Food for thought: the emerging role of a ketogenic diet in Alzheimer’s disease management

References

• Ulamek-Koziol M, Pluta R. To treat or not to treat Alzheimer’s disease by the ketogenic diet? That is the question. Neural Regen Res. 2020;15:857–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cremonini AL, Caffa I, Cea M, et al. Nutrients in the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:9874159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Włodarek D. Role of ketogenic diets in neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease). Nutrients. 2019;11:169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chornenkyy Y, Wang W, Wei A, et al. Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus are distinct diseases with potential overlapping metabolic dysfunction upstream of observed cognitive decline. Brain Pathol. 2019;29:3–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koepsell H. Glucose transporters in brain in health and disease. Pflügers Arch - Eur J Physiol. 2020;472:1299–1343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broom GM, Shaw IC, Rucklidge JJ. The ketogenic diet as a potential treatment and prevention strategy for Alzheimer’s disease. Nutrition. 2019;60:118–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kossoff EH, Hartman AL. Ketogenic diets: new advances for metabolismbased therapies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2012;25:173–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagpal R, Neth BJ, Wang S, et al. Modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet modulates gut microbiome and short-chain fatty acids in association with Alzheimer’s disease markers in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. EBioMedicine. 2019;47:529–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips MCL, Deprez LM, Mortimer GMN, et al. Randomized crossover trial of a modified ketogenic diet in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2021;13:51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernini A, Masoodi M, Solari D, et al. Modulation of cerebral ketone metabolism following traumatic brain injury in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2020;40:177–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor MK, Sullivan DK, Mahnken JD, et al. Feasibility and efficacy data from a ketogenic diet intervention in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement Transl Res Clin Interv. 2018;4:28–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grammatikopoulou MG, Goulis DG, Gkiouras K, et al. To keto or not to keto? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of ketogenic therapy on Alzheimer disease. Adv Nutr. 2020;11:1583–1602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neth BJ, Mintz A, Whitlow C, et al. Modified ketogenic diet is associated with improved cerebrospinal fluid biomarker profile, cerebral perfusion, and cerebral ketone body uptake in older adults at risk for Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot study. Neurobiol Aging. 2020;86:54–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Q, Zhang Y, Zhang X, et al. Medium-chain triglycerides improved cognition and lipid metabolomics in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease patients with APOE4-/-: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Clin Nutr. 2020;39:2092–2105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fortier M, Castellano C-A, Croteau E, et al. A ketogenic drink improves brain energy and some measures of cognition in mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2019;15:625–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortier M, Castellano C, St‐Pierre V, et al. A ketogenic drink improves cognition in mild cognitive impairment: results of a 6‐month RCT. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2020. DOI:10.1002/alz.12206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newport MT, VanItallie TB, Kashiwaya Y, et al. A new way to produce hyperketonemia: use of ketone ester in a case of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11:99–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrill SJ, Gibas KJ. Ketogenic diet rescues cognition in ApoE4+ patient with mild Alzheimer’s disease: a case study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2019;13:1187–1191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the national institute on aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2011;7:263–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zupo R, Castellana F, Bortone I, et al. Nutritional domains in frailty tools: working towards an operational definition of nutritional frailty. Ageing Res Rev. 2020;64:101148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders CL, Wengreen HJ, Schwartz S, et al. Nutritional status is associated with severe dementia and mortality. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2018;32:298–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chawla S, Tessarolo Silva F, Amaral Medeiros S, et al. The effect of low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets on weight loss and lipid levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2020;12:3774.
   Google Scholar
• Batch JT, Lamsal SP, Adkins M, et al. Advantages and disadvantages of the ketogenic diet: a review article. Cureus. 2020. DOI:10.7759/cureus.9639.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor MK, Swerdlow RH, Burns JM, et al. An experimental ketogenic diet for Alzheimer disease was nutritionally dense and rich in vegetables and avocado. Curr Dev Nutr. 2019;3:nzz003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang HC, Chung DE, Kim DW, et al. Early- and late-onset complications of the ketogenic diet for intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2004;45:1116–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obokata M, Negishi K, Sunaga H, et al. Association between circulating ketone bodies and worse outcomes in hemodialysis patients. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu S, Tao H, Cao W, et al. Ketogenic diets inhibit mitochondrial biogenesis and induce cardiac fibrosis. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6:54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway CJ, Cochlin LE, Emmanuel Y, et al. A high-fat diet impairs cardiac high-energy phosphate metabolism and cognitive function in healthy human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93:748–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar