A critical review of the neurovascular nature of migraine and the main mechanisms of action of prophylactic antimigraine medications

References

• IHS. Headache Classification. Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICHD. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalalgia. 2013;33(9):629–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pei JH, Wang XL, Yu Y, et al. Prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt in patients with migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2020;277(253–259). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.019.
   Google Scholar
• Andreou AP, Edvinsson L. Mechanisms of migraine as a chronic evolutive condition. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buse DC, Reed ML, Fanning KM, et al. Comorbid and co-occurring conditions in migraine and associated risk of increasing headache pain intensity and headache frequency: results of the migraine in America symptoms and treatment (MAST) study. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozo-Rosich P, Coppola G, Pascual J, et al. How does the brain change in chronic migraine? Developing disease biomarkers. Cephalalgia. 2021;41(5):613–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavestro C, Richetta L, L’Episcopo MR, et al. Anatomical variants of the circle of willis and brain lesions in migraineurs. Can J Neurol Sci. 2011;38(3):494–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cucchiara B, Detre J. Migraine and circle of Willis anomalies. Med Hypotheses. 2008;70(4):860–865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cucchiara B, Wolf RL, Nagae L, et al. Migraine with aura is associated with an incomplete circle of willis: results of a prospective observational study. PloS One. 2013;8(7):e71007–e71007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warfvinge K, Krause DN, Maddahi A, et al. Estrogen receptors α, β and GPER in the CNS and trigeminal system - molecular and functional aspects. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villalón CM, Centurión D, Valdivia LF, et al. Migraine: pathophysiology, pharmacology, treatment and future trends. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2003;1(1):71–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzalez-Hernandez A, Marichal-Cancino BA, MaassenVanDenBrink A, et al. Side effects associated with current and prospective antimigraine pharmacotherapies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2018;14(1):25–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dib M. Optimizing prophylactic treatment of migraine: subtypes and patient matching. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008;4(5):1061–1078.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• González-Hernández A, Condés-Lara M, García-Boll E, et al. An outlook on the trigeminovascular mechanisms of action and side effects concerns of some potential neuropeptidergic antimigraine therapies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2021;17(2):179–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Hernández A, Marichal-Cancino BA, García-Boll E, et al. The locus of Action of CGRPergic Monoclonal Antibodies Against Migraine: peripheral Over Central Mechanisms. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2020;19(5):344–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Ajona D, Villar-Martínez MD, Goadsby PJ. Targets for migraine treatment: beyond calcitonin gene-related peptide. Curr Opin Neurol. 2021;34(3):363–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera-Mancilla E, Villalón CM, MaassenVanDenBrink A. CGRP inhibitors for migraine prophylaxis: a safety review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2020;19(10):1237–1250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villalón CM, Olesen J. The role of CGRP in the pathophysiology of migraine and efficacy of CGRP receptor antagonists as acute antimigraine drugs. Pharmacol Ther. 2009;124(3):309–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villalón CM, VanDenBrink AM. The Role of 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the Pathophysiology of Migraine and its Relevance to the Design of Novel Treatments. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2017;17(11):928–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra R. Understanding migraine: potential role of neurogenic inflammation. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2016;19(2):175–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strother LC, Srikiatkhachorn A, Supronsinchai W. Targeted Orexin and Hypothalamic Neuropeptides for Migraine. Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15(2):377–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waschek JA, Baca SM, PACAP AS. and migraine headache: immunomodulation of neural circuits in autonomic ganglia and brain parenchyma. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Tommaso M, Ambrosini A, Brighina F, et al. Altered processing of sensory stimuli in patients with migraine. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(3):144–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles A. Migraine is not primarily a vascular disorder. Cephalalgia. 2012;32(5):431–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreone BJ, Lacoste B, Gu C. Neuronal and vascular interactions. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2015;38(25–46). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-033835
   Google Scholar
• Byrne JV. Control of Cerebral Blood Flow. In: Tutorials in Endovascular Neurosurgery and Interventional Neuroradiology. Cham: Springer: Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2017. p. 91–108.
   Google Scholar
• Sheng Y, Zhu L. The crosstalk between autonomic nervous system and blood vessels. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol. 2018;10(1):17–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daneman R, Prat A. The blood-brain barrier. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015;7(1):a020412–a020412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalsoum E, Leclerc X, Drizenko A, et al. Circle of Willis. In: Aminoff MJ, Daroff RB, editors. Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences. (Second ed. Oxford: Academic Press; 2014. p. 803–805.
   Google Scholar
• Oh W-J GC. Establishment of neurovascular congruency in the mouse whisker system by an independent patterning mechanism. Neuron. 2013;80(2):458–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang N, Chen C-F. Clinical observation of the effect of prophylaxis on allodynia in patients with migraine. J Pain Res. 2018;11(2721–2728). DOI:https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S172976
   Google Scholar
• Bowyer SM, Mason KM, Moran JE, et al. Cortical hyperexcitability in migraine patients before and after sodium valproate treatment. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2005;22(1):65–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaillard WD, Zeffiro T, Fazilat S, et al. Effect of valproate on cerebral metabolism and blood flow: an 18F-2-deoxyglucose and 15O water positron emission tomography study. Epilepsia. 1996;37(6):515–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khani S, Hejazi SA, Yaghoubi M, et al. Comparative study of magnesium, sodium valproate, and concurrent magnesium-sodium valproate therapy in the prevention of migraine headaches: a randomized controlled double-blind trial. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter F, Mikulik O, Ebersberger A, et al. Noradrenergic agonists and antagonists influence migration of cortical spreading depression in rat-a possible mechanism of migraine prophylaxis and prevention of postischemic neuronal damage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2005;25(9):1225–1235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurauchi Y, Haruta M, Tanaka R, et al. Propranolol prevents cerebral blood flow changes and pain-related behaviors in migraine model mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019;508(2):445–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener HC, Scholz E, Dichgans J, et al. Central effects of drugs used in migraine prophylaxis evaluated by visual evoked potentials. Ann Neurol. 1989;25(2):125–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerwig M, Niehaus L, Stude P, et al. Beta-blocker migraine prophylaxis affects the excitability of the visual cortex as revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Headache Pain. 2012;13(1):83–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebestreit JM, May A. The enigma of site of action of migraine preventives: no effect of metoprolol on trigeminal pain processing in patients and healthy controls. J Headache Pain. 2017;18(1):116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neeb L, Hellen P, Hoffmann J, et al. Methylprednisolone blocks interleukin 1 beta induced calcitonin gene related peptide release in trigeminal ganglia cells. J Headache Pain. 2016;17(1):19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerezoudis NP, Olgart L, Edwall L. Evans blue extravasation in rat dental pulp and oral tissues induced by electrical stimulation of the inferior alveolar nerve. Arch Oral Biol. 1993;38(10):893–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karam MC, Merckbawi R, Salman S, et al. Atenolol Reduces Leishmania major-Induced Hyperalgesia and TNF-α Without Affecting IL-1β or Keratinocyte Derived Chemokines (KC). Front Pharmacol. 2016;7(22–22). DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2016.00022
   Google Scholar
• Mitsikostas DD, Knight YE, Lasalandra M, et al. Triptans attenuate capsaicin-induced CREB phosphorylation within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis: a mechanism to prevent central sensitization? J Headache Pain. 2011;12(4):411–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann O, Keilwerth N, Bille MB, et al. Triptans reduce the inflammatory response in bacterial meningitis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2002;22(8):988–996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaube H, Katsarava Z, Przywara S, et al. Acute migraine headache: possible sensitization of neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus? Neurology. 2002;58(8):1234–1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajhashemi V, Minaiyan M, Banafshe HR, et al. The anti-inflammatory effects of venlafaxine in the rat model of carrageenan-induced paw edema. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2015;18(7):654–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y, Kwon SY, Jung HS, et al. Amitriptyline inhibits the MAPK/ERK and CREB pathways and proinflammatory cytokines through A3AR activation in rat neuropathic pain models. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2019;72(1):60–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremer M, Yalcin I, Goumon Y, et al. A Dual Noradrenergic Mechanism for the Relief of Neuropathic Allodynia by the Antidepressant Drugs Duloxetine and Amitriptyline. J Neurosci. 2018;38(46):9934–9954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mecklenburg J, Raffaelli B, Neeb L, et al. The potential of lasmiditan in migraine. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2020;13:1756286420967847.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xavier AS, Lakshmanan M, Gunaseelan V. The Journey of the Non-Vascular Relief for Migraine: from ‘Triptans’ To ‘Ditans.’ Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2017;12(1):36–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labastida-Ramírez A, Rubio-Beltrán E, Haanes KA, et al. Lasmiditan inhibits calcitonin gene-related peptide release in the rodent trigeminovascular system. Pain. 2020;161(5):1092–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shevel E. The extracranial vascular theory of migraine: an artificial controversy. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2011;118(4):525–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shevel E. Arterial surgery for sporadic hemiplegic migraine: preliminary results. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;52(5):405–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shevel E. A method for determining when the superficial scalp arteries are the source of migraine pain. S Afr Med J. 2017;107(8):691–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadry H, Noorani B, Cucullo L. A blood–brain barrier overview on structure, function, impairment, and biomarkers of integrity. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2020;17(1):69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tietjen GE, Khubchandani J. Vascular biomarkers in migraine. Cephalalgia. 2015;35(2):95–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs B, Dussor G. Neurovascular contributions to migraine: moving beyond vasodilation. Neuroscience. 2016;338(130–144). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.012.
   Google Scholar
• Chen SP, Chang YA, Chou CH, et al. Circulating microRNAs Associated With Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome. Ann Neurol. 2021;89(3):459–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronaldson PT, Davis TP. Regulation of blood-brain barrier integrity by microglia in health and disease: a therapeutic opportunity. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2020;40(1_suppl):S6–s24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorin E, Atkinson J. Modulation by the endothelium of sympathetic vasoconstriction in an in vitro preparation of the rat tail artery. Br J Pharmacol. 1994;111(1):351–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Covarrubias L, Slosky LM, Thompson BJ, et al. Transporters at CNS barrier sites: obstacles or opportunities for drug delivery? Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(10):1422–1449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma-m A-K, Hansen JM, Severinsen J, et al. The K(ATP) channel in migraine pathophysiology: a novel therapeutic target for migraine. J Headache Pain. 2017;18(1):90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans DC, O’Connor D, Lake BG, et al. Eletriptan metabolism by human hepatic CYP450 enzymes and transport by human P-glycoprotein. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003;31(7):861–869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozniewska E, Romaniuk K. Vasopressin in vascular regulation and water homeostasis in the brain. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008;59(Suppl 8):109–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solár P, Zamani A, Kubíčková L, et al. Choroid plexus and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in disease. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2020;17(1):35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gankam Kengne F, Decaux G. Hyponatremia and the Brain. Kidney Int Rep. 2017;3(1):24–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DosSantos MF, Holanda-Afonso RC, Lima RL, et al. The role of the blood-brain barrier in the development and treatment of migraine and other pain disorders. Front Cell Neurosci. 2014;8(302–302). DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2014.00302
   Google Scholar
• Lossinsky AS, Shivers RR. Structural pathways for macromolecular and cellular transport across the blood-brain barrier during inflammatory conditions. Review. Histol Histopathol. 2004;19(2):535–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waeber C, Moskowitz MA. Migraine as an inflammatory disorder. Neurology. 2005;64(10 Suppl 2):S9–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burstein R, Noseda R, Borsook D. Migraine: multiple processes, complex pathophysiology. J Neurosci. 2015;35(17):6619–6629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yekkalam N, Wänman A. Association between signs of hyperalgesia and reported frequent pain in jaw-face and head. Acta Odontol Scand. 2021;79(3):188–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edvinsson JCA, Viganò A, Alekseeva A, et al. The fifth cranial nerve in headaches. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baliki MN, Schnitzer TJ, Bauer WR, et al. Brain morphological signatures for chronic pain. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e26010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maleki N, Becerra L, Brawn J, et al. Common hippocampal structural and functional changes in migraine. Brain Struct Funct. 2013;218(4):903–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprenger T, Borsook D. Migraine changes the brain: neuroimaging makes its mark. Curr Opin Neurol. 2012;25(3):252–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hougaard A, Amin FM, Christensen CE, et al. Increased brainstem perfusion, but no blood-brain barrier disruption, during attacks of migraine with aura. Brain. 2017;140(6):1633–1642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YS, Kim M, Choi SH, et al. Altered Vascular Permeability in Migraine-associated Brain Regions: evaluation with Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MRI. Radiology. 2019;292(3):713–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan RP, Gross NB, Sweeney MD, et al. Evidence that blood–CSF barrier transport, but not inflammatory biomarkers, change in migraine, while CSF sVCAM1 associates with migraine frequency and CSF fibrinogen. Headache. 2021;61(3):536–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hostetler E, Joshi A, Sanabria-Bohórquez S, et al. In Vivo Quantification of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Occupancy by Telcagepant in Rhesus Monkey and Human Brain Using the Positron Emission Tomography Tracer [11C]MK-4232. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2013;347(478–486). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.113.206458.
   Google Scholar
• Edvinsson L, Warfvinge K. Recognizing the role of CGRP and CGRP receptors in migraine and its treatment. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(3):366–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskowitz MA. Holes in the leaky migraine blood–brain barrier hypothesis? Brain. 2017;140(6):1537–1539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan KC, Charles A. An update on the blood vessel in migraine. Curr Opin Neurol. 2010;23(3):266–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamel E. Perivascular nerves and the regulation of cerebrovascular tone. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006;100(3):1059–1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marichal-Cancino BA, González-Hernández A, MaassenVanDenBrink A, et al. Potential Mechanisms Involved in Palmitoylethanolamide-Induced Vasodepressor Effects in Rats. J Vasc Res. 2020;57(3):152–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amiya E, Watanabe M, Komuro I. The Relationship between Vascular Function and the Autonomic Nervous System. Ann Vasc Dis. 2014;7(2):109–119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marichal-Cancino BA, González-Hernández A, Muñoz-Islas E, et al. Monoaminergic Receptors as Modulators of the Perivascular Sympathetic and Sensory CGRPergic Outflows. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2020;18(9):790–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruit MC, Launer LJ, Ferrari MD, et al. Infarcts in the posterior circulation territory in migraine. The population-based MRI CAMERA study. Brain. 2005;128(9):2068–2077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayata C. Spreading Depression and Neurovascular Coupling. Stroke. 2013;44(6_suppl_1):S87–S89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negro A, Seidel JL, Houben T, et al. Acute sleep deprivation enhances susceptibility to the migraine substrate cortical spreading depolarization. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guiou M, Sheth S, Nemoto M, et al. Cortical spreading depression produces long-term disruption of activity-related changes in cerebral blood volume and neurovascular coupling. J Biomed Opt. 2005;10(1):11004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schain AJ, Melo-Carrillo A, Stratton J, et al. CSD-Induced Arterial Dilatation and Plasma Protein Extravasation Are Unaffected by Fremanezumab: implications for CGRP’s Role in Migraine with Aura. J Neurosci. 2019;39(30):6001–6011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai YH, Huang YC, Huang LT, et al. Cervical Noninvasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Migraine and Cluster Headache: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuromodulation. 2020;23(6):721–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarnitsky D, Goor-Aryeh I, Bajwa ZH, et al. 2003 Wolff Award: possible parasympathetic contributions to peripheral and central sensitization during migraine. Headache. 2003;43(7):704–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Magro N, Negredo P, Martin YB, et al. Modulation of mechanosensory vibrissal responses in the trigeminocervical complex by stimulation of the greater occipital nerve in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AAN. Appendix A: summary of Evidence-based Guideline for Clinicians, Update: pharmacologic Treatment for Episodic Migraine Prevention in Adults. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015;21(4 Headache):1165–1166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AAN. Appendix B: summary of Evidence-based Guideline for Clinicians, Update: nSAIDs and Other Complementary Treatments for Episodic Migraine Prevention in Adults. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015;21(4 Headache):1167–1168.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holland S, Sd S, Freitag F, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: nSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology. 2012;78(17):1346–1353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajapakse T, Pringsheim T. Nutraceuticals in Migraine: a Summary of Existing Guidelines for Use. Headache. 2016;56(4):808–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipton RB, Bigal ME, Diamond M, et al. Migraine prevalence, disease burden, and the need for preventive therapy. Neurology. 2007;68(5):343–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprenger T, Viana M, Tassorelli C. Current Prophylactic Medications for Migraine and Their Potential Mechanisms of Action. Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15(2):313–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spierings EL. Mechanism of migraine and action of antimigraine medications. Med Clin North Am. 2001;85(4):943–958, vi–vii.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang C, Unekawa M, Kitagawa S, et al. Cortical spreading depolarisation-induced facial hyperalgesia, photophobia and hypomotility are ameliorated by sumatriptan and olcegepant. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):11408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayata C, Jin H, Kudo C, et al. Suppression of cortical spreading depression in migraine prophylaxis. Ann Neurol. 2006;59(4):652–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li F, Qiu E, Dong Z, et al. Protection of flunarizine on cerebral mitochondria injury induced by cortical spreading depression under hypoxic conditions. J Headache Pain. 2011;12(1):47–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogdanov VB, Multon S, Chauvel V, et al. Migraine preventive drugs differentially affect cortical spreading depression in rat. Neurobiol Dis. 2011;41(2):430–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tozzi A, de Iure A, Di Filippo M, et al. Critical role of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors in cortical spreading depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(46):18985–18990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Coba P, Bruehl S, del Paso GAR. Slowly repeated evoked pain (SREP) as a central sensitization marker in episodic migraine patients. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):4582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma A, Jain S, Majid A, et al. Central and peripheral processes in headache. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2018;12(2):142–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainero C, Boshyan J, Hadjikhani N. Altered functional magnetic resonance imaging resting-state connectivity in periaqueductal gray networks in migraine. Ann Neurol. 2011;70(5):838–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tso AR, Trujillo A, Guo CC, et al. The anterior insula shows heightened interictal intrinsic connectivity in migraine without aura. Neurology. 2015;84(10):1043–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadjikhani N, Ward N, Boshyan J, et al. The missing link: enhanced functional connectivity between amygdala and visceroceptive cortex in migraine. Cephalalgia. 2013;33(15):1264–1268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoki KR. Evidence for antinociceptive activity of botulinum toxin type A in pain management. Headache. 2003;43(Suppl 1):S9–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolly JO, Aoki KR. The structure and mode of action of different botulinum toxins. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13(Suppl 4):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edvinsson J, Warfvinge K, Edvinsson L. Modulation of inflammatory mediators in the trigeminal ganglion by botulinum neurotoxin type A: an organ culture study. J Headache Pain. 2015;16(555). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-0555-z
   Google Scholar
• Ramadan NM. Current Trends in Migraine Prophylaxis. Headache. 2007;47(s1):S52–S57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer N, Signoret-Genest J, Artola A, et al. Propranolol treatment prevents chronic central sensitization induced by repeated dural stimulation. Pain. 2017;158(10):2025–2034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melo-Carrillo A, Noseda R, Nir RR, et al. Selective Inhibition of Trigeminovascular Neurons by Fremanezumab: a Humanized Monoclonal Anti-CGRP Antibody. J Neurosci. 2017;37(30):7149–7163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boćkowski L, Sobaniec W, Zelazowska-Rutkowska B. Proinflammatory plasma cytokines in children with migraine. Pediatr Neurol. 2009;41(1):17–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira AB, Bachi ALL, Ribeiro RT, et al. Unbalanced plasma TNF-α and IL-12/IL-10 profile in women with migraine is associated with psychological and physiological outcomes. J Neuroimmunol. 2017;313(138–144). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.09.008
   Google Scholar
• Hirfanoglu T, Serdaroglu A, Gulbahar O, et al. Prophylactic drugs and cytokine and leptin levels in children with migraine. Pediatr Neurol. 2009;41(4):281–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson DJ, Hargreaves RJ. Neurogenic inflammation in the context of migraine. Microsc Res Tech. 2001;53(3):167–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peroutka SJ. Neurogenic inflammation and migraine: implications for the therapeutics. Mol Interv. 2005;5(5):304–311.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williamson DJ, Hargreaves RJ, Hill RG, et al. Sumatriptan inhibits neurogenic vasodilation of dural blood vessels in the anaesthetized rat–intravital microscope studies. Cephalalgia. 1997;17(4):525–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Akerman S, van den Maagdenberg AM, et al. Intravital microscopy on a closed cranial window in mice: a model to study trigeminovascular mechanisms involved in migraine. Cephalalgia. 2006;26(11):1294–1303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzzi MG, Carter WB, Shimizu T, et al. Dihydroergotamine and sumatriptan attenuate levels of CGRP in plasma in rat superior sagittal sinus during electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion. Neuropharmacology. 1991;30(11):1193–1200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson DJ, Hill RG, Shepheard SL, et al. The anti-migraine 5-HT(1B/1D) agonist rizatriptan inhibits neurogenic dural vasodilation in anaesthetized guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol. 2001;133(7):1029–1034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marichal-Cancino BA, González-Hernández A, Manrique-Maldonado G, et al. Intrathecal dihydroergotamine inhibits capsaicin-induced vasodilatation in the canine external carotid circulation via GR127935- and rauwolscine-sensitive receptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 2012;692(1–3):69–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cernuda-Morollón E, Ramón C, Martínez-Camblor P, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA decreases interictal CGRP plasma levels in patients with chronic migraine. Pain. 2015;156(5):820–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Lian Y, Zhang H, et al. CGRP Plasma Levels Decrease in Classical Trigeminal Neuralgia Patients Treated with Botulinum Toxin Type A: a Pilot Study. Pain Med. 2020;21(8):1611–1615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacković Z, Filipović B, Matak I, et al. Activity of botulinum toxin type A in cranial dura: implications for treatment of migraine and other headaches. Br J Pharmacol. 2016;173(2):279–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor K, Arulmani U, Heiligers JPC, et al. Effects of the CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS on capsaicin-induced carotid haemodynamic changes in anaesthetised pigs. Br J Pharmacol. 2003;140(2):329–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villalón CM, Galicia-Carreón J, González-Hernández A, et al. Pharmacological evidence that spinal α(2C)- and, to a lesser extent, α(2A)-adrenoceptors inhibit capsaicin-induced vasodilatation in the canine external carotid circulation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2012;683(1–3):204–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz-Islas E, Lozano-Cuenca J, González-Hernández A, et al. Spinal sumatriptan inhibits capsaicin-induced canine external carotid vasodilatation via 5-HT1B rather than 5-HT1D receptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009;615(1–3):133–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz-Islas E, González-Hernández A, Lozano-Cuenca J, et al. Inhibitory effect of chronic oral treatment with fluoxetine on capsaicin-induced external carotid vasodilatation in anaesthetised dogs. Cephalalgia. 2015;35(12):1041–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, et al. Valproate (valproic acid or sodium valproate or a combination of the two) for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;6:Cd010611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, et al. Topiramate for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2013(6):Cd010610.
   Google Scholar
• Freitag FG. Divalproex sodium extended-release for the prophylaxis of migraine headache. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2003;4(9):1573–1578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodick DW, Freitag F, Banks J, et al. Topiramate versus amitriptyline in migraine prevention: a 26-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group noninferiority trial in adult migraineurs. Clin Ther. 2009;31(3):542–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zona C, Ciotti MT, Avoli M. Topiramate attenuates voltage-gated sodium currents in rat cerebellar granule cells. Neurosci Lett. 1997;231(3):123–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curia G, Aracri P, Colombo E, et al. Phosphorylation of sodium channels mediated by protein kinase-C modulates inhibition by topiramate of tetrodotoxin-sensitive transient sodium current. Br J Pharmacol. 2007;150(6):792–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Velumian AA, Jones OT, et al. Modulation of high-voltage-activated calcium channels in dentate granule cells by topiramate. Epilepsia. 2000;41(S1):52–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzmiski JB, Barr W, Zamponi GW, et al. Topiramate inhibits the initiation of plateau potentials in CA1 neurons by depressing R-type calcium channels. Epilepsia. 2005;46(4):481–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrero AI, Del Olmo N, González-Escalada JR, et al. Two new actions of topiramate: inhibition of depolarizing GABA(A)-mediated responses and activation of a potassium conductance. Neuropharmacology. 2002;42(2):210–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silberstein SD. Topiramate in Migraine Prevention: a 2016 Perspective. Headache. 2017;57(1):165–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akerman S, Goadsby PJ. Topiramate inhibits trigeminovascular activation: an intravital microscopy study. Br J Pharmacol. 2005;146(1):7–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannessen CU. Mechanisms of action of valproate: a commentatory. Neurochem Int. 2000;37(2–3):103–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly KM, Gross RA, Macdonald RL. Valproic acid selectively reduces the low-threshold (T) calcium current in rat nodose neurons. Neurosci Lett. 1990;116(1–2):233–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutrer FM, Limmroth V, Moskowitz MA. Possible mechanisms of valproate in migraine prophylaxis. Cephalalgia. 1997;17(2):93–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang P, Kuo PH, Lee MT, et al. Age-Dependent Anti-migraine Effects of Valproic Acid and Topiramate in Rats. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9(1095). DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01095
   Google Scholar
• Ha H, Gonzalez A. Migraine Headache Prophylaxis. Am Fam Physician. 2019;99(1):17–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salviz M, Yuce T, Acar H, et al. Propranolol and venlafaxine for vestibular migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trial. Laryngoscope. 2016;126(1):169–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maman SR, Vargas AF, Ahmad TA, et al. Beta-1 vs. beta-2 adrenergic control of coronary blood flow during isometric handgrip exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2017;123(2):337–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escarcega Gonzalez CE, Gonzalez Hernandez A, Villalón CM, et al. beta-Adrenoceptor Blockade for Infantile Hemangioma Therapy: do beta3-Adrenoceptors Play a Role? J Vasc Res. 2018;55(3):159–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassi A, Filippeschi C, Oranges T, et al. Infantile hemangiomas β3-adrenoceptor overexpression is associated with nonresponse to propranolol. Pediatr Res. 2021. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-021-01385-x.
   Google Scholar
• Neil-Dwyer G, Bartlett J, McAinsh J, et al. Beta-adrenoceptor blockers and the blood-brian barrier. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1981;11(6):549–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannsson V, Nilsson LR, Widelius T, et al. Atenolol in migraine prophylaxis a double-blind cross-over multicentre study. Headache. 1987;27(7):372–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casucci G, Villani V, Frediani F. Central mechanism of action of antimigraine prophylactic drugs. Neurol Sci. 2008;29(Suppl 1):S123–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalkman HO. Is migraine prophylactic activity caused by 5-HT2B or 5-HT2C receptor blockade? Life Sci. 1994;54(10):641–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson KW, Phebus LA, Cohen ML. Serotonin in migraine: theories, animal models and emerging therapies. Prog Drug Res. 1998;51:219–244.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okuda N, Kohara K, Mikami H, et al. Effect of propranolol on central neurotransmitter release in Wistar rats analysed by brain microdialysis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1999;26(3):220–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohovics R, Janáky R, Varga V, et al. Regulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the striatum by presynaptic adenylyl cyclase-dependent processes. Neurochem Int. 2003;42(1):1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramadan NM. Prophylactic migraine therapy: mechanisms and evidence. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2004;8(2):91–95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, et al. Nitric oxide-induced headache in patients with chronic tension-type headache. Brain. 2000;123(Pt 9):1830–1837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olesen J. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in migraine, tension-type headache and cluster headache. Pharmacol Ther. 2008;120(2):157–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields KG, Goadsby PJ. Propranolol modulates trigeminovascular responses in thalamic ventroposteromedial nucleus: a role in migraine? Brain. 2005;128(Pt 1):86–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akerman S, Romero-Reyes M. Targeting the central projection of the dural trigeminovascular system for migraine prophylaxis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2019;39(4):704–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frediani F, Villani V, Casucci G. Peripheral mechanism of action of antimigraine prophylactic drugs. Neurol Sci. 2008;29(Suppl 1):S127–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hieble JP. Adrenoceptor subclassification: an approach to improved cardiovascular therapeutics. Pharm Acta Helv. 2000;74(2–3):163–171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanbauer I, Kopin IJ, Guidotti A, et al. Induction of tyrosine hydroxylase elicited by beta adrenergic receptor agonists in normal and decentralized sympathetic ganglia: role of cyclic 3ʹ,5ʹ - adenosine monophosphate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1975;193(1):95–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ablad B, Dahlöf C. Migraine and beta-blockade: modulation of sympathetic neurotransmission. Cephalalgia. 1986;6(Suppl 5):7–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monai H, Koketsu S, Shinohara Y, et al. Adrenergic inhibition facilitates normalization of extracellular potassium after cortical spreading depolarization. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):8150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal D, Heim AJ, Bittel B, et al. A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Cross Over Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Timolol Ophthalmic Solution as an Acute Treatment of Migraine. Kans J Med. 2020;13(Suppl 2):2–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen X, Slättengren T, de Lange ECM, et al. Revisiting atenolol as a low passive permeability marker. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2017;14(1):30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulut S, Berilgen MS, Baran A, et al. Venlafaxine versus amitriptyline in the prophylactic treatment of migraine: randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2004;107(1):44–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillman PK. Tricyclic antidepressant pharmacology and therapeutic drug interactions updated. Br J Pharmacol. 2007;151(6):737–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawynok J, Reid AR, Esser MJ. Peripheral antinociceptive action of amitriptyline in the rat formalin test: involvement of adenosine. Pain. 1999;80(1–2):45–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozyalcin SN, Talu GK, Kiziltan E, et al. The efficacy and safety of venlafaxine in the prophylaxis of migraine. Headache. 2005;45(2):144–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher HC, Gallagher RM, Butler M, et al. Venlafaxine for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2015(8):Cd011091.
   Google Scholar
• Suwała J, Machowska M, Wiela-Hojeńska A. Venlafaxine pharmacogenetics: a comprehensive review. Pharmacogenomics. 2019;20(11):829–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelton RC. Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2019;250:145–180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferrari MD, Goadsby PJ, Roon KI, et al. Triptans (serotonin, 5-HT1B/1D agonists) in migraine: detailed results and methods of a meta-analysis of 53 trials. Cephalalgia. 2002;22(8):633–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichten EM. Menstrual Migraine and Treatment Options: review. Headache. 2018;58(1):145–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chawala J. Migraine Headache Treatment & Management: abortive treatment. In: Medscape Medical News (2020). Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-treatment#d10. August 03, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Macgregor EA. Menstrual migraine: therapeutic approaches. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2009;2(5):327–336.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meng ID, Dodick D, Ossipov MH, et al. Pathophysiology of medication overuse headache: insights and hypotheses from preclinical studies. Cephalalgia: An International Journal of Headache. 2011;31(7):851–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KDJ O, Mastaglia FL. Chapter 32 - Drug-Induced Disorders of the Nervous System. In: Aminoff MJ, Josephson SA, editors. Aminoff’s Neurology and General Medicine. (Fifth ed. Boston: Academic Press; 2014. p. 685–711.
   Google Scholar
• Burstein R, Jakubowski M. Analgesic triptan action in an animal model of intracranial pain: a race against the development of central sensitization. Ann Neurol. 2004;55(1):27–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy D, Jakubowski M, Burstein R. Disruption of communication between peripheral and central trigeminovascular neurons mediates the antimigraine action of 5HT 1B/1D receptor agonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101(12):4274–4279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Broek RW, Bhalla P, VanDenBrink AM, et al. Characterization of sumatriptan-induced contractions in human isolated blood vessels using selective 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(1D) receptor antagonists and in situ hybridization. Cephalalgia. 2002;22(2):83–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arvieu L, Mauborgne A, Bourgoin S, et al. Sumatriptan inhibits the release of CGRP and substance P from the rat spinal cord. Neuroreport. 1996;7(12):1973–1976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goadsby PJ, Knight Y. Inhibition of trigeminal neurones after intravenous administration of naratriptan through an action at 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT(1B/1D)) receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 1997;122(5):918–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kageneck C, Nixdorf-Bergweiler BE, Messlinger K, et al. Release of CGRP from mouse brainstem slices indicates central inhibitory effect of triptans and kynurenate. J Headache Pain. 2014;15(1):7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld MG, Mermod JJ, Amara SG, et al. Production of a novel neuropeptide encoded by the calcitonin gene via tissue-specific RNA processing. Nature. 1983;304(5922):129–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulderry PK, Ghatei MA, Rodrigo J, et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in cardiovascular tissues of the rat. Neuroscience. 1985;14(3):947–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagner S, Stahl U, Knoblauch B, et al. Calcitonin receptor-like receptor: identification and distribution in human peripheral tissues. Cell Tissue Res. 2002;310(1):41–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Hernández A, Marichal-Cancino BA, Lozano-Cuenca J, et al. Heteroreceptors Modulating CGRP Release at Neurovascular Junction: potential Therapeutic Implications on Some Vascular-Related Diseases. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2056786:2016.
   Google Scholar
• Russell FA, King R, Smillie SJ, et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev. 2014;94(4):1099–1142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay DL, Walker CSCGRP. and its receptors. Headache. 2017;57(4):625–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner SM, Compton AM, Bennett T. Regional hemodynamic effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide. Am J Physiol. 1989;256(2 Pt 2):R332–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arulmani U, Schuijt MP, Heiligers JP, et al. Effects of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS on alpha-CGRP-induced regional haemodynamic changes in anaesthetised rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2004;94(6):291–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olesen J, Diener HC, Husstedt IW, et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist BIBN 4096 BS for the acute treatment of migraine. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(11):1104–1110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen KA, Birk S, Lassen LH, et al. The CGRP-antagonist, BIBN4096BS does not affect cerebral or systemic haemodynamics in healthy volunteers. Cephalalgia. 2005;25(2):139–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho TW, Ho AP, Chaitman BR, et al. Randomized, controlled study of telcagepant in patients with migraine and coronary artery disease. Headache. 2012;52(2):224–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaassenVanDenBrink A, Meijer J, Villalón CM, et al., Wiping Out CGRP. Potential Cardiovascular Risks. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2016;37(9):779–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avilés-Rosas VH, Rivera-Mancilla E, Marichal-Cancino BA, et al. Olcegepant blocks neurogenic and non-neurogenic CGRPergic vasodepressor responses and facilitates noradrenergic vasopressor responses in pithed rats. Br J Pharmacol. 2017;174(13):2001–2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kee Z, Kodji X, Brain SD. The Role of Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP) in Neurogenic Vasodilation and Its Cardioprotective Effects. Front Physiol. 2018;9(1249). DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01249
   Google Scholar
• Negro A, Martelletti P. Gepants for the treatment of migraine. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2019;28(6):555–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favoni V, Giani L, Al-Hassany L, et al. CGRP and migraine from a cardiovascular point of view: what do we expect from blocking CGRP? J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R. Vasoactive peptide release in the extracerebral circulation of humans during migraine headache. Ann Neurol. 1990;28(2):183–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassen LH, Haderslev PA, Jacobsen VB, et al. CGRP may play a causative role in migraine. Cephalalgia. 2002;22(1):54–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlöf C, Maassen Van Den Brink A. Dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methysergide and sumatriptan - basic science in relation to migraine treatment. Headache. 2012;52(4):707–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan KY, Vermeersch S, de Hoon J, et al. Potential mechanisms of prospective antimigraine drugs: a focus on vascular (side) effects. Pharmacol Ther. 2011;129(3):332–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott LJ. Correction to: ubrogepant: first Approval. Drugs. 2020;80(5):523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott LJ. Rimegepant: first Approval. Drugs. 2020;80(7):741–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA. Atogepant FDA Approval Status. In: Drugs.com (2021). [cited 2021 Aug 03]. Available from: https://www.drugs.com/history/atogepant.html. August 03, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Kapoor K, Arulmani U, Heiligers JP, et al. Effects of BIBN4096BS on cardiac output distribution and on CGRP-induced carotid haemodynamic responses in the pig. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003;475(1–3):69–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Schueren BJ, Blanchard R, Murphy MG, et al. The potent calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist, telcagepant, does not affect nitroglycerin-induced vasodilation in healthy men. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;71(5):708–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder IA, Li M, De Vries T, et al. Anti-migraine Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonists Worsen Cerebral Ischemic Outcome in Mice. Ann Neurol. 2020;88(4):771–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio-Beltran E, Chan KY, Danser AJ, et al. Characterisation of the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists ubrogepant and atogepant in human isolated coronary, cerebral and middle meningeal arteries. Cephalalgia. 2020;40(4):357–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juhl L, Edvinsson L, Olesen J, et al. Effect of two novel CGRP-binding compounds in a closed cranial window rat model. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007;567(1–2):117–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edvinsson JCA, Warfvinge K, Krause DN, et al. C-fibers may modulate adjacent Aδ-fibers through axon-axon CGRP signaling at nodes of Ranvier in the trigeminal system. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markham A. Erenumab: first Global Approval. Drugs. 2018;78(11):1157–1161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb YN. Galcanezumab: first Global Approval. Drugs. 2018;78(16):1769–1775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoy SM. Correction to: fremanezumab: first Global Approval. Drugs. 2019;79(5):585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhillon S. Eptinezumab: first Approval. Drugs. 2020;80(7):733–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stauffer VL, Dodick DW, Zhang Q, et al. Evaluation of Galcanezumab for the Prevention of Episodic Migraine: the EVOLVE-1 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(9):1080–1088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepper SJ, Diener HC, Ashina M, et al. Erenumab in chronic migraine with medication overuse: subgroup analysis of a randomized trial. Neurology. 2019;92(20):e2309–e2320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhakta M, Vuong T, Taura T, et al. Migraine therapeutics differentially modulate the CGRP pathway. Cephalalgia. 2021;41(5):499–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Matteis E, Guglielmetti M, Ornello R, et al. CGRP for migraine treatment: mechanisms, antibodies, small molecules, perspectives. Expert Rev Neurother. 2020;20(6):627–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silberstein S, Mathew N, Saper J, et al. Botulinum toxin type A as a migraine preventive treatment. For the BOTOX Migraine Clinical Research Group. Headache. 2000;40(6):445–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chawala J. Migraine Headache Treatment & Management: prophylactic therapy. In: Medscape Medical News (2020). [cited 2021 Aug 03]. Available from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-treatment#d11. August 03, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Ashina M, Goadsby PJ, Reuter U, et al. Long-term safety and tolerability of erenumab: three-plus year results from a five-year open-label extension study in episodic migraine. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(11):1455–1464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoehlig K, Johnson KW, Pryazhnikov E, et al. A novel CGRP-neutralizing Spiegelmer attenuates neurogenic plasma protein extravasation. Br J Pharmacol. 2015;172(12):3086–3098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar