The use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in young people and their role in mental health care: a systematic review

References

• Schifano F, Orsolini L, Papanti D, et al. Novel psychoactive substances of interest for psychiatry. World Psychiatry. 2015;14:15–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsolini L, Papanti D, Corkery J, et al. An insight into the deep web; why it matters for addiction psychiatry? Hum Psychopharmacol. 2017 May;32(3). DOI:10.1002/hup.2573.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime-UNODC. The challenge of new psychoactive substances. Global SMART Programme; 2013. March [cited 2018 Jun 12]. Available from: https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/NPS_Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction-EMCDDA. European drug report 2018: trends and developments; 2018. [cited 2018 Jun 12]. Available from: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/8585/20181816_TDAT18001ENN_PDF.pdf
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime-UNODC. Understanding the synthetic drug market: the NPS factor. Global SMART update volume 19; 2018 March [cited 2018 Jun 12]. Available from: https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/Global_Smart_Update_2018_Vol.19.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Soussan C, Kjellgren A. The users of novel psychoactive substances: online survey about their characteristics, attitudes and motivations. Int J Drug Policy. 2016Jun;32:77–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papanti D, Schifano F, Botteon G, et al. “Spiceophrenia”: a systematic overview of “spice”-related psychopathological issues and a case report. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2013 Jul;28(4):379–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime-UNODC. World drug report 2018; 2018 [cited 2018 Nov 2]. Available from: https://www.unodc.org/wdr2018/
   Google Scholar
• Van Amsterdam JG, Nabben T, Keiman D, et al. Exploring the attractiveness of new psychoactive substances (NPS) among experienced drug users. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2015;47(3):177–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corazza O, Assi S, Simonato P, et al. Promoting innovation and excellence to face the rapid diffusion of novel psychoactive substances in the EU: the outcomes of the ReDNet project. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2013 Jul;28(4):317–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahsay ZH, Tesema AG, Bazzano AN. A qualitative study of drivers of psychoactive substance use among Mekelle University students, Northern Ethiopia. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2019 Mar 4;14(1):11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corazza O, Simonato P, Corkery J, et al. ‘Legal highs’: safe and legal ‘heavens’? A study on the diffusion, knowledge and risk awareness of novel psychoactive drugs among students in the UK. Riv Psichiatr. 2014 Mar-Apr;49(2):89–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsolini L, Papanti GD, Francesconi G, et al. Mind navigators of chemicals’ experimenters? A web-based description of e-psychonauts. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2015 May;18(5):296–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsolini L, Francesconi G, Papanti D, et al. Profiling online recreational/prescription drugs’ customers and overview of drug vending virtual marketplaces. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2015b;30(4):302–318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2011. Flash Eurobarometer. Youth attitudes on drugs. Analytical report 2011 [cited 2018 Jun 23]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl_330_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Home Office. Drug misuse: findings from the 2015/16 crime survey for England and Wales. Second ed. 2016;[cited 2018 Jun 23]. Available from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/564760/drug-misuse-1516.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Global Drug Survey 2016. 2016 [cited 2018 Jun 23]. Available from: https://www.globaldrugsurvey.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/TASTER-KEY-FINDINGS-FROM-GDS2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Palamar JJ, Martins SS, Su MK, et al. Self-reported use of novel psychoactive substances in a US nationally representative survey: prevalence, correlates, and a call for new survey methods to prevent underreporting. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;156:112–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soussan C, Kjellgren A. The users of novel psychoactive substances: online survey about their characteristics, attitudes and motivations. Int J Drug Policy. 2016Jun;32:77–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. Flash eurobarometer 401. Young people and drugs report; 2014 [cited 2018 Jun 23]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl_401_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Addaction. Novel psychoactive substances insight report: the view from young people; 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 23]. Available from: https://www.addaction.org.uk/sites/default/files/public/attachments/npsinsightreport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Deligianni E, JM C, Schifano F, et al. An international survey on the awareness, use, preference, and health perception of novel psychoactive substances (NPS). Hum Psychopharmacol. 2017 May;32(3):e2581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menezes PR, Johnson S, Thornicroft G, et al. Drug and alcohol problems among individuals with severe mental illness in south London. Br J Psychiatry. 1996 May;168(5):612–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright S, Gournay K, Glorney E, et al. Dual diagnosis in the suburbs: prevalence, need, and in-patient service use. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2000 Jul;35(7):297–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray R, Bressington D, Hughes E, et al. A systematic review of the effects of novel psychoactive substances ‘legal highs’ on people with severe mental illness. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2016 Jun;23(5):267–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes E, Bressington D, Sharratt K, et al. Novel psychoactive substance use by mental health service consumers: an online survey of inpatient health professionals’ views and experiences. Adv Dual Diag. 2018;1:30–39. doi:10.1108/ADD-07-2017-0008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assi S, Gulyamova N, Ibrahim K, et al. Profile, effects, and toxicity of novel psychoactive substances: a systematic review of quantitative studies. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2017 May;32:3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett KH, Hare HM, Waller RM, et al. Characteristics of NPS use in patients admitted to acute psychiatric services in Southeast Scotland: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis following public health interventions. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e015716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu X, Primack BA, Barnett TE, et al. College students and use of K2: an emerging drug of abuse in young persons. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2011;6:16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caviness CM, Tzilos G, Anderson BJ, et al. Synthetic cannabinoids: use and predictors in a community sample of young adults. Subst Abus. 2015;36:368–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunderson EW, Haughey HM, Ait-Daoud N, et al. A survey of synthetic cannabinoid consumption by current cannabis users. Subst Abus. 2014;2:184–189.
   Google Scholar
• Palamar JJ. “Bath salt” use among a nationally representative sample of high school seniors in the United States. Am J Addict. 2015;24:488–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mounsey SJ, Dargan PI, Stewart M, et al. Perceived risk of using novel psychoactive substances in school students: lower in users compared to non-users. J Subst Use. 2016;21:323–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penney J, Dargan PI, Padmore J, et al. Epidemiology of adolescent substance use in London schools. QJM. 2016;109:405–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goggin LS, Gately N, Bridle R. Novel psychoactive substance and other drug use by young adults in Western Australia. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2015 Apr-Jun;47(2):140–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinotti G, Lupi M, Acciavatti T, et al. Novel psychoactive substances in young adults with and without psychiatric comorbidities. Biomed Res Intern. 2014;1:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Martinotti G, Lupi M, Carlucci L, et al. Novel psychoactive substances: use and knowledge among adolescents and young adults in urban and rural areas. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2015 Jul;30(4):295–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vento AE, Martinotti G, Cinosi E, et al. Substance use in the club scene of Rome: a pilot study. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:617546.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palamar JJ, Acosta P, Sherman S, et al. Self-reported use of novel psychoactive substances among attendees of electronic dance music venues. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2016a Nov;42(6):624–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palamar JJ, Salomone A, Vincenti M, et al. Detection of “bath salts” and other novel psychoactive substances in hair samples of ecstasy/MDMA/”Molly” users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016b;161:200–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupi M, Martinotti G, Di Giannantonio M. Drunkorexia: an emerging trend in young adults. Eat Weight Disord. 2017 Dec;22(4):619–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palamar JJ, Acosta P, Ompad DC, et al. Self-reported Ecstasy/MDMA/”Molly” use in a sample of nightclub and dance festival attendees in New York City. Subst Use Misuse. 2017 Jan 2;52(1):82–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly BC, Wells BE, Pawson M, et al. Novel psychoactive drug use among younger adults involved in US nightlife scenes. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2013 Nov;32(6):588–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winstock AR, Lawn W, Deluca P, et al. Methoxetamine: an early report on the motivations for use, effect profile and prevalence of use in a UK clubbing sample. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2016 Mar;35(2):212–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood T. Novel psychoactive substances: how to understand the acute toxicity associated with the use of these substances. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;4(27):S541.
   Google Scholar
• Corkery JM, Orsolini L, Papanti D, et al. From concept(ion) to life after death/the grave: the ‘natural’ history and life cycle(s) of novel psychoactive substances (NPS). Hum Psychopharmacol. 2017 May;32:3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolliakou A, Ball M, Derczynski L, et al. Novel psychoactive substances: an investigation of temporal trends in social media and electronic health records. Eur Psychiatry. 2016 Oct;38:15–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey Z, Schifano F, Corazza O, et al. on behalf of the psychonaut web mapping group e-psychonauts. Conducting research in online drug forum communities. J Ment Health. 2012;3:86–94.
   Google Scholar
• Norman C, Lee GA. A snapshot of novel psychoactive substances (legal highs) use in London. Int Emerg Nurs. 2017;35:56–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loi B, Corkery JM, Claridge H, et al. Deaths of individuals aged 16–24 years in the UK after using mephedrone. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2015 Jul;30(4):225–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santacroce R, Ruiz Bennasar C, Sancho Jaraiz JR, et al. A matter of life and death: substance-caused and substance-related fatalities in Ibiza in 2015. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2017 May;32:3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamijo Y, Takai M, Fujita Y, et al. A multicenter retrospective survey of poisoning after consumption of products containing novel psychoactive substances from 2013 to 2014 in Japan. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2016 Sep;42(5):513–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley JL, Mogford DV, Lawrence RJ, et al. Use of novel psychoactive substances by inpatients on general adult psychiatric wards. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e009430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acciavatti T, Lupi M, Santacroce R, et al. Novel psychoactive substance consumption is more represented in bipolar disorder than in psychotic disorders: A multicenter-observational study. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2017 May;32:3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinotti G, Montemitro C, Corbo M, et al. Use of novel psychoactive substances and induced psychiatric symptoms: outcomes from the eivissa project. 25th European congress of psychiatry. Eur Psychiatry. 2017;41:S206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vearrier D, Osterhoudt KC. A teenager with agitation: higher that she could have climbed. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2010;26:462–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benford DM, Caplan JP. Psychiatric sequelae of spice, K2, and synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Psychosomatics. 2011;52(3):295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos D, Singh S, Thornton G, et al. Synthetic cannabinoid use: a case series of adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2011;49(4):347–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Every-Palmer S. Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: an explorative study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011 Sep 1;117(2–3):152–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurst D, Loeffler G, McLay R. Psychosis associated with synthetic cannabinoid agonists: A case series. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:1119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faircloth J, Khandheria B, Shum S. Case report: adverse reaction to synthetic marijuana. Am J Addictions. 2012;21:289–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oluwabusi OO, Lobach L, Akhtar U, et al. Synthetic cannabinoid-induced psychosis: two adolescent cases. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2012;22:393–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young AC, Medina G, Obafemi A, et al. Cardiotoxcity associated with the synthetic cannabinoid, K9, with laboratory confirmation. Am J Emergency Med. 2012;30:1320.e5–1320.e7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mensen VT, Vreeker A, Nordgren J, et al. Psychopathological symptoms associated with synthetic cannabinoid use: a comparison with natural cannabis. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2019 Sep;236(9):2677–2685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton SL, Lo J, Clark RF, et al. Simultaneous detection of multiple designer drugs in serum, urine, and CSF in a patient with prolonged psychosis. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2012;50(10):1165–1168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris CR, Brown A. Synthetic cannabinoid intoxication: a case series and review. J Emerg Med. 2013;44:360–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer TL, Collins M. A review of clinical manifestations in adolescent and young adults after use of synthetic cannabinoids. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2014;19(2):119–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besli GE, Ikiz MA, Yildirim S, et al. Synthetic cannabinoid abuse in adolescents: a case series. J Emerg Med. 2015;49(5):644–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberto AJ, Lorenzo A, Li KJ, et al. First-episode of synthetic cannabinoid-induced psychosis in a young adult, successfully managed with hospitalization and risperidone. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2016;2016:7257489.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ninnemann AL, Jeong Choi H, Stuart GL, et al. Longitudinal predictors of synthetic cannabinoid use in adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;139:4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilley M, Brent J, Calello DP, et al. Toxicology investigators consortium. synthetic cannabinoid exposure in adolescents presenting for emergency care. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018 Mar 12; 1. DOI:10.1097/PEC.0000000000001454.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan M, Pace L, Truong A, et al. Catatonia secondary to synthetic cannabinoid use in two patients with no previous psychosis. Am J Addict. 2016;25(1):25–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekulve K, Alexander A, Tormoehlen L. Seizures associated with synthetic cathinone exposures in the pediatric population. Pediatr Neurol. 2014;51(1):67–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guirguis A, Corkery JM, Stair JL, et al. Intended and unintended use of cathinone mixtures. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2017 May;32:3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Throckmorton DC, Gottlieb S, Woodcock J. The FDA and the next wave of drug abuse – proactive pharmacovigilance. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jul 19;379(3):205–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lally J, Higaya EE, Nisar Z, et al. Prevalence study of head shop drug usage in mental health services. Psychiatrist Online. 2013;37:44–48
   Google Scholar
• Ralphs R, Gray P. New psychoactive substances: new service provider challenges. Drugs Educ Prev Policy. 2018;25(4):301–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth BP, Daly A, Elmusharaf K, et al. Legislation targeting head shops selling new psychoactive substances and changes in drug-related psychiatric admissions: a national database study. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2019 Apr 4. DOI:10.1111/eip.12807.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Funada D, Matsumoto T, Tanibuchi Y, et al. Changes of clinical symptoms in patients with new psychoactive substance (NPS)-related disorders from fiscal year 2012 to 2014: a study in hospitals specializing in the treatment of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep. 2019 Jun;39(2):119–129.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar