References
- Shorvon SD. The etiologic classification of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011;52(6):1052–1057.
- Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: position paper of the ILAE commission for classification and terminology. Epilepsia. 2017;58(4):522–530.
- Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014;55(4):475–482.
- Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE commission for classification and terminology. Epilepsia. 2017;58(4):512–521.
- Chuang YC. Mitochondrial disfunction and oxidative stress in seizure-induced neuronal cell death. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2010;19(1):3–15.
- Méndez-Armenta M, Nava-Ruìz C, Juàrez-Rebollar D, et al. Oxidative stress associated with neuronal apoptosis in experimental models of epilepsy. Ox Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:293689.
- Puttachary S, Sharma S, Stark S, et al. Seizure-induced oxidative stress in temporal lobe epilepsy. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:1–20.
- Grewal GK, Kukal S, Kanojia N, et al. Effect of oxidative stress on ABC-Transporters: contribution to epilepsy pharmacoresistance. Molecules. 2017;22(3):365.
- Mariani E, Polidori MC, Cherubini A, et al. Oxidative stress in brain aging, neurodegenerative and vascular diseases: an overview. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2005;827(1):65–75.
- Loescher W. Animal models of epilepsy for the development of antiepileptogenic and disease-modifying drugs. a comparison of the pharmacology of kindling and post-status epilepticus models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Ep Res. 2002;50:105–123.
- Patel M, Liang LP. Roberts II L J. enhanced hippocampal F2-isoprostane formation following kainite-induced seizures. J Neurochem. 2001;79:1065–1069.
- Rola R, Swiader M, Czuczwar SJ. Electroconvulsions elevate the levels of lipid peroxidation products in mice. Pol J Pharmacol. 2002;54:521–524.
- Barichello T, Bonatto F, Agostinho FR, et al. Structure-related oxidative damage in rat brain after acute and chronic electroshock. Neurochem Res. 2004;24(9):1749–1753.
- Dal-Pizzol F, Klamt F, Vianna MM, et al. Lipid peroxidation in hippocampus early and late after status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine or kainic acid in Wistar rats. Neurosci Lett. 2000;291(3):179–182.
- Patel M. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress: cause and consequence of epileptic seizures. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2004;37(12):1951–1962.
- Jarrett SG, Liang LP, Hellier JL, et al. Mitochondrial DNA damage and impaired base excision repair during epileptogenesis. Neurobiol Dis. 2008;30(1):130–138.
- Liang LP, Patel M. Mitochondrial oxidative stress and increased seizure susceptibility in Sod2 (-/+) mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004;36(5):542–554.
- Barros DO, Xavier SM, Barbosa CO, et al. Effects of the vitamin E in catalase activities in hippocampus after status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine in Wistar rats. Neurosci Lett. 2007;416(3):227–230.
- Freitas RM. Investigation of oxidative stress involvement in hippocampus in epilepsy model induced by pilocarpine. Neurosci Lett. 2009;462(3):225–229.
- Folbergrová J, Otáhal J, Druga R. Brain superoxide anion formation in immature rats during seizures: protection by selected compounds. Exp Neurol. 2012;233(1):421–429.
- Carmona-Aparicio L, Perez-Cruz C, Zavala-Tecuapetla C, et al. Overview of Nrf2 as therapeutic target in epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16:18348–18367.
- Vandresen-Filho S, Martins WC, Bertoldi DB, et al. Cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum show differential susceptibility to quinolinic acid-induced oxidative stress. Neurol Sci. 2015;36(8):1449–1456.
- Yiȿ U, Seςkin E, Kurul SH, et al. Effects of epilepsy and valproic acid on oxidant status in children with idiopathic epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2009;84:232–237.
- Verrotti A, Scardapane A, Franzoni E, et al. Increased oxidative stress in epileptic children treated with valproic acid. Epilepsy Res. 2008;78:171–177.
- Akarsu S, Yilmaz S, Ozan S, et al. Effects of febrile and afebrile seizures on oxidant state in children. Pediatr Neurol. 2007;36:307–311.
- Grosso S, Longini M, Rodriguez A, et al. Oxidative stress in children affected by epileptic encephalopathies. J Neuro Sci. 2011;300(1–2):103–106.
- Morimoto M, Satomura S, Hashimoto T. Oxidative stress measurement and prediction of epileptic seizures in children and adults with severe motor and intellectual disabilities. J Clin Med Res. 2016;8(6):437–444.
- Kang HC, Lee YM, Kim HD. Mitochondrial disease and epilepsy. Brain Dev. 2013;35:757761.
- Zsurka G, Kunz WS. Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurological disorders with epileptic phenotypes. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2010;42(6):443–448.
- Khurana DS, Salganicoff L, Melvin JJ, et al. Epilepsy and respiratory chain defects in children with mitochondrial encephalopathies. Neuroped. 2008;39(1):8–13.
- Prasad AN, Levin S, Rupar CA, et al. Menkes disease and infantile epilepsy. Brain Dev. 2011;30(10):866–876.
- Kunz WS, Kudin AP, Vielhaber S, et al. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency in the epileptic focus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 2000;48:766–773.
- Zsurka G, Kunz WS. Mitochondrial dysfunction and seizures: the neuronal energy crisis. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:956–966.
- Khurana DS, Valencia I, Goldenthal MJ, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in epilepsy. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2013;20:176–187.
- Goldenthal MJ, Kuruvilla T, Damle S, et al. Non-invasive evaluation of buccal respiratory chain enzyme dysfunction in mitochondrial disease: comparison with studies in muscle biopsy. Mol Genet Metab. 2012;105:457–462.
- Azam F, Prasad M, Thangavel N. Targeting oxidative stress component in the therapeutics of epilepsy. Curr Top Med Chem. 2012;12(9):994–1007.
- Loscher W, Brandt C. Prevention or modification of epileptogenesis after brain insults: experimental approaches and translational research. Pharmacol Rev. 2010;62(4):668–700.
- Caccamo D, Pisani LR, Mazzocchetti P, et al. Neuroprotection as a potential therapeutic prospective in neurodegenerative diseases: focus on antiepileptic drugs. Neurochem Res. 2016;41(1–2):340–352.
- Gathwala G, Marwah A, Gahlaut V, et al. Effect of high-dose phenobarbital on oxidative stress in perinatal asphyxia: an open label randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatr. 2011;48(8):613–617.
- Rajasekaran K. Seizure-induced oxidative stress in rat brain regions: blockade by nNOS inhibition. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2005;80(2):263–272.
- Sarnoeska A, Beresewicz M, Zablocka B, et al. Diazepam neuroprotection in excitotoxic and oxidative stress involves a mitochondrial mechanism additional to the GABAAR and hypothermic effects. Neurochem Int. 2009;55(1–3):164–173.
- Hamed SA, Abdellah MM. Trace elements and electrolytes homeostasis and their relation to antioxidant enzyme activity in brain hyperexcitability of epileptic patients. J Pharma Sci. 2004;96(4):349–359.
- Ficarra S, Misiti F, Russo A, et al. Antiepileptic carbamazepine drug treatment indices alteration of membrane in red blood cells: possible positive effects on metabolism and oxidative stress. Biochimie. 2013;95(4):833-841.
- Zhang Z, Qin X, Zhao X, et al. Valproic acid regulates antioxidant enzymes and prevents ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat retina. Curr Eye Res. 2012;37(5):429–437.
- Menon B, Ramalingam K, Kumar RV. Oxidative stress in patients with epilepsy is independent of antiepileptic drugs. Seizure. 2012;21(10):780–784.
- Mahle C, Dasgupta A. Decreased total antioxidant capacity and elevated lipid hydroperoxide concentrations in sera of epileptic patients receiving phenytoin. Life Sci. 1997;61(4):437–443.
- Liu CS, Wu HM, Kao SH, et al. Phenytoin-mediated oxidative stress in serum of female epileptics: a possible pathogenesis in the fetal hydantoin syndrome. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1997;16(3):177–181.
- Kumar P, Kalonia H, Kumar A. Possible GABAergic mechanism in the neuroprotective effect of gabapentin and lamotrigine against 3-nitropropionic acid induced neurotoxicity. Eur J Pharmacol. 2012;674(2–3):265–274.
- Grosso S, Cordelli DM, Franzoni E, et al. Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam in infants and young children with refractory epilepsy. Seizure. 2007;16(4):345–350.
- Mazhar F, Malhi SM, Simjee SU. Comparative studies on the effects of clinically used anticonvulsants on the oxidative stress biomarkers in pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling model of epiletogenesis in mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2017;28(1):31–42.
- Gibbs JE, Walker MC, Cock HR. Levetiracetam: antiepileptic properties and protective effects on mitochondrial dysfunction in experimental status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2006;47(3):469–78.ef.
- Ozden H, Kabay SC, Toker A, et al. The effects of levetiracetam on urinary 15f-2t-isoprostane levels in epileptic patients. Seizure. 2010;19(8):514–516.
- Kubera M, Budziszewska B, Jaworska-Feil L, et al. Effect of topiramate on the kainate-induced status epilepticus, lipid peroxidation and immunoreactivity of rats. Pol J Pharmacol. 2004;56(5):553–561.
- Kutluhan S, Naziroğlu M, Celik O, et al. Effects of selenium and topiramate on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant vitamin levels in blood of pentylentetrazol-induced epileptic rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2009;129(1–3):181–189.
- Armagan A, Kutluhan S, Yilmaz N, et al. Topiramate and vitamin e modulate antioxidant enzyme activities, nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation levels in pentylenetetrazol-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008;103(2):166–170.
- Pavone A, Cardile V. An in vitro study of new antiepileptic drugs and astrocytes. Epilepsia. 2003;44(Suppl 10):34–39.
- Agarwal NB, Agarwal NK, Mediratta PK, et al. Effect of lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine and topiramate on cognitive functions and oxidative stress in PTZ-kindled mice. Seizure. 2011;20(3):257–262.
- Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, Coballase-Urrutia E, Huerta-Gertrudis B, et al. Antioxidant activity of topiramate: an antiepileptic agent. Neurol Sci. 2013;34(5):741–747.
- Berger I, Segal I, Shmueli D, et al. The effect of antiepileptic drugs on mitochondrial activity: a pilot study. J Child Neurol. 2010;25(5):541–545.
- Ezz HS, Khadrawy YA, Noor NA. The neuroprotective effect of curcumin and Nigella sativa oil against oxidative stress in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy: a comparison with valproate. Neurochem Res. 2011;36(11):2195–2204.
- Martinc B, Grabnar I, Vovk T. Antioxidant as a preventive treatment for epileptic process: a review of the current status. Curr Neuropharm. 2014;12:527–550.
- Shin EJ, Suh SK, Lim YK, et al. Ascorbate attenuates trimethyltin-induced oxidative burden and neuronal degeneration in the rat hippocampus by maintaining glutathione homeostasis. Neuroscience. 2005;33:715–727.
- Bhardwaj M, Kumar A. Neuroprotective mechanism of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) against PTZ induced kindling and associated cognitive dysfunction: possible role of microglia inhibition. Pharmacol Rep. 2016;68(6):1301–1311.
- Shakeel S, Rehman MU, Tabassum N, et al. Effect of Naringenin (a naturally occurring flavanone) against pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus and oxidative stress in mice. Pharmacogn Mag. 2017;13(Suppl1):S154–S160.
- Edwards MJ, Hargreaves IP, Heales SJ, et al. N-acetylcysteine and Unverricht-Lundborg disease: variable response and possible side effects. Neurology. 2002;59(9):1447–1449.
- Goldberg-Stern H, Oren H, Peled N, et al. Effect of melatonin on seizure frequency in intractable epilepsy: a pilot study. J Child Neurol. 2012;27(12):1524–1528.
- Mehvari J, Motlagh FG, Najafi M, et al. Effects of Vitamin E on seizure frequency, electroencephalogram findings, and oxidative stress status of refractory epileptic patients. Adv Biomed Res. 2016;5:36.
- Raju GB, Behari M, Prasad K, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of D-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) as add-on therapy in uncontrolled epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1994;35(2):368–372.
- Bough KJ, Wetherrington J, Hassel B, et al. Mitochondrial biogenesis in the anticonvulsivant mechanism of the ketogenic diet. Ann Neurol. 2006;60:223–235.
- Gano LB, Patel M, Rho JM. Ketogenic diets, mitochondria, and neurological diseases. J Lipid Res. 2014;55(11):2211–2228.