236
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Sensory-targeted cognitive training for schizophrenia

, , &
Pages 211-225 | Received 11 Oct 2018, Accepted 08 Feb 2019, Published online: 20 Feb 2019

References

  • McGrath J, Saha S, Chant D, et al. Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Epidemiol Rev. 2008;30:67–76. PubMed PMID: 18480098.
  • Owen MJ, Sawa A, Mortensen PB. Schizophrenia. Lancet. 2016 Jul 2;388(10039):86–97. PubMed PMID: 26777917; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4940219.
  • McGurk SR, Twamley EW, Sitzer DI, et al. A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Dec;164(12):1791–1802. PubMed PMID: 18056233; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3634703.
  • Elkis H. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2007 Sep;30(3):511–533. PubMed PMID: 17720034.
  • Essock SM, Hargreaves WA, Dohm FA, et al. Clozapine eligibility among state hospital patients. Schizophr Bull. 1996;22(1):15–25. PubMed PMID: 8685657.
  • Green MF, Kern RS, Heaton RK. Longitudinal studies of cognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: implications for MATRICS. Schizophr Res. 2004 Dec 15;72(1):41–51. PubMed PMID: 15531406.
  • Fett AK, Viechtbauer W, Dominguez MD, et al. The relationship between neurocognition and social cognition with functional outcomes in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011 Jan;35(3):573–588. PubMed PMID: 20620163.
  • Couture SM, Penn DL, Roberts DL. The functional significance of social cognition in schizophrenia: a review. Schizophr Bull. 2006 Oct;32(Suppl 1):S44–63. PubMed PMID: 16916889; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2632537.
  • Bell M, Tsang HW, Greig TC, et al. Neurocognition, social cognition, perceived social discomfort, and vocational outcomes in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2009 Jul;35(4):738–747. PubMed PMID: 18245058; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2696363.
  • Kern RS, Nuechterlein KH, Green MF, et al. The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery, part 2: co-norming and standardization. Am J Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;165(2):214–220. PubMed PMID: 18172018.
  • Nuechterlein KH, Green MF, Kern RS, et al. The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery, part 1: test selection, reliability, and validity. Am J Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;165(2):203–213. PubMed PMID: 18172019.
  • Demily C, Franck N. Cognitive remediation: a promising tool for the treatment of schizophrenia. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008 Jul;8(7):1029–1036. PubMed PMID: 18590474.
  • Wykes T, Huddy V, Cellard C, et al. A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: methodology and effect sizes. Am J Psychiatry. 2011 May;168(5):472–485. PubMed PMID: 21406461.
  • Best MW, Bowie CR. A review of cognitive remediation approaches for schizophrenia: from top-down to bottom-up, brain training to psychotherapy. Expert Rev Neurother. 2017 Jul;17(7):713–723. . PubMed PMID: 28511562
  • d’Amato T, Bation R, Cochet A, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of computer-assisted cognitive remediation for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2011 Feb;125(2–3):284–290. PubMed PMID: 21094025.
  • Cella M, Preti A, Edwards C, et al. Cognitive remediation for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: A network meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017 Mar;52:43–51. PubMed PMID: 27930934.
  • Grynszpan O, Perbal S, Pelissolo A, et al. Efficacy and specificity of computer-assisted cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: a meta-analytical study. Psychol Med. 2011 Jan;41(1):163–173. PubMed PMID: 20380784.
  • Pena J, Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, Sanchez P, et al. Combining social cognitive treatment, cognitive remediation, and functional skills training in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Schizophr. 2016;2:16037. PubMed PMID: 27868083; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5102241 remediation program, published by Parima Digital, SL (Bilbao, Spain).
  • Buonocore M, Spangaro M, Bechi M, et al. Integrated cognitive remediation and standard rehabilitation therapy in patients of schizophrenia: persistence after 5years. Schizophr Res. 2018 Feb;192:335–339. PubMed PMID: 28545942.
  • Butler PD, Silverstein SM, Dakin SC. Visual perception and its impairment in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Jul 1;64(1):40–47. PubMed PMID: 18549875; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2435292.
  • Javitt DC, Sweet RA. Auditory dysfunction in schizophrenia: integrating clinical and basic features. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2015 Sep;16(9):535–550. PubMed PMID: 26289573; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4692466.
  • Javitt DC, Freedman R. Sensory processing dysfunction in the personal experience and neuronal machinery of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Jan;172(1):17–31. PubMed PMID: 25553496; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4501403.
  • Donde C, Luck D, Grot S, et al. Tone-matching ability in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2017 Mar;181:94–99. PubMed PMID: 27742161.
  • Donde C, Silipo G, Dias EC, et al. Hierarchical deficits in auditory information processing in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2018 Dec 12. DOI:10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.001. PubMed PMID: 30551982.
  • Silverstein SM, Kovacs I, Corry R, et al. Perceptual organization, the disorganization syndrome, and context processing in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2000 May 25;43(1):11–20. PubMed PMID: 10828411.
  • Uhlhaas PJ, Phillips WA, Silverstein SM. The course and clinical correlates of dysfunctions in visual perceptual organization in schizophrenia during the remission of psychotic symptoms. Schizophr Res. 2005 Jun 15;75(2–3):183–192. PubMed PMID: 15885509.
  • Kim D, Wylie G, Pasternak R, et al. Magnocellular contributions to impaired motion processing in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2006 Feb 15;82(1):1–8. PubMed PMID: 16325377; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2045640.
  • Chen Y. Abnormal visual motion processing in schizophrenia: a review of research progress. Schizophr Bull. 2011 Jul;37(4):709–715. PubMed PMID: 21436317; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3122297.
  • Butler PD, Zemon V, Schechter I, et al. Early-stage visual processing and cortical amplification deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 May;62(5):495–504. PubMed PMID: 15867102; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC1298183.
  • Halasz I, Levy-Gigi E, Kelemen O, et al. Neuropsychological functions and visual contrast sensitivity in schizophrenia: the potential impact of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Front Psychol. 2013;4:136. PubMed PMID: 23519404; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3602812.
  • Chang BP, Lenzenweger MF. Somatosensory processing and schizophrenia liability: proprioception, exteroceptive sensitivity, and graphesthesia performance in the biological relatives of schizophrenia patients. J Abnorm Psychol. 2005 Feb;114(1):85–95. PubMed PMID: 15709815.
  • Kamath V, Turetsky BI, Calkins ME, et al. Olfactory processing in schizophrenia, non-ill first-degree family members, and young people at-risk for psychosis. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Apr;15(3):209–218. PubMed PMID: 22070564; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3922881.
  • Phillips WA, Silverstein SM. Convergence of biological and psychological perspectives on cognitive coordination in schizophrenia. Behav Brain Sci. 2003 Feb;26(1):65–82. discussion 82-137. PubMed PMID: 14598440.
  • Uhlhaas PJ, Singer W. Neural synchrony in brain disorders: relevance for cognitive dysfunctions and pathophysiology. Neuron. 2006 Oct 5;52(1):155–168. PubMed PMID: 17015233.
  • Uhlhaas PJ, Singer W. Abnormal neural oscillations and synchrony in schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010 Feb;11(2):100–113. PubMed PMID: 20087360.
  • Hunt MJ, Kopell NJ, Traub RD, et al. Aberrant network activity in schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci. 2017 Jun;40(6):371–382. PubMed PMID: 28515010; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5523137.
  • Haenschel C, Bittner RA, Haertling F, et al. Contribution of impaired early-stage visual processing to working memory dysfunction in adolescents with schizophrenia: a study with event-related potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Nov;64(11):1229–1240. PubMed PMID: 17984392.
  • Gold R, Butler P, Revheim N, et al. Auditory emotion recognition impairments in schizophrenia: relationship to acoustic features and cognition. Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Apr;169(4):424–432. PubMed PMID: 22362394; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3882084.
  • Kantrowitz JT, Hoptman MJ, Leitman DI, et al. Neural substrates of auditory emotion recognition deficits in Schizophrenia. J Neurosci. 2015 Nov 4;35(44):14909–14921. PubMed PMID: 26538659; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4635137.
  • Green MF, Hellemann G, Horan WP, et al. From perception to functional outcome in schizophrenia: modeling the role of ability and motivation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 Dec;69(12):1216–1224. PubMed PMID: 23026889; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3976993.
  • Revheim N, Corcoran CM, Dias E, et al. Reading deficits in schizophrenia and individuals at high clinical risk: relationship to sensory function, course of illness, and psychosocial outcome. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Sep;171(9):949–959. PubMed PMID: 25178752; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4501394.
  • Javitt DC, Shelley A, Ritter W. Associated deficits in mismatch negativity generation and tone matching in schizophrenia. Clin Neurophysiol. 2000 Oct;111(10):1733–1737. PubMed PMID: 11018486.
  • Bruder GE, Wexler BE, Sage MM, et al. Verbal memory in schizophrenia: additional evidence of subtypes having different cognitive deficits. Schizophr Res. 2004 Jun 1;68(2–3):137–147. PubMed PMID: 15099598.
  • Rassovsky Y, Horan WP, Lee J, et al. Pathways between early visual processing and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2011 Mar;41(3):487–497. PubMed PMID: 20482936; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5534526.
  • Thomas ML, Green MF, Hellemann G, et al. Modeling deficits from early auditory information processing to psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Jan 1;74(1):37–46. PubMed PMID: 27926742; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5453308.
  • Strous RD, Cowan N, Ritter W, et al. Auditory sensory (“echoic”) memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 Oct;152(10):1517–1519. PubMed PMID: 7573594.
  • Avissar M, Javitt D. Mismatch negativity: A simple and useful biomarker of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-type glutamate dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2018 Jan;191:1–4. PubMed PMID: 29132813.
  • Avissar M, Xie S, Vail B, et al. Meta-analysis of mismatch negativity to simple versus complex deviants in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2018 Jan;191:25–34. PubMed PMID: 28709770; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5745291.
  • Lee M, Sehatpour P, Dias EC, et al. A tale of two sites: differential impairment of frequency and duration mismatch negativity across a primarily inpatient versus a primarily outpatient site in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2018 Jan;191:10–17. PubMed PMID: 28779851.
  • Adcock RA, Dale C, Fisher M, et al. When top-down meets bottom-up: auditory training enhances verbal memory in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2009 Nov;35(6):1132–1141. PubMed PMID: 19745022; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2762623.
  • Butler PD, Thompson JL, Seitz AR, et al. Visual perceptual remediation for individuals with schizophrenia: rationale, method, and three case studies. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2017 Mar;40(1):43–52. PubMed PMID: 27547852; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5322250.
  • Fisher M, Herman A, Stephens DB, et al. Neuroscience-informed computer-assisted cognitive training in schizophrenia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016 Feb;1366(1):90–114. PubMed PMID: 27111135.
  • Biagianti B, Vinogradov S. Computerized cognitive training targeting brain plasticity in schizophrenia. Prog Brain Res. 2013;207:301–326. PubMed PMID: 24309260.
  • Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ. 2009 Jul;21(339):b2535. PubMed PMID: 19622551; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2714657.
  • Fisher M, Holland C, Merzenich MM, et al. Using neuroplasticity-based auditory training to improve verbal memory in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Jul;166(7):805–811. PubMed PMID: 19448187; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2720319.
  • Vinogradov S, Fisher M, Holland C, et al. Is serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor a biomarker for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia? Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Sep 15;66(6):549–553. PubMed PMID: 19368899; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4691262.
  • Fisher M, Holland C, Subramaniam K, et al. Neuroplasticity-based cognitive training in schizophrenia: an interim report on the effects 6 months later. Schizophr Bull. 2010 Jul;36(4):869–879. PubMed PMID: 19269924; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2894606.
  • Murthy NV, Mahncke H, Wexler BE, et al. Computerized cognitive remediation training for schizophrenia: an open label, multi-site, multinational methodology study. Schizophr Res. 2012 Aug;139(1–3):87–91. PubMed PMID: 22342330.
  • Subramaniam K, Luks TL, Fisher M, et al. Computerized cognitive training restores neural activity within the reality monitoring network in schizophrenia. Neuron. 2012 Feb 23;73(4):842–853. PubMed PMID: 22365555; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3295613.
  • Sacks S, Fisher M, Garrett C, et al. Combining computerized social cognitive training with neuroplasticity-based auditory training in schizophrenia. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2013 Summer;7(2):78–86A. PubMed PMID: 23367504.
  • Subramaniam K, Luks TL, Garrett C, et al. Intensive cognitive training in schizophrenia enhances working memory and associated prefrontal cortical efficiency in a manner that drives long-term functional gains. Neuroimage. 2014 Oct;1(99):281–292. PubMed PMID: 24867353; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4498800.
  • Fisher M, Loewy R, Carter C, et al. Neuroplasticity-based auditory training via laptop computer improves cognition in young individuals with recent onset schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2015 Jan;41(1):250–258. PubMed PMID: 24444862; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4266283.
  • Loewy R, Fisher M, Schlosser DA, et al. Intensive auditory cognitive training improves verbal memory in adolescents and young adults at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2016 Jul;42 Suppl 1:S118–S126. PubMed PMID: 26903238; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4960436.
  • Dale CL, Brown EG, Fisher M, et al. Auditory cortical plasticity drives training-induced cognitive changes in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2016 Jan;42(1):220–228. PubMed PMID: 26152668; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4681549.
  • Fisher M, Mellon SH, Wolkowitz O, et al. Neuroscience-informed auditory training in schizophrenia: a final report of the effects on cognition and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Schizophr Res Cogn. 2016 Mar;1(3):1–7. PubMed PMID: 26705516; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4685735.
  • Fisher M, Nahum M, Howard E, et al. Supplementing intensive targeted computerized cognitive training with social cognitive exercises for people with schizophrenia: an interim report. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2017 Mar;40(1):21–32. PubMed PMID: 28368179; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5380146.
  • Biagianti B, Roach BJ, Fisher M, et al. Trait aspects of auditory mismatch negativity predict response to auditory training in individuals with early illness schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Electrophysiol. 2017;3. PubMed PMID: 28845238; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5568850. DOI:10.1186/s40810-017-0024-9.
  • Panizzutti R, Fisher M, Garrett C, et al. Association between increased serum d-serine and cognitive gains induced by intensive cognitive training in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2018 Apr 23. DOI:10.1016/j.schres.2018.04.011. [ PubMed PMID: 29699895].
  • Popov T, Jordanov T, Rockstroh B, et al. Specific cognitive training normalizes auditory sensory gating in schizophrenia: a randomized trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Mar 1;69(5):465–471. PubMed PMID: 21092939.
  • Popov T, Rockstroh B, Weisz N, et al. Adjusting brain dynamics in schizophrenia by means of perceptual and cognitive training. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e39051. . PubMed PMID: 22815697; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3399837
  • Popov TG, Carolus A, Schubring D, et al. Targeted training modifies oscillatory brain activity in schizophrenia patients. Neuroimage Clin. 2015;7:807–814. . PubMed PMID: 26082889; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4459048
  • Kariofillis D, Sartory G, Kargel C, et al. The effect of cognitive training on evoked potentials in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res Cogn. 2014 Dec;1(4):180–186. PubMed PMID: 29379751; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5779133.
  • Kargel C, Sartory G, Kariofillis D, et al. The effect of auditory and visual training on the mismatch negativity in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol. 2016 Apr;102:47–54. PubMed PMID: 26968496.
  • Nuechterlein KH, Ventura J, McEwen SC, et al. Enhancing cognitive training through aerobic exercise after a first schizophrenia episode: theoretical conception and pilot study. Schizophr Bull. 2016 Jul;42(Suppl 1):S44–52. PubMed PMID: 27460618; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4960434.
  • Ramsay IS, Ma S, Fisher M, et al. Model selection and prediction of outcomes in recent onset schizophrenia patients who undergo cognitive training. Schizophr Res Cogn. 2018 Mar;11:1–5. PubMed PMID: 29159134; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5684434.
  • Rass O, Forsyth JK, Bolbecker AR, et al. Computer-assisted cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: a randomized single-blind pilot study. Schizophr Res. 2012 Aug;139(1–3):92–98. PubMed PMID: 22682988; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3393784.
  • Thomas ML, Bismark AW, Joshi YB, et al. Targeted cognitive training improves auditory and verbal outcomes among treatment refractory schizophrenia patients mandated to residential care. Schizophr Res. 2018 Jul 25. DOI:10.1016/j.schres.2018.07.025. PubMed PMID: 30055883.
  • Bell MD, Laws H, Pittman B, et al. Comparison of focused cognitive training and portable “brain-games” on functional outcomes for vocational rehabilitation participants. Sci Rep. 2018 Jan 29;8(1):1779. PubMed PMID: 29379114; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5789082.
  • Kantrowitz JT, Sharif Z, Medalia A, et al. A multicenter, rater-blinded, randomized controlled study of auditory processing-focused cognitive remediation combined with open-label lurasidone in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Jun;77(6):799–806. PubMed PMID: 27035157.
  • Mercado E, Bao S, Orduna I, et al. Basal forebrain stimulation changes cortical sensitivities to complex sound. Neuroreport. 2001 Jul 20;12(10):2283–2287. PubMed PMID: 11447350.
  • Naatanen R, Jiang D, Lavikainen J, et al. Event-related potentials reveal a memory trace for temporal features. Neuroreport. 1993 Dec 13;5(3):310–312. PubMed PMID: 8298095.
  • Gilbert CD. Learning. Neuronal dynamics and perceptual learning. Curr Biol. 1994 Jul 1;4(7):627–629. PubMed PMID: 7953540.
  • Vinogradov S, Fisher M, de Villers-Sidani E. Cognitive training for impaired neural systems in neuropsychiatric illness. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012 Jan;37(1):43–76. . PubMed PMID: 22048465; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3238091
  • Hoonakker M, Doignon-Camus N, Bonnefond A. Sustaining attention to simple visual tasks: a central deficit in schizophrenia? A systematic review. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2017 Nov;1408(1):32–45. PubMed PMID: 29090832.
  • Buonomano DV, Merzenich MM. Cortical plasticity: from synapses to maps. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1998;21:149–186. . PubMed PMID: 9530495
  • Cruikshank SJ, Weinberger NM. Evidence for the Hebbian hypothesis in experience-dependent physiological plasticity of neocortex: a critical review. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1996 Oct;22(3):191–228. PubMed PMID: 8957560
  • Keefe RS, Vinogradov S, Medalia A, et al. Feasibility and pilot efficacy results from the multisite cognitive remediation in the schizophrenia trials network (CRSTN) randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;73(7):1016–1022. PubMed PMID: 22687548; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3746329.
  • Kantrowitz JT, Epstein ML, Beggel O, et al. Neurophysiological mechanisms of cortical plasticity impairments in schizophrenia and modulation by the NMDA receptor agonist D-serine. Brain. 2016 Dec;139(Pt 12):3281–3295. PubMed PMID: 27913408; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5840885.
  • Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Associates. neLE, editor; 1988.
  • Pietrzak RH, Olver J, Norman T, et al. A comparison of the cogstate schizophrenia battery and the measurement and treatment research to improve cognition in schizophrenia (MATRICS) battery in assessing cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2009 Oct;31(7):848–859. PubMed PMID: 19142774.
  • Ahmed AO, Mantini AM, Fridberg DJ, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurocognitive deficits in people with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2015 Mar 30;226(1):1–13. PubMed PMID: 25681004.
  • Lai CY, Scarr E, Udawela M, et al. Biomarkers in schizophrenia: A focus on blood based diagnostics and theranostics. World J Psychiatry. 2016 Mar 22;6(1):102–117. PubMed PMID: 27014601; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4804259.
  • Cohen-Cory S, Kidane AH, Shirkey NJ, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the development of structural neuronal connectivity. Dev Neurobiol. 2010 Apr;70(5):271–288. PubMed PMID: 20186709; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2893579.
  • Sanada K, Zorrilla I, Iwata Y, et al. The efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Oct 24;17(10). PubMed PMID: 27783051; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5085790. DOI:10.3390/ijms17101766.
  • Hashimoto K, Engberg G, Shimizu E, et al. Reduced D-serine to total serine ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug naive schizophrenic patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;29(5):767–769. PubMed PMID: 15939521.
  • Ohnuma T, Sakai Y, Maeshima H, et al. Changes in plasma glycine, L-serine, and D-serine levels in patients with schizophrenia as their clinical symptoms improve: results from the juntendo university schizophrenia projects (JUSP). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Dec 12;32(8):1905–1912. PubMed PMID: 18835577.
  • Javitt DC. Excitatory amino acids in schizophrenia: both what you have, and what you do with them. Biol Psychiatry. 2018 Mar 15;83(6):470–472. PubMed PMID: 29429500.
  • Javitt DC, Zukin SR. Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1991 Oct;148(10):1301–1308. . PubMed PMID: 1654746
  • Javitt DC, Zukin SR, Heresco-Levy U, et al. Has an angel shown the way? Etiological and therapeutic implications of the PCP/NMDA model of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2012 Sep;38(5):958–966. PubMed PMID: 22987851; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3446214.
  • Javitt DC. When doors of perception close: bottom-up models of disrupted cognition in schizophrenia. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2009;5:249–275. PubMed PMID: 19327031; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4501390.
  • Catts VS, Lai YL, Weickert CS, et al. A quantitative review of the postmortem evidence for decreased cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor expression levels in schizophrenia: how can we link molecular abnormalities to mismatch negativity deficits? Biol Psychol. 2016 Apr;116:57–67. PubMed PMID: 26549579.
  • Force RB, Venables NC, Sponheim SR. An auditory processing abnormality specific to liability for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2008 Aug;103(1–3):298–310. PubMed PMID: 18571375; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3816098.
  • Joshi YB, Breitenstein B, Tarasenko M, et al. Mismatch negativity impairment is associated with deficits in identifying real-world environmental sounds in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2018 Jan;191:5–9. PubMed PMID: 28927552.
  • VanMeerten NJ, Dubke RE, Stanwyck JJ, et al. Abnormal early brain responses during visual search are evident in schizophrenia but not bipolar affective disorder. Schizophr Res. 2016 Jan;170(1):102–108. PubMed PMID: 26603466.
  • Yee CM, Williams TJ, White PM, et al. Attentional modulation of the P50 suppression deficit in recent-onset and chronic schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol. 2010 Feb;119(1):31–39. PubMed PMID: 20141240; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2844773.
  • Northoff G, Heinzel A, de Greck M, et al. Self-referential processing in our brain–a meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self. Neuroimage. 2006 May 15;31(1):440–457. PubMed PMID: 16466680.
  • Vinogradov S, Luks TL, Schulman BJ, et al. Deficit in a neural correlate of reality monitoring in schizophrenia patients. Cereb Cortex. 2008 Nov;18(11):2532–2539. PubMed PMID: 18321870; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2567419.
  • Minzenberg MJ, Laird AR, Thelen S, et al. Meta-analysis of 41 functional neuroimaging studies of executive function in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Aug;66(8):811–822. PubMed PMID: 19652121; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2888482.
  • Deserno L, Sterzer P, Wustenberg T, et al. Reduced prefrontal-parietal effective connectivity and working memory deficits in schizophrenia. J Neurosci. 2012 Jan 4;32(1):12–20. PubMed PMID: 22219266.
  • Medalia A, Choi J. Cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. Neuropsychol Rev. 2009 Sep;19(3):353–364. . PubMed PMID: 19444614.
  • Wykes T, Spaulding WD. Thinking about the future cognitive remediation therapy–what works and could we do better? Schizophr Bull. 2011 Sep;37(Suppl 2):S80–90. PubMed PMID: 21860051; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3160118.
  • Thorsen AL, Johansson K, Loberg EM. Neurobiology of cognitive remediation therapy for schizophrenia: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry. 2014;5:103. PubMed PMID: 25177300; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4133649.
  • Swanson DM, Betensky RA. Research participant compensation: A matter of statistical inference as well as ethics. Contemp Clin Trials. 2015 Nov;45(Pt B):265–269. PubMed PMID: 26334678; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4674311.
  • Vinogradov S, Fisher M, Warm H, et al. The cognitive cost of anticholinergic burden: decreased response to cognitive training in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Sep;166(9):1055–1062. PubMed PMID: 19570929; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3735363.
  • Swerdlow NR, Tarasenko M, Bhakta SG, et al. Amphetamine enhances gains in auditory discrimination training in adult schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Bull. 2017 Jul 1;43(4):872–880. PubMed PMID: 27798224; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5472129.
  • Jahshan C, Rassovsky Y, Green MF. Enhancing neuroplasticity to augment cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:191. . PubMed PMID: 29021765; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5623668

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.