633
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Sex differences in schizophrenia relevant to clinical care

ORCID Icon
Pages 443-453 | Received 05 Dec 2020, Accepted 02 Mar 2021, Published online: 16 Mar 2021

References

  • Ferrara M, Srihari VH. Early intervention for psychosis in the United States: tailoring services to improve care for women. Psychiatr Serv. 2021;72(1):5–6.
  • Orrico-Sánchez A, López-Lacort M, Muñoz-Quiles C, et al. Epidemiology of schizophrenia and its management over 8-years period using real-world data in Spain. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20:149.
  • Savilla M, Orfanos S, Bentall R, et al. The impact of gender on treatment effectiveness of body psychotherapy for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a secondary analysis of the NESS trial data. Psychiatry Res. 2017;247:73–78.
  • Iraji A, Faghiri A, Fu Z, et al. Multi-spatial scale dynamic interactions between functional sources reveal sex-specific changes in schizophrenia. bioRxiv. 2021. DOI:10.1101/2021.01.04.425222
  • Monte AS, Da Silva FER, Lima CNC, et al. Sex influences in the preventive effects of N-acetylcysteine in a two-hit animal model of schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol. 2020;34:125–136.
  • Borsboom D, Cramer AOJ, Kalis A. Brain disorders? Not really: why network structures block reductionism in psychopathology research. Behav Brain Sci. 2019;42:E2.
  • Caqueo-Urízar A, Fond G, Urzúa A, et al. Gender differences in schizophrenia: a multicentric study from three Latin-America countries. Psychiatry Res. 2018;266:65–71.
  • Hodes GE, Epperson CN. Sex differences in vulnerability and resilience to stress across the life span. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;86:421–432.
  • Arnold AP. A general theory of sexual differentiation. J Neurosci Res. 2017;95:291–300.
  • Cerase A, Pintacuda G, Tattermusch A, et al. Xist localization and function: new insights from multiple levels. Genome Biol. 2015;16:article #166.
  • Dace A. The great escape. Scientist. 2020;3:24–29.
  • Maschietto M, Bastos LC, Tahira AC, et al. Sex differences in DNA methylation of the cord blood are related to sex-bias psychiatric diseases. Sci Rep. 2017;7:44547.
  • Xia Y, Dai R, Wang K, et al. Sex-differential DNA methylation and associated regulation networks in human brain implicated in the sex-biased risks of psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry.Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:835-848.
  • DiPietro JA, Voegtline KM. The gestational foundation of sex differences in development and vulnerability. Neuroscience. 2017;342:4–20.
  • Ordonez AE, Loeb FF, Zhou X, et al. Lack of gender-related differences in childhood-onset schizophrenia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55:792–799.
  • Gao J, Xiu MH, Liu DY, et al. Interactive effect of MTHFR C677T polymorphism and sex on symptoms and cognitive functions in Chinese patients with chronic schizophrenia. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12:10290–10299.
  • De Castro-Catala M, Barrantes-Vidal N, Sheinbaum T, et al. COMT-by-sex interaction effect on psychosis proneness. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:829237.
  • Bristow GC, Bostrom JA, Haroutunian V, et al. Sex differences in GABAergic gene expression occur in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2015;167:57–63.
  • Sun Y, Hu D, Liang J, et al. Association between variants of zinc finger genes and psychiatric disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2015;162:124–137.
  • Chang H, Xiao X, Li M. The schizophrenia risk gene ZNF804A: clinical associations, biological mechanisms and neuronal functions. Mol Psychiatry. 2017;22:944–953.
  • Huang Y, Huang J, Zhou QX, et al. ZFP804A mutant mice display sex-dependent schizophrenia-like behaviors. Mol Psychiatry. 2020. DOI:10.1038/s41380-020-00972-4
  • De Castro-Catala M, Mora-Solano A, Kwapil TR, et al. The genome-wide associated candidate gene ZNF804A and psychosis-proneness: evidence of sex-modulated association. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0185072.
  • Petrilli MA, Kranz TM, Kleinhaus K, et al. The emerging role for zinc in depression and psychosis. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:414.
  • Perez-Becerril C, Morris AG, Mortimer A, et al. Common variants in the chromosome 2p23 region containing the SLC30A3 (ZnT3) gene are associated with schizophrenia in female but not male individuals in a large collection of European samples. Psychiatry Res. 2016;246:335–340.
  • Yang H, Li J, Ji A, et al. Methylation of the MAOA promoter is associated with schizophrenia. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8:864.
  • Zhang X, Li Y, Ma L, et al. A new sex-specific underlying mechanism for female schizophrenia: accelerated skewed X chromosome inactivation. Biol Sex Diff. 2020;11:39.
  • Iversen TSJ, Steen NE, Dieset I, et al. Side effect burden of antipsychotic drugs in real life – impact of gender and polypharmacy. Progress Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018;82:263–271.
  • Seeman MV. Men and women respond differently to antipsychotic drugs. Neuropharmacology. 2020;163:107631.
  • Franconi F, Campesi I. Sex impacts on biomarkers, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Curr Medicinal Chem. 2017;24:2561–2575.
  • Lai FTT, Guthrie B, Mercer SW, et al. Association between antipsychotic use and acute ischemic heart disease in women but not in men: a retrospective cohort study of over one million primary care patients. BMC Med. 2020;18:289.
  • Seeman MV. Schizophrenia psychosis in women. Women. 2021;1:1–15.
  • Kulkarni J, Butler S, Riecher-Rössler A. Estrogens and SERMS as adjunctive treatments for schizophrenia. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2019;53:100743.
  • Weickert TW, Weinberg D, Lenroot R, et al. Adjunctive raloxifene treatment improves attention and memory in men and women with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20:685–694.
  • Davies C, Segre G, Estradé A, et al. Prenatal and perinatal risk and protective factors for psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:399–410.
  • Lee YH, Cherkerzian S, Seidman LJ, et al. Maternal bacterial infection during pregnancy and offspring risk of psychotic disorders: variation by severity of infection and offspring sex. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177:66–75.
  • Ellman LM, Murphy SK, Maxwell SD, et al. Maternal cortisol during pregnancy and offspring schizophrenia: influence of fetal sex and timing of exposure. Schizophr Res. 2019;213:15–22.
  • Sommer I, Tiihonen J, Vn Mourik A, et al. The clinical course of schizophrenia in women and men—a nation-wide cohort study. NPJ Schizophr. 2020;6:12.
  • Hoffman A, Sportelli V, Ziller M, et al. Epigenomics of major depressive disorders and schizophrenia: early life decides. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:1711.
  • Costas-Carrera A, Garcia-Rizo C, Bitanihirwe B, et al. Obstetric complications and brain imaging in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimag. 2020;5:1077–1084.
  • Janecka M, Mill J, Basson M, et al. Advanced paternal age effects in neurodevelopmental disorders—review of potential underlying mechanisms. Transl Psychiatry. 2017;7:e1019.
  • Taylor CL, Munk-Olsen T, Howard LM, et al. Schizophrenia around the time of pregnancy: leveraging population-based health data and electronic health record data to fill knowledge gaps. B J Psych Open. 2020;6:e97.
  • Futyma-Jędrzejewska M, Drzał W, Karakuła-Juchnowicz H. Obstetric complications in women with schizophrenia. Curr Probl Psychiatry. 2018;19:192–208.
  • Heun-Johnson H, Seabury SA, Menchine M, et al. Association between maternal serious mental illness and adverse birth outcomes. J Perinatol. 2019;39:737–745.
  • Simoila L, Isometsä E, Gissler M, et al. Obstetric and perinatal health outcomes related to schizophrenia: a national register-based follow-up study among Finnish women born between 1965 and 1980 and their offspring. Eur Psychiatr. 2018;52:68–75.
  • Vigod SN, Fung K, Amartey A, et al. Maternal schizophrenia and adverse birth outcomes: what mediates the risk? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2020;55:561–570.
  • Choleris E, Galea LAM, Sohrabji F, et al. Sex differences in the brain: implications for behavioral and biomedical research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;85:85126–85145.
  • Van Erp TGM, Hibar DP, Rasmussen JM, et al. Subcortical brain volume abnormalities in 2028 individuals with schizophrenia and 2540 healthy controls via the ENIGMA consortium. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21:547–553.
  • Dietsche B, Kircher T, Falkenberg I. Structural brain changes in schizophrenia at different stages of the illness: a selective review of longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2017;51:500–508.
  • Roeske MJ, Konradi C, Heckers S, et al. Hippocampal volume and hippocampal neuron density, number and size in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of postmortem studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2020. DOI:10.1038/s41380-020-0853-y
  • Li T, Wang Q, Zhang J, et al. Brain-wide analysis of functional connectivity in first-episode and chronic stages of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2017;43:436–448.
  • Arachchi WE, Peng Y, Zhang X, et al. A systematic characterization of structural brain changes in schizophrenia. Neurosci Bull. 2020;36:1107–1122.
  • Kuo SS, Pogue-Geile MF. Variation in fourteen brain structure volumes in schizophrenia: a comprehensive meta-analysis of 246 studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;98:85–94.
  • Cancel A, Dallel A, Zine A, et al. Understanding the link between childhood trauma and schizophrenia: a systematic review of neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;107:492–504.
  • Kaczkurkin AN, Raznahan A, Satterthwaite TD. Sex differences in the developing brain: insights from multimodal neuroimaging. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019;44:71–85.
  • Forde NJ, Jeyachandra J, Joseph M, et al. Sex differences in variability of brain structure across the lifespan. Cereb Cortex. 2020;30:5420–5430.
  • Choleris E, Ruigrok ANV, Salimi-Khorshidi G, et al. A meta-analysis of sex differences in human brain structure. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;39:34–50.
  • Wierenga LM, Sexton JA, Laake P, et al. A key characteristic of sex differences in the developing brain: greater variability in brain structure of boys than girls. Cereb Cortex. 2018;28:2741–2751.
  • Gray H, Lyth A, McKenna C, et al. Sex differences in variability across nations in reading, mathematics and science: a meta‑analytic extension of Baye and Monseur (2016). Large-scale Assess Educ. 2019;7:2.
  • Cernis E, Vassos E, Brébion G, et al. Schizophrenia patients with high intelligence: a clinically distinct sub-type of schizophrenia? Eur Psychiatry. 2015;30:628–632.
  • David AS. Insight and psychosis: the next 30 years. Br J Psychiatry. 2019;217:521–523.
  • Lopez-Morinigo J-D, Di Forti M, Ajnakina-Benjamin O, et al. Insight and risk of suicidal behaviour in two first-episode psychosis cohorts: effects of previous suicide attempts and depression. Schizophr Res. 2019;204:80–89.
  • Schmutte T, Costa M, Hammer P, et al. Comparisons between suicide in persons with serious mental illness, other mental disorders, or no known mental illness: results from 37 U.S. states, 2003–2017. Schizophr Res. 2021;228:74–82.
  • Bucci P, Galderisi S, Mucci A, et al. Premorbid academic and social functioning in patients with schizophrenia and its associations with negative symptoms and cognition. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2018;138:253–266.
  • Horton LE, Tarbox SI, Olino TM, et al. Trajectories of premorbid childhood and adolescent functioning in schizophrenia-spectrum psychoses: a first-episode study. Psychiatry Res. 2015;227:339–346.
  • Ayesa-Arriola R, Setién-Suero E, Neergaard KD, et al. Premorbid IQ subgroups in first episode non-affective psychosis patients: long-term sex differences in function and neurocognition. Schizophr Res. 2018;197:370–377.
  • Stefanatou P, Karatosidi C-S, Tsompanaki E, et al. Premorbid adjustment predictors of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2018;267:249–255.
  • Satterthwaite TD, Vandekar S, Wolf DH, et al. Sex differences in the effect of puberty on hippocampal morphology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53:341–350.
  • Satterthwaite TD, Shinohara RT, Wolf DH, et al. Impact of puberty on the evolution of cerebral perfusion during adolescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111:8643–8648.
  • Brzezinski-Sinai N, Brzezinski A. Schizophrenia and sex hormones. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:693.
  • Damme KSF, Ristanovic I, Vargas T, et al. Timing of menarche and abnormal hippocampal connectivity in youth at clinical-high risk for psychosis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2020;117:104672.
  • Vosberg DE, Syme C, Parker N, et al. Sex continuum in the brain and body during adolescence and psychological traits. Nat Hum Behav. 2021;5:265-272.
  • Wang DM, Zhang GY, Du XD, et al. Sex differences in the prevalence and clinical features of comorbid depressive symptoms in never-treated Chinese patients with first-episode schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019;80:19m12780.
  • Murru A, Carpiniello B. Duration of untreated illness as a key to early intervention in schizophrenia. A Review Neurosci Lett. 2018;669:59–67.
  • Riecher-Rössler A, Butler S, Kulkarni J. Sex and gender differences in schizophrenic psychoses—a critical review. Archi Womens Ment Health. 2018;21:627–648.
  • Danaher H, Allott K, Killackey E, et al. An examination of sex differences in neurocognition and social cognition in first-episode psychosis. Psychiatry Res. 2018;259:36–43.
  • Ayesa-Arriola R, Oeriz-garcia De La Foz V, Setién-Suero E, et al. Understanding sex differences in long-term outcomes after a first episode of psychosis. NPJ Schizophr. 2020;6:33.
  • Chen X, Xu J, Li B, et al. Olfactory impairment in first-episode schizophrenia: a case-control study, and sex dimorphism in the relationship between olfactory impairment and psychotic symptoms. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18:199.
  • Lang XE, Zhu D, Zhang G, et al. Sex difference in association of symptoms and white matter deficits in first-episode and drug-naive schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8:281.
  • Menghini-Muller S, Studerus E, Ittig S, et al. Sex differences in cognitive functioning of patients at-risk for psychosis and healthy controls: results from the European Gene–Environment Interactions study. Eur Psychiatry. 2020;63:e25.
  • Del Cacho N, Butjos A, Vila-Badia R, et al. Prolactin levels in drug-naïve first episode nonaffective psychosis patients compared with healthy controls. Sex differences. Psychiatry Res. 2019;276:218–222.
  • Giatti S, Diviccaro S, Serafini MM, et al. Sex differences in steroid levels and steroidogenesis in the nervous system: physiopathological role. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2020;56:100804.
  • Misiak B, Frudecka D, Loska O, et al. Testosterone, DHEA and DHEA-S in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 2018;89:92–102.
  • Aggarwal S, Grover S, Chakrabarti S. A comparative study evaluating the marital and sexual functioning in patients with schizophrenia and depressive disorders. Asian J Psychiatr. 2019;39:128–134.
  • Tan B-L, Lee S-A, Lee J. Social cognitive interventions for people with schizophrenia: a systematic review. Asian J Psychiatr. 2018;35:115–131.
  • Seeman MV. Sexual exploitation of women with schizophrenia. Am Res J Addict Rehab. 2018;1:22–29.
  • Lozano M, Obiol MA, Peiro J, et al. Professional counseling in women with serious mental illness: achieving a shift toward a more effective contraceptive method. J Psychosomatic Obstet Gyne. 2020;12:1–7.
  • McCloskeyLR,Wisner KL, Cattan MK, et al. Contraception for women with psychiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry.2021;178:247-255.
  • Simoila L, Isometsä E, Gissler M, et al. Schizophrenia and induced abortions: a national register-based follow-up study among Finnish women born between 1965–1980 with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Schizophr Res. 2018;192:142–147.
  • Tozoglu EO, Aydin N, Yalcin SU, et al. Unintended and unwanted pregnancies in women with major psychiatric disorders: a cross-sectional comparative study. Psychiatry Clin Psychopharmacol. 2020;30:230–240.
  • Häfner H. What is schizophrenia? 25 years of research into schizophrenia - the Age Beginning Course study. World J Psychiatry. 2015;5:167–169.
  • Poltti M, Gebhardt E, Pelizza L, et al. Looking at intergenerational risk factors in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: new frontiers for early vulnerability identification? Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:566683.
  • Kohl J, Autry AE, Dulac C. The neurobiology of parenting: a neural circuit perspective. Bioessays. 2016;39:1600159.
  • Powell RM, Parish SL, Mitra M, et al. Responding to the needs of parents with psychiatric disabilities: insights from parent interviews. Law Ineq. 2020;38:69–114.
  • Kaplan K, Brusilovskiy E, O’Shea A, et al. Child protective service disparities and serious mental illnesses: results from a national survey. Psychiatr Serv. 2019;70:202–208.
  • Reupert A, Price-Robertson R, Maybery D. Parenting as a focus of recovery: a systematic review of current practice. Psychiatr Rehab J. 2017;40:361–370.
  • Van Der Ende PC, Van Busschbach JT, Nicholson J, et al. Strategies for parenting by mothers and fathers with a mental illness. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2016;23:86–97.
  • Björk Brämberg E, Torgerson J, Kjellström AN, et al. Access to primary and specialized somatic health care for persons with severe mental illness: a qualitative study of perceived barriers and facilitators in Swedish health care. BMC Fam Pract. 2018;19:12.
  • Šimunović Filipčić I, Filipčić I. Schizophrenia and physical comorbidity. Psychiatr Danub. 2018;30(Suppl 4):152–157.
  • Šimunović Filipčić I, Ivezic E, Jaksic N, et al. Gender differences in early onset of chronic physical multimorbidities in schizophrenia spectrum disorder: do women suffer more? Early Interv Psychiatry. 2020;14:418–427.
  • Doretto L, Chaves Mari F, Chaves AC. Polycystic ovary syndrome and psychotic disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:543.
  • González-Rodríguez A, Cobo J, Soria V, et al. Women undergoing hormonal treatments for infertility: a systematic review on psychopathology and newly diagnosed mood and psychotic Disorders. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:479.
  • Kim S, Kim K, Myung W, et al. Two-sample Mendelian randomization study for schizophrenia and breast cancer. Precis Future Med. 2020;4:21–30.
  • Lu D, Song J, Lu Y, et al. A shared genetic contribution to breast cancer and schizophrenia. Nat Commun. 2020;11:4637.
  • Petterson D, Gissler M, Hallgren J, et al. The overall and sex- and age-group specific incidence rates of cancer in people with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020;29:e132,1–9.
  • Gold SM, Willing A, Leypoldt F, et al. Sex differences in autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system. Seminars Immunopathol. 2019;4:177–188.
  • Jepperson R, Benros ME. Autoimmune diseases and psychotic disorders. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:131.
  • Ortona E, Pierdominici M, Maselli A, et al. Sex-based differences in autoimmune diseases. Ann Ist Super Sanità. 2016;52:205–212.
  • Case LK, Teuscher C. Y genetic variation and phenotypic diversity in health and disease. Biol Sex Differ. 2015;6:6.
  • Tesic A, Rodgers S, Müller M, et al. Sex differences in neurodevelopmental and common mental disorders examined from three epidemiological perspectives. Psychiatry Res. 2019;278:213–217.
  • Lee EE, Ancoli-Israel S, Eyler LT, et al. Sleep disturbances and inflammatory biomarkers in schizophrenia: focus on sex differences. Am J Geriatric Psychiatry. 2019;27:21–31.
  • Szaulińska K, Wichniak A. BMI-NECK: a simple assessment of risk of obstructive sleep apnea in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;125:33–37.
  • Bauters FA, Loof S, Hertegonne KB, et al. Sex-specific sleep apnea screening questionnaires: closing the performance gap in women. Sleep Med. 2020;67:91–98.
  • Won CHJ, Reid M, Sofer T, et al. Sex differences in obstructive sleep apnea phenotypes, the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Sleep. 2020;43:zsz274.
  • Schiza SE, Bouloukaki I. Does gender matter: sex-specific aspects of symptoms, outcome, and therapy of obstructive sleep apnea. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2020;26:642–649.
  • Anderson WD, Soh JY, Innis SE, et al. Sex differences in human adipose tissue gene expression and genetic regulation involve adipogenesis. Genome Res. 2020;30:1379–1392.
  • Mauvais-Jarvis F. Sex differences in metabolic homeostasis, diabetes, and obesity. Biol Sex Differ. 2015;6:14.
  • Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. The sexual dimorphism of obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015;402:113–119.
  • Bracht J, Vieira-Potter VJ, De Souza Santos R, et al. The role of estrogens in the adipose tissue milieu. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2020;1461:127–143.
  • Lumish HS, O’Reilly M, Reilly MP. Sex differences in genomic drivers of adipose distribution and related cardiometabolic disorders. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40:45–60.
  • Correll CU, Joffe BI, Rosen LM, et al. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors and events associated with second-generation antipsychotic compared to antidepressant use in a non-elderly adult sample: results from a claims-based inception cohort study. World Psychiatry. 2015;14:56–63.
  • Lazzari C, Shoka A, Papanna B, et al. Long-term weight gain and prevalence of obesity in general adult psychiatric inpatients. Am J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2018;6:86–94.
  • Ronaldson A, Elton L, Jayakumar S, et al. Severe mental illness and health service utilisation for nonpsychiatric medical disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2020;17:e1003284.
  • Janney CA, Ganguli R, Tang G, et al. Physical activity and sedentary behavior measured objectively and subjectively in overweight and obese adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76:e1277–1284.
  • Teasdale SB, Ward PB, Samaras K, et al. Dietary intake of people with severe mental illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2019;214:251–259.
  • Annamalai A, Kosir U, Tek C. Prevalence of obesity and diabetes in patients with schizophrenia. World J Diabetes. 2017;8:390–396.
  • Ortega FB, Lavie CJ, Blair SN. Obesity and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2016;118:1752–1770.
  • Avgerinos KI, Spyrou N, Mantzoros CS, et al. Obesity and cancer risk: emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives. Metabolism. 2019;92:121–135.
  • Seeman MV. Obesity in schizophrenia. J Obesity Manag. 2016;1:10–24.
  • Castillo-Sanchez M, Fabregas-Escurriola M, Berge-Baquero D, et al. Screening of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with schizophrenia and patients treated with antipsychotic drugs: are we equally exhaustive as with the general population? Clin Exp Hypertens. 2017;39:441–447.
  • Drew RJ, Morgan PJ, Pollock ER, et al. Impact of male‐only lifestyle interventions on men’s mental health: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Rev. 2020;21:e13014.
  • Liu L, Wen Y, Ning Y, et al. A trans‑ethnic two‑stage polygenetic scoring analysis detects genetic correlation between osteoporosis and schizophrenia. Clin Trans Med. 2020;9:21.
  • Chen C-Y, Lane H-Y, Lin C-H. Effects of antipsychotics on bone mineral density in patients with schizophrenia: gender differences. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2016;14:238–249.
  • Lally J, Bin Sahl A, Murphy KC. Serum prolactin and bone marrow density in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2019;17:333–342.
  • Seeman MV.. Psychosis and physical comorbidity. In: Chandra P, Herrman H, Fisher J,editors. Mental health and illness of women. mental health and illness worldwide. Singapore: Springer; 2019. p. 1–28.
  • González-Rodríguez A, Labad J, Seeman MV. Schizophrenia and cancer. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2020;14:232–238.
  • Perry A, Lawrence V, Henderson C. Stigmatisation of those with mental health conditions in the acute general hospital setting. A qualitative framework synthesis. Soc Sci Med. 2020;255:112974.
  • Westergaard D, Moseley P, Sørup F, et al. Population-wide analysis of differences in disease progression patterns in men and women. Nat Commun. 2019;10:666.
  • Jonas KG, Fochtmann LJ, Perlman G, et al. Lead-time bias confounds association between duration of untreated psychosis and illness course in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177:327–334.
  • Palaniyappan L, Krishnadas R. Treatment delay in early psychosis; not a linear problem. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:563–565.
  • Alcalde-Rubio L, Hernández-Aguado I, Parker LA, et al. Gender disparities in clinical practice: are there any solutions? Scoping review of interventions to overcome or reduce gender bias in clinical practice. Int J Equity Health. 2020;19:166.
  • Azuar C, Samama D. [Psychosis, at the border of psychiatry]. Annales Médico-psychologiques. 2016;174:135–139.
  • Olivia M, Muñoz-Aguirre M, Kim-Helmuth S. The impact of sex on gene expression across human tissues. Science. 2020;369:eaba3066.
  • Goldstein JM, Cherkerzian S, Seidman LJ, et al. Prenatal maternal immune disruption and sex-dependent risk for psychoses. Psychol Med. 2014;44:3249–3261.
  • Nasar S. A beautiful mind. NYC: NYC, Simon & Shuster; 1998.
  • Vancampfort D, Firth J, Correll C, et al. The impact of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to improve physical health outcomes in people with schizophrenia: a meta-review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Focus. 2020;19:116–128.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.