Tumefactive demyelination: updated perspectives on diagnosis and management

References

• Hardy TA, Chataway J. Tumefactive demyelination: an approach to diagnosis and management. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(9):1047–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silsby M, Sánchez P, Spies JM, et al. Investigation of tumefactive demyelination is associated with higher economic burden and more adverse events compared with conventional multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;35:104–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy TA, Reddel SW, Barnett MH, et al., Atypical inflammatory demyelinating syndromes of the CNS. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(9): 967–981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayrignac X, Carra-Dallière C, Labauge P. Atypical inflammatory demyelinating lesions and atypical multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2018;174(6):408–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucchinetti CF, Gavrilova RH, Metz I, et al. Clinical and radiographic spectrum of pathologically confirmed tumefactive multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2008;131(Pt 7):1759–1775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilge N, Saylisoy S, Kasifoglu T, et al. Mass-like lesions as a rare form of neuro-Behçet’s disease: a case report and review of the literature. Eur J Rheumatol. 2014;1(1):34–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verma R, Arya K. Tumefactive demyelination associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. BMJ Case Rep. 2012 May 11;2012:bcr0220125743. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr.02.2012.5743. PMID: 22605871; PMCID: PMC3369371
   Google Scholar
• Van Haver AS, Debruyne F, Sanders K, et al. Paraneoplastic tumefactive demyelination in a 47-year-old man with underlying seminoma. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020;42:102060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallner-Blazek M, Rovira A, Fillipp M, et al., Atypical idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating lesions: prognostic implications and relation to multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2013;260(8): 2016–2022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balloy G, Pelletier J, Suchet L, et al., Inaugural tumor-like multiple sclerosis: clinical presentation and medium-term outcome in 87 patients. J Neurol. 2018;265(10): 2251–2259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wattamwar PR, Baheti NN, Kesavadas C, et al. Evolution and long term outcome in patients presenting with large demyelinating lesions as their first clinical event. J Neurol Sci. 2010;297(1–2):29–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong IH, Kim S-H, Hyun J-W. e.a., Tumefactive demyelinating lesions as a first clinical event: clinical, imaging, and follow-up observations. J Neurol Sci. 2015;358(1–2):118–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munarriz PM, Castaño-Leon AM, Martinez-Perez R, Hernandez-Lain A, Ramos A, Lagares A. Tumefactive multiple sclerosis requiring emergency craniotomy: case report and literature review. Neurocirugia (Astur). 2013 Sep-Oct;24(5):220–4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucir.2013.02.008. Epub 2013 Apr 11. PMID: 23582489
   Google Scholar
• Poser S, Lüer W, Bruhn H, et al. Acute demyelinating disease. Classification and non-invasive diagnosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1992;86(6):579–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez P, Meca-Lallana V, Barbosa A, et al. Tumefactive demyelinating lesions of 15 patients: clinico-radiological features, management and review of the literature. J Neurol Sci. 2017;381:32–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patriarca L, Torlone S, Ferrari F, et al. Is size an essential criterion to define tumefactive plaque? MR features and clinical correlation in multiple sclerosis. Neuroradiol J. 2016;29(5):384–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay MA, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Cha S, et al. Clinical and imaging correlation in patients with pathologically confirmed tumefactive demyelinating lesions. J Neurol Sci. 2017;381:83–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brod SA, Lindsey JW, Nelson F. Tumefactive demyelination: clinical outcomes, lesion evolution and treatments. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 2019;5(2):2055217319855755.
   Google Scholar
• McAdam LC, Blaser SI, Banwell BL. Pediatric tumefactive demyelination: case series and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurol. 2002;26(1):18–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownlee WJ, Hardy TA, Fazekas F, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: progress and challenges. Lancet. 2017;389(10076):1336–1346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim DS, Na DG, Kim KH, et al. Distinguishing tumefactive demyelinating lesions from glioma or central nervous system lymphoma: added value of unenhanced CT compared with conventional contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 2009;251(2):467–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiriyama T, Kataoka H, Taoka T, et al. Characteristic neuroimaging in patients with tumefactive demyelinating lesions exceeding 30 mm. J Neuroimaging. 2011;21(2):e69–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh CH, Kim HS, Jung SC, et al. MRI findings in tumefactive demyelinating lesions: a systematic review and meta-Analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2018;39(9):1643–1649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mabray MC, Cohen BA, Villanueva-Meyer JE, et al. Performance of apparent diffusion coefficient values and conventional MRI features in differentiating tumefactive demyelinating lesions from primary brain neoplasms. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015;205(5):1075–1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi M, Shimizu Y, Shibata N, et al. Gadolinium enhancement patterns of tumefactive demyelinating lesions: correlations with brain biopsy findings and pathophysiology. J Neurol. 2014;261(10):1902–1910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masdeu JC, Quinto C, Olivera C, et al. Open-ring imaging sign: highly specific for atypical brain demyelination. Neurology. 2000;54(7):1427–1433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abou Zeid N, Pirko I, Erickson B, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging characteristics of biopsy-proven demyelinating brain lesions. Neurology. 2012;78(21):1655–1662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra HS, Jain KK, Agarwal A, et al. Characterization of tumefactive demyelinating lesions using MR imaging and in-vivo proton MR spectroscopy. Mult Scler. 2009;15(2):193–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saini J, Chatterjee S, Thomas B, et al. Conventional and advanced magnetic resonance imaging in tumefactive demyelination. Acta Radiol. 2011;52(10):1159–1168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castriota-Scanderbeg A, Sabatini U, Fasano F, et al. Diffusion of water in large demyelinating lesions: a follow-up study. Neuroradiology. 2002;44(9):764–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greco Crasto S, Soffietti R, Rudà R, et al. Diffusion-Weighted magnetic resonance imaging and ADC maps in the diagnosis of intracranial cystic or necrotic lesions. a retrospective study on 49 patients. Neuroradiol J. 2007;20(6):666–675.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bisdas S, Kirkpatrick M, Giglio P, et al. Cerebral blood volume measurements by perfusion-weighted MR imaging in gliomas: ready for prime time in predicting short-term outcome and recurrent disease? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(4):681–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks NE, Bhan V, Shankar JJ. Perfusion imaging of tumefactive demyelinating lesions compared to high grade gliomas. Can J Neurol Sci. 2016;43(2):316–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neska-Matuszewska M, Zimny A, Bladowska J, et al. Diffusion and perfusion MR patterns of central nervous system lymphomas. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2018;27(8):1099–1108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvarani C, Morris JM, Giannini C, et al. Imaging findings of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Aβ-Related Angiitis (ABRA), and cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation: a single-Institution 25-year experience. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(20):e3613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg N, Reddel SW, Miller DH, et al. The corpus callosum in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and other CNS demyelinating and inflammatory diseases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015 Dec;86(12):1374–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2014-309649. Epub 2015 Apr 9. PMID: 25857658
   Google Scholar
• Kalis M, Bowen BC, Quencer RM. Metabolite findings in tumefactive demyelinating lesions utilizing short echo time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007 Sep;28(8):1427; author reply 1427–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0669. PMID: 17846183; PMCID: PMC8134397
   Google Scholar
• Cianfoni A, Niku S, Imbesi SG. Metabolite findings in tumefactive demyelinating lesions utilizing short echo time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28(2):272–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maffione AM, Rampin L, Grassetto G, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT in tumefactive multiple sclerosis. Clin Nucl Med. 2014;39(8):750–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbagallo M, Albatly AA, Schreiner S, et al. Value of 18F-FET PET in patients with suspected tumefactive demyelinating disease-preliminary experience from a retrospective analysis. Clin Nucl Med. 2018;43(11):e385–e391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarkkonen A, Rissanen E, Tuokkola T, et al. Utilization of PET imaging in differential diagnostics between a tumefactive multiple sclerosis lesion and low-grade glioma. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2016;9:147–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herholz K, Holzer T, Bauer B, et al. 11C-methionine PET for differential diagnosis of low-grade gliomas. Neurology. 1998;50(5):1316–1322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto S, INAJI M, NARIAI T, et al. Usefulness of 11C methionine pet in the differentiation of tumefactive multiple sclerosis from high grade astrocytoma. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2019;59(5):176–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tintore M, Rovira À, Río J, et al. Defining high, medium and low impact prognostic factors for developing multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2015;138(Pt 7):1863–1874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altintas A, Petek B, Isik N, et al. Clinical and radiological characteristics of tumefactive demyelinating lesions: follow-up study. Mult Scler. 2012;18(10):1448–1453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrlinger U, Schabet M, Bitzer M, et al. Primary central nervous system lymphoma: from clinical presentation to diagnosis. J Neurooncol. 1999;43(3):219–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan CS, Koralnik IJ. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other disorders caused by JC virus: clinical features and pathogenesis. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(4):425–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enriquez-Marulanda A, Valderrama-Chaparro J, Parrado L, et al. Cerebral toxoplasmosis in an MS patient receiving Fingolimod. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017;18:106–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seto H, Nishimura M, Minamiji K, et al. Disseminated cryptococcosis in a 63-year-old patient with multiple sclerosis treated with Fingolimod. Intern Med. 2016;55(22):3383–3386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raquel CC, Lucía T-C, Carmen V-M, et al. Cerebral toxoplasmosis in patient with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis under treatment with alemtuzumab. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;39:101885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreri AJM, Calimeri T, Lopedote P, et al. MYD88L265P mutation and interleukin-10 detection in cerebrospinal fluid are highly specific discriminating markers in patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma: results from a prospective study. Br J Haematol. 2021;193(3):497–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeguchi R, Shimizu Y, Shimizu S, et al. CSF and clinical data are useful in differentiating CNS inflammatory demyelinating disease from CNS lymphoma. Mult Scler. 2018;24(9):1212–1223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca A, ANTINORI A, CINGOLANI A, et al. Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid EBV-DNA and IL-10 as markers for in vivo diagnosis of AIDS-related primary central nervous system lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 1995;90(4):844–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinque P, Brytting M, Wahren B, et al. Epstein-Barr virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with AIDS-related primary lymphoma of the central nervous system. Lancet. 1993;342(8868):398–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargsyan SA, Shearer AJ, Ritchie AM, et al. Absence of Epstein-Barr virus in the brain and CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2010;74(14):1127–1135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain RS, Khan I, Kandelwal K, et al. Tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDLs): a case series of clinicoradiological features. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2017;162:91–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter SB, Ballinger WE Jr., Rubin JJ. Multiple sclerosis mimicking primary brain tumor. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1987;111(5):464–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalus S, Di Muzio B, Gaillard F. Demyelination preceding a diagnosis of central nervous system lymphoma. J Clin Neurosci. 2016;24:146–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto J, SHIMAJIRI S, NAKANO Y, et al. Primary central nervous system lymphoma with preceding spontaneous pseudotumoral demyelination in an immunocompetent adult patient: a case report and literature review. Oncol Lett. 2014;7(6):1835–1838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajagain M, Oyoshi T, Hanada T et al. Histopathological variation in the demyelinating sentinel lesion of primary central nervous system lymphoma. Surg Neurol Int. 2020 Oct 15;11:342. doi:https://doi.org/10.25259/SNI_531_2020. PMID: 33194276; PMCID: PMC7655992
   Google Scholar
• Kim YJ, Kim SK, Jung TY, et al. Inflammatory Brain Lesions as Omen of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: A Case Report and Literature Review. Brain Sci. 2021 Feb 4;11(2):191. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020191. PMID: 33557224; PMCID: PMC7913965
   Google Scholar
• Alderson L, Fetell MR, Sisti M, et al. Sentinel lesions of primary CNS lymphoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;60(1):102–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kepes JJ. Large focal tumor-like demyelinating lesions of the brain: intermediate entity between multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis? A study of 31 patients. Ann Neurol. 1993;33(1):18–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagappa M, Taly AB, Sinha S, et al. Tumefactive demyelination: clinical, imaging and follow-up observations in thirty-nine patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;128(1):39–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Gregorio M, Torri Clerici VLA, Fenu G, et al. Defining the course of tumefactive multiple sclerosis: A large retrospective multicentre study. Eur J Neurol. 2021 Apr;28(4):1299–1307. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14672. Epub 2021 Jan 12. PMID: 33305459.• A large multicentre series of 102 patients with TDL with valuable demographic, clinical, MRI and treatment data
   Google Scholar
• Hardy TA, Miller DH. Baló’s concentric sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(7):740–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolliffe E, Guo Y, Hardy TA, et al., Clinical and radiological features, pathology and treatment of Baló’s concentric sclerosis. 2021, Neurology (ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Kreft KL, Mellema SJ, Hintzen RQ. Spinal cord involvement in Balo’s concentric sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2009;279(1–2):114–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takai Y, Misu T, Nishiyama S, et al. Hypoxia-like tissue injury and glial response contribute to Balo concentric lesion development. Neurology. 2016;87(19):2000–2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graber JJ, Kister I, Geyer H, et al. Neuromyelitis optica and concentric rings of Baló in the brainstem. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(2):274–275.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jarius S, Würthwein C, Behrens JR, et al. Baló’s concentric sclerosis is immunologically distinct from multiple sclerosis: results from retrospective analysis of almost 150 lumbar punctures. J Neuroinflammation. 2018;15(1):22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaodong W, Zhang K-N, Wu X-M, et al. Balo’s disease showing benign clinical course and co-existence with multiple sclerosis-like lesions in Chinese. Mult Scler. 2008;14(3):418–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stork L, Ellenberger D, Beißbarth T, et al. Differences in the reponses to apheresis therapy of patients with 3 histopathologically classified immunopathological patterns of multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(4):428–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy TA, Corboy JR, Weinshenker BG. Baló concentric sclerosis evolving from apparent tumefactive demyelination. Neurology. 2017;88(22):2150–2152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy TA, Beadnall HN, Sutton IJ, et al. Baló’s concentric sclerosis and tumefactive demyelination: a shared immunopathogenesis? J Neurol Sci. 2015;348(1–2):279–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy TA, Tobin WO, Lucchinetti CF. Exploring the overlap between multiple sclerosis, tumefactive demyelination and Baló’s concentric sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2016;22(8):986–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alper G, Heyman R, Wang L. Multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis diagnosed in children after long-term follow-up: comparison of presenting features. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51(6):480–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl D, Alper G, Van Haren K, et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: updates on an inflammatory CNS syndrome. Neurology. 2016;87(9 Suppl 2):S38–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murthy SN, Faden HS, Cohen ME, et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children. Pediatrics. 2002;110(2 Pt 1):e21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krupp LB, Tardieu M, Amato MP, et al. International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group criteria for pediatric multiple sclerosis and immune-mediated central nervous system demyelinating disorders: revisions to the 2007 definitions. Mult Scler. 2013;19(10):1261–1267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menge T, Hemmer B, Nessler S, et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: an update. Arch Neurol. 2005;62(11):1673–1680.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young NP, Weinshenker BG, Parisi JE, et al. Perivenous demyelination: association with clinically defined acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and comparison with pathologically confirmed multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 2):333–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy TA. How should we diagnose acute disseminated encephalomyelitis? Dev Med Child Neurol. 2018;60(11):1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobo-Calvo A, Ruiz A, Rollot F, et al. Clinical features and risk of relapse in children and adults with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Ann Neurol. 2021;89(1):30–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tshibanda L, Nchimi A, Otte M, et al. Leucoencephalite aigue hemorragique de Hurst: imagerie IRM [Hurst acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalitis: MRI findings]. JBR-BTR. 2007 Jul-Aug;90(4):290–3. French. PMID: 17966249
   Google Scholar
• Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology. 2015;85(2):177–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fargeot G, Aboab J, Savatovsky J, et al. Central nervous system Aquaporin4 autoimmunity revealed by a single pseudotumoral encephalic lesion. Metab Brain Dis. 2018 Feb;33(1):353–355. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-017-0141-y. Epub 2017 Oct 31. PMID: 29090380
   Google Scholar
• Ataka T, Kimura N, Matsubara E. A case of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease presenting with tumefactive demyelinating lesion. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020;43:102191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiao Y, Fryer JP, Lennon VA, et al. Updated estimate of AQP4-IgG serostatus and disability outcome in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology. 2013;81(14):1197–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höftberger R, Sepulveda M, Armangue T, et al. Antibodies to MOG and AQP4 in adults with neuromyelitis optica and suspected limited forms of the disease. Mult Scler. 2015;21(7):866–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels F, Lu A, Oertel FC, et al. Clinical and neuroimaging findings in MOGAD-MRI and OCT. Clin Exp Immunol. 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13641.
   Google Scholar
• Miyaue N, Yamanishi Y, Tada S, et al. A case of ADEM-like presentation with anti-MOG antibody following tumefactive demyelinating lesion. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;31:62–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinaldi S, Davies A, Fehmi J, et al. Overlapping central and peripheral nervous system syndromes in MOG antibody-associated disorders. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021;8(1):e924.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capello E, Mancardi GL. Marburg type and Balò’s concentric sclerosis: rare and acute variants of multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci. 2004;25(Suppl 4):S361–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zettl UK, Stüve O, Patejdl R. Immune-mediated CNS diseases: a review on nosological classification and clinical features. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(3):167–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobbin F, Marangi A, Orlandi R, et al. A case of acute fulminant multiple sclerosis treated with alemtuzumab. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017;17:9–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avila-Ornelas J, Labat E, Alfonso G, et al. An extremely aggressive case of Marburg’s disease treated with high dose cyclophosphamide. A case report. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;31:51–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarius S, Haas J, Paul F, et al. Myelinoclastic diffuse sclerosis (Schilder’s disease) is immunologically distinct from multiple sclerosis: results from retrospective analysis of 92 lumbar punctures. J Neuroinflammation. 2019;16(1):51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poser CM, Goutières F, Carpentier MA, et al. Schilder's myelinoclastic diffuse sclerosis. Pediatrics. 1986 Jan;77(1):107–12. Erratum in: Pediatrics 1986 Jul;78(1):138. PMID: 3940347
   Google Scholar
• Ekmekci O, Eraslan C. Silent tumefactive demyelinating lesions and radiologically isolated syndrome. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2018;2018:8409247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara G, Petrillo M, Giani T, et al. Clinical use and molecular action of corticosteroids in the pediatric age. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(2):444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinshenker BG, O’Brien PC, Petterson TM, et al. A randomized trial of plasma exchange in acute central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease. Ann Neurol. 1999;46(6):878–886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann HC, Hartung H-P, Hetzel GR, et al. Plasma exchange in neuroimmunological disorders: part 1: rationale and treatment of inflammatory central nervous system disorders. Arch Neurol. 2006;63(7):930–935.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seifert CL, Wegner C, Sprenger T, et al. Favourable response to plasma exchange in tumefactive CNS demyelination with delayed B-cell response. Mult Scler. 2012;18(7):1045–1049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao-Draayer Y, Braff S, Pendlebury W, et al. Treatment of steroid-unresponsive tumefactive demyelinating disease with plasma exchange. Neurology. 2002;59(7):1074–1077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dastgir J, DiMario FJ Jr. Acute tumefactive demyelinating lesions in a pediatric patient with known diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: review of the literature and treatment proposal. J Child Neurol. 2009;24(4):431–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noseworthy JH, O’Brien PC, Petterson TM, et al. A randomized trial of intravenous immunoglobulin in inflammatory demyelinating optic neuritis. Neurology. 2001;56(11):1514–1522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen PS, Haas J, Sellebjerg F, et al. IV immunoglobulins as add-on treatment to methylprednisolone for acute relapses in MS. Neurology. 2004;63(11):2028–2033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vakharia K, Kamal H, Atwal GS, et al. Transtentorial herniation from tumefactive multiple sclerosis mimicking primary brain tumor. Surg Neurol Int. 2018 Oct 17;9:208. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/sni.sni_131_18. PMID: 30488006; PMCID: PMC6213805
   Google Scholar
• Vakrakou AG, Tzanetakos D, Argyrakos T, et al. Recurrent fulminant tumefactive demyelination with Marburg-Like features and atypical presentation: therapeutic dilemmas and review of literature. Front Neurol. 2020;11:536.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haupts MR, Schimrigk SK, Brune N, et al. Fulminant tumefactive multiple sclerosis: therapeutic implications of histopathology. J Neurol. 2008;255(8):1272–1273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan X, Mahta A, De Jager PL, et al. Rituximab for tumefactive inflammatory demyelination: a case report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2012;114(10):1326–1328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fereidan-Esfahani M, Tobin WO. Cyclophosphamide in treatment of tumefactive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;47:102627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenton JN, Banwell BL. Therapeutic approach to the management of pediatric demyelinating disease: multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13(1):84–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azzopardi L, Cox AL, McCarthy CL, et al. Alemtuzumab use in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a brief case series. J Neurol. 2016;263(1):25–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palace J, Leite MI, Nairne A, et al. Interferon Beta treatment in neuromyelitis optica: increase in relapses and aquaporin 4 antibody titers. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(8):1016–1017.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kitley J, Evangelou N, Küker W, et al. Catastrophic brain relapse in seronegative NMO after a single dose of natalizumab. J Neurol Sci. 2014;339(1–2):223–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min JH, Kim BJ, Lee KH. Development of extensive brain lesions following fingolimod (FTY720) treatment in a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler. 2012;18(1):113–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser SL, Waubant E, Arnold DL, et al. B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(7):676–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanathan S, Mohammad S, Tantsis E, et al. Clinical course, therapeutic responses and outcomes in relapsing MOG antibody-associated demyelination. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89(2):127–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SH, Jeong IH, Hyun J-W, et al. Treatment outcomes with rituximab in 100 patients with neuromyelitis optica: influence of FCGR3A polymorphisms on the therapeutic response to rituximab. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72(9):989–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger JR. Paradoxically aggressive multiple sclerosis in the face of natalizumab therapy. Mult Scler. 2008;14(5):708–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton J, Hardy TA, Riminton S, et al. Tumefactive demyelination following treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis with alemtuzumab. Neurology. 2017;88(10):1004–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira Ferreira VF, Meredith D, Stankiewicz JM. Tumefactive demyelination in a patient with relapsing-remitting MS on ocrelizumab. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2019;6(5):e589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baroncini D, Annovazzi P, Guaschino C, et al. Long-term remission of tumefactive relapsing multiple sclerosis after alemtuzumab rescue treatment in an adolescent patient. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020;41:102061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gnanapavan S, Jaunmuktane Z, Baruteau KP, et al. A rare presentation of atypical demyelination: tumefactive multiple sclerosis causing Gerstmann’s syndrome. BMC Neurol. 2014;14(1):68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilz G, Harrer A, Wipfler P, et al., Tumefactive MS lesions under fingolimod: a case report and literature review. Neurology. 2013;81(19): 1654–1658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez P, Meca-Lallana V, Vivancos J. Tumefactive multiple sclerosis lesions associated with fingolimod treatment: report of 5 cases. Mult Scler Relat Disord, 2018. 25: p. 95–98.
   Google Scholar
• Croteau D, Tobenkin A, Brinker A, et al. Tumefactive multiple sclerosis in association with fingolimod initiation and discontinuation. Mult Scler. 2021 May;27(6):903–912. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458520938354. Epub 2020 Jul 14. PMID: 32662718
   Google Scholar
• Visser F, Wattjes MP, Pouwels PJW, et al. Tumefactive multiple sclerosis lesions under fingolimod treatment. Neurology. 2012;79(19):2000–2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koudriavtseva T, Lorenzano S. A possible role of impaired cell-mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of tumefactive demyelinating lesions. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017;18:184–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagappa M, Taly AB, Sinha S, et al. Tumefactive demyelination: clinical, imaging and follow-up observations in thirty-nine patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013 Jul;128(1):39–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.12071. Epub 2012 Dec 31. PMID: 23277913
   Google Scholar
• Pittock SJ, Mayr WT, McClelland RL, et al. Change in MS-related disability in a population-based cohort: a 10-year follow-up study. Neurology. 2004;62(1):51–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy TA. Pseudotumoral demyelinating lesions: diagnostic approach and long-term outcome. Curr Opin Neurol. 2019;32(3):467–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar