Epilepsia. 2011;52:1918–1927.
  • Lachuriya G, Garg RK, Jain A, et al. Toll-like receptor-4 polymorphisms and serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 in newly diagnosed patients with calcified neurocysticercosis and seizures. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95:e3288.
  • Singh A, Garg RK, Jain A, et al. Toll like receptor-4 gene polymorphisms in patients with solitary cysticercus granuloma. J Neurol Sci. 2015;355:180–185.
  • Nunes DS, Gonzaga HT, Ribeiro VS, et al. Usefulness of gel filtration fraction as potential biomarker for neurocysticercosis in serum: towards a new diagnostic tool. Parasitology. 2017;144:426–435.
  • Fleury A, Trejo A, Cisneros H, et al. Taenia solium: development of an experimental model of porcine neurocysticercosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(8):e0003980.
  • Thurman DJ, Beghi E, Begley CE, et al. Standards for epidemiologic studies and surveillance of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011;52(Suppl 7):S2–S26.
  • Beghi E, Carpio A, Forsgren L, et al. Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure. Epilepsia. 2010;51:671–675.
  • Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017;58:512–521.
  • Singhi PD, Dinakaran J, Khandelwal N, et al. One vs. two years of anti-epileptic therapy in children with single small enhancing CT lesions. J Trop Pediatr. 2003;49:274–278.
  • de Boer HM. Epilepsy stigma: moving from a global problem to global solutions. Seizure. 2010;19:630–636.
  • Bruno E, Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L, et al.; for the COHEMI Project Study Group. Epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in Latin America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013;7(10):e2480.
  • Quet F, Guerchet M, Pion SDS, et al. Meta-analysis of the association between cysticercosis and epilepsy in Africa. Epilepsia. 2010;51:830–837.
  • Del Brutto OH, Arroyo G, Del Brutto VJ, et al. On the relationship between calcified neurocysticercosis and epilepsy in an endemic village: a large-scale, computed tomography-based population study in rural Ecuador. Epilepsia. 2017;58:1955–1961
  • Bianchin MM, Velasco TR, Wichert-Ana L, et al. Neuroimaging observations linking neurocysticercosis and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsy Res. 2015;116:34–39.
  • Leite JP, Terra-Bustamante VC, Fernandes RM, et al. Calcified neurocysticercotic lesions and postsurgery seizure control in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2000;55:1485–1491.
  • Sheth TN, Pillon L, Keystone J, et al. Persistent MR contrast enhancement of calcified neurocysticercosis lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19:79–82.
  • Gupta RK, Kumar R, Chawla S, et al. Demonstration of scolex within calcified cysticercus cyst: its possible role in the pathogenesis of perilesional edema. Epilepsia. 2002;43:1502–1508.
  • Nash TE, Pretell EJ, Lescano AG, et al.; for the Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. Perilesional brain oedema and seizure activity in patients with calcified neurocysticercosis: a prospective cohort and nested case-control study. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:1099–1105.
  • Mont’Alverne Filho FE, Machado Ldos R, Lucato LT, et al. The role of 3D volumetric MR sequences in diagnosing intraventricular neurocysticercosis: preliminary results. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2011;69:74–78.
  • Carrillo-Mezo R, Lara García J, Arroyo M, et al. Relevance of 3D magnetic resonance imaging sequences in diagnosing basal subarachnoid neurocysticercosis. Acta Trop. 2015;152:60–65.
  • Abraham R, Pardini AX, Vaz AJ, et al. Taenia antigen detection in the CSF of patients with neurocysticercosis and its relationship with clinical activity of the disease. Arq Neuropsiq. 2004;62:756–760.
  • Parkhouse RME, Carpio A, Campoverde A, et al. Reciprocal contribution of clinical studies and the HP10 antigen ELISA for the diagnosis of extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis. Acta Trop. 2017 Nov 18;178:119–123. Epub ahead of print.
  • Zea-Vera A, Cordova EG, Rodriguez S, et al.; for the Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. Parasite antigen in serum predicts the presence of viable brain parasites in patients with apparently calcified cysticercosis only. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:e154–e159.
  • Cardenas G, Carrillo-Mezo R, Jung H, et al. Subarachnoidal Neurocysticercosis non-responsive to cysticidal drugs: a case series. BMC Neurol. 2010;10:16.
  • Fleury A, Sastre P, Sciutto E, et al. A lateral flow assay (LFA) for the rapid detection of extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis using cerebrospinal fluid. Exp Parasitol. 2016;pii: S0014-4894(16)30277–6.
  • Michelet L, Fleury A, Sciutto E, et al. Human neurocysticercosis: comparison of different diagnostic tests using cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:195–200.
  • Carpio A, Campoverde A, Romo ML, et al. Validity of a PCR assay in CSF for the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2017;4:e324.
  • Bustos JA, García HH, Del Brutto OH. Reliability of diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis for patients with ventricular cystic lesions or granulomas: a systematic review. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017 Sep;97:653–657.
  • Fleury A, Carpio A, Romo ML, et al. Reproducibility of diagnostic criteria for ventricular neurocysticercosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;97:1952.
  • Robles C, Chavarría M. Presentación de un caso clínico de cisticercosis cerebral tratado medicamente con un nuevo fármaco: praziquantel. Salud Pub Mex. 1979;21:603–618.
  • Xiao ZX, Zhao CY, Liu LP. Albendazole treatment in cerebral cysticercosis. Chin J Int Med. 1986;25:100–102.
  • Wu W, Jia F, Wang W, et al. Antiparasitic treatment of cerebral cysticercosis: lessons and experiences from China. Parasitol Res. 2013;112:2879–2890.
  • Romo ML, Wyka K, Carpio A, et al.; for the Ecuadorian Neurocysticercosis Group. The effect of albendazole treatment on seizure outcomes in patients with symptomatic neurocysticercosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2015;109:738–746.
  • Garcia H, Pretell E, Gilman R, et al. A trial of antiparasitic treatment to reduce the rate of seizures due to cerebral cysticercosis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:249–258.
  • Das K, Mondal GP, Banerjee M, et al. Role of antiparasitic therapy for seizures and resolution of lesions in neurocysticercosis patients: an 8 year randomised study. J Clin Neurosci. 2007;14:1172–1177.
  • Kaur S, Singhi P, Singhi S, et al. Combination therapy with albendazole and praziquantel versus albendazole alone in children with seizures and single lesion neurocysticercosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled double blind trial. Pediatr Infect Dis. 2009;28:403–406.
  • Baird RA, Wiebe S, Zunt JR, et al. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of parenchymal neurocysticercosis: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2013;80:1424–1429.
  • Del Brutto OH, Roos KL, Coffey CS, et al. Meta-analysis: cysticidal drugs for neurocysticercosis albendazole and praziquantel. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:43–51.
  • Abba K, Ramaratnam S, Ranganathan LN. Anthelmintics for people with neurocysticercosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;17:CD000215.
  • Singhi P, Suthar R, Deo B, et al. Long-term clinical and radiologic outcome in 500 children with parenchymal neurocysticercosis. Pediat Infect Dis J. 2017;36:549–555.
  • Singh G, Sharma R. Controversies in the treatment of seizures associated with neurocysticercosis. Epilepsy Behav. 2017;76:163–167.
  • World Health Organization. Accelerating work to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases – a roadmap for implementation (executive summary). 2012. [cited 2017 September 1]. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2012/WHO_HTM_NTD_2012.1_eng.pdf
  • Lightowlers MW, Donadeu M. Designing a minimal intervention strategy to control Taenia solium. Trends Parasitol. 2017;33:426–434.
  • Lightowlers MW. Eradication of Taenia solium cysticercosis: a role for vaccination of pigs. Int J Parasitol. 2010;40:1183–1192.
  • Sciutto E, Fragoso G, Hernández M, et al. Development of the S3Pvac vaccine against porcine Taenia solium cysticercosis: a historical review. J Parasitol. 2013;99:686–692.
  • Gabriël S, Dorny P, Mwape KE, et al. Control of Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis: the best way forward for sub-Saharan Africa? Acta Trop. 2017;165:252–260.
  • Fragoso G, Hernández M, Cervantes-Torres J, et al. Transgenic papaya: a useful platform for oral vaccines. Planta. 2017;245(5):1037–1048.