References
- Hutchings A, Durand, M A., Grieve, R., et al. Evaluation of modernisation of adult critical care services in England: time series and cost effectiveness analysis. BMJ. 2009;339(nov11 2):b4353. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b4353
- Moran JL, Bristow, P., Solomon, P J., et al. Mortality and length-of-stay outcomes, 1993–2003, in the binational Australian and New Zealand intensive care adult patient database. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(1):46–61. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000295313.08084.58
- Sakr Y, Jaschinski, U., Wittebole, X., et al. Sepsis in intensive care unit patients: worldwide data from the intensive care over nations audit. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(12):ofy313. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy313
- Zimmerman JE, Kramer AA, Knaus WA. Changes in hospital mortality for United States intensive care unit admissions from 1988 to 2012. Crit Care. 2013;17(2):R81.
- Eddleston JM, White P, Guthrie E. Survival, morbidity, and quality of life after discharge from intensive care. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(7):2293–2299.
- Pandharipande PP, et al., Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. N Engl J Med. 369(14): 1306–1316. 2013.
- van Beusekom I, et al., Dutch ICU survivors have more consultations with general practitioners before and after ICU admission compared to a matched control group from the general population. PLoS One. 14(5): e0217225. 2019.
- Shankar-Hari M, Saha, R., Wilson, J., et al. Rate and risk factors for rehospitalisation in sepsis survivors: systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(4):619–636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-019-05908-3
- Griffiths J, Hatch, R A., Bishop, J., et al. An exploration of social and economic outcome and associated health-related quality of life after critical illness in general intensive care unit survivors: a 12-month follow-up study. Crit Care. 2013;17(3):R100. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc12745
- Inoue S, Hatakeyama, J., Kondo, Y., et al. Post-intensive care syndrome: its pathophysiology, prevention, and future directions. Acute Med Surg. 2019;6(3):233–246. https://doi.org/10.1002/ams2.415
- LaBuzetta JN, Rosand J, Vranceanu AM. Review: post-intensive care syndrome: unique challenges in the neurointensive care unit. Neurocrit Care. 2019;31(3):534–545.
- Vlake JH, Michel E van Genderen, Anna S, Martijn V, et al. Patients suffering from psychological impairments following critical illness are in need of information. J Intensive Care. 2020;8:6.
- Bryant SE, McNabb K. Postintensive care syndrome. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2019;31(4):507–516.
- Desai SV, Law TJ, Needham DM. Long-term complications of critical care. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(2):371–379.
- Needham DM, Judy D, Henry C, Ramona O H, et al. Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: report from a stakeholders’ conference. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(2):502–509.
- Rawal G, Yadav S, Kumar R. Post-intensive care syndrome: an overview. J Transl Int Med. 2017;5(2):90–92.
- Hatch R, Young, D., Barber, V., et al. Anxiety, depression and post traumatic stress disorder after critical illness: a UK-wide prospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2018;22(1):310. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-018-2223-6
- Marra A, Pandharipande, P P., Girard, T D., et al. Co-occurrence of post-intensive care syndrome problems among 406 survivors of critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(9):1393–1401. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003218
- Needham DM, Dinglas, V D., Morris, P E., et al. Physical and cognitive performance of patients with acute lung injury 1 year after initial trophic versus full enteral feeding. EDEN trial follow-up. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(5):567–576. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201304-0651OC
- Battle CE, Lovett S, Hutchings H. Chronic pain in survivors of critical illness: a retrospective analysis of incidence and risk factors. Crit Care. 2013;17(3):R101. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc12746
- Choi J, Hoffman, L A., Schulz, R., et al. Self-reported physical symptoms in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors: pilot exploration over four months post-ICU discharge. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014;47(2):257–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.03.019
- Dowdy DW, Eid, M P., Sedrakyan, A., et al. Quality of life in adult survivors of critical illness: a systematic review of the literature. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31(5):611–620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-2592-6
- Kruithof N, Marjan J T, Maria K, et al. Perceived changes in quality of life in trauma patients: a focus group study. J Trauma Nurs. 2018;25(3):177–186.
- (WHO), W.H.O., Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard Overview.
- Petrinec AB, Martin BR. Post-intensive care syndrome symptoms and health-related quality of life in family decision-makers of critically ill patients. Palliat Support Care. 2018;16(6):719–724.
- Choi J, Michael P D, Thomas G Z, et al. Caregivers of the chronically critically ill after discharge from the intensive care unit: six months’ experience. Am J Crit Care. 2011;20(1):12–22. quiz 23.
- Kress JP, Hall JB. ICU-acquired weakness and recovery from critical illness. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(3):287–288.
- Fan E, Cheek, F., Chlan, L., et al. An official american thoracic society clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis of intensive care unit–acquired weakness in adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190(12):1437–1446. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201411-2011ST
- Van Aerde N, Van den Berghe, G., Wilmer, A., et al. Intensive care unit acquired muscle weakness in COVID-19 patients. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(11):2083–2085. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06244-7
- Baumbach P, Götz, T., Günther, A., et al. Prevalence and characteristics of chronic intensive care-related pain: the role of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(6):1129–1137. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000001635
- Kemp HI, Laycock, H., Costello, A., et al. Chronic pain in critical care survivors: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth. 2019;123(2): e372–e384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2019.03.025
- Devine H, et al. Chronic pain in intensive care unit survivors: incidence, characteristics and side-effects up to one-year post-discharge. J Rehabil Med. 2019;51(6):451–455.
- Kosek E, Cohen, M., Baron, R., et al. Do we need a third mechanistic descriptor for chronic pain states? Pain. 2016;157(7):1382–1386. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000507
- Gustafson OD, Rowland, M J., Watkinson, P J., et al. Shoulder impairment following critical illness: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(11):1769–1774. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003347
- Herridge MS, et al. Functional disability 5 years after acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(14):1293–1304. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1011802
- Labriola JE, Lee, T Q., Debski, R E., et al. Stability and instability of the glenohumeral joint: the role of shoulder muscles. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2005;14(1):32S–38S. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2004.09.014
- Griffith DM, Salisbury, L G., Lee, R J., et al. Determinants of health-related quality of life after ICU: importance of patient demographics, previous comorbidity, and severity of illness. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(4):594–601. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000002952
- Orwelius L, Nordlund, A., Edéll-Gustafsson, U., et al. Role of preexisting disease in patients’ perceptions of health-related quality of life after intensive care. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(7):1557–1564. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000168208.32006.1C
- Irwin MR, Opp MR. Sleep health: reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42(1):129–155.
- Altman MT, Knauert MP, Pisani MA. Sleep disturbance after hospitalization and critical illness: a systematic review. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(9):1457–1468.
- Orwelius L, Anders N, Peter N, et al. Prevalence of sleep disturbances and long-term reduced health-related quality of life after critical care: a prospective multicenter cohort study. Crit Care. 2008;12(4):R97.
- Pisani M. Sleep in the intensive care unit: an oft-neglected key to health restoration. Heart Lung. 2015;44(2):87.
- Freedman NS, GAZENDAM, J., LEVAN, L., et al. Abnormal sleep/wake cycles and the effect of environmental noise on sleep disruption in the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(2):451–457. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.163.2.9912128
- Gabor JY, Cooper, A B., Crombach, S A., et al. Contribution of the intensive care unit environment to sleep disruption in mechanically ventilated patients and healthy subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(5):708–715. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.2201090
- Oldham MA, Lee HB, Desan PH. Circadian rhythm disruption in the critically Ill: an opportunity for improving outcomes. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(1):207–217. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000001282
- Simons KS, Verweij, E., Lemmens, Paul M. C., et al. Noise in the intensive care unit and its influence on sleep quality: a multicenter observational study in Dutch intensive care units. Crit Care. 2018;22(1):250. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-018-2182-y
- Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington D.C.:American Psychiatric Association;2013. 2013.
- Wang S, Meeker, J W., Perkins, A J., et al. <p>Psychiatric symptoms and their association with sleep disturbances in intensive care unit survivors. Int J Gen Med. 2019;12:125–130. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S193084
- Wolters AE, Slooter, Arjen J. C., van der Kooi, A W., et al. Cognitive impairment after intensive care unit admission: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(3):376–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-012-2784-9
- Torgersen J, HOLE, J F., KVÅLE, R., et al. Cognitive impairments after critical illness. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2011;55(9):1044–1051. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02500.x
- Deiner S, Luo, X., Lin, H-M., et al. Intraoperative infusion of dexmedetomidine for prevention of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing major elective noncardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2017;152(8):e171505. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2017.1505
- Girard TD, Dittus RS, Ely EW. Critical Illness Brain Injury. Annu Rev Med. 2016;67(1):497–513.
- Hopkins RO, Weaver, L K., Collingridge, D., et al. Two-year cognitive, emotional, and quality-of-life outcomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171(4):340–347. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200406-763OC
- Iwashyna TJ, Ely, E W., Smith, D M., et al. Long-term cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors of severe sepsis. JAMA. 2010;304(16):1787–1794. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1553
- Mikkelsen ME, Christie, J D., Lanken, P N., et al. The adult respiratory distress syndrome cognitive outcomes study: long-term neuropsychological function in survivors of acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(12):1307–1315. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201111-2025OC
- Jackson JC, Hart, R P., Gordon, S M., et al. Six-month neuropsychological outcome of medical intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(4):1226–1234. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000059996.30263.94
- Reichenberg A, Yirmiya, R., Schuld, A., et al. Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(5):445–452. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.58.5.445
- Dantzer R, O’Connor, J C., Freund, G G., et al. From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9(1):46–56. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2297
- Hopkins RO, WEAVER, L K., CHAN, K J., et al. Quality of life, emotional, and cognitive function following acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10(7):1005–1017. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135561770410711X
- Duning T, van den Heuvel, I., Dickmann, A., et al. Hypoglycemia aggravates critical illness-induced neurocognitive dysfunction. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(3):639–644. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1740
- Jorm AF. A short form of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): development and cross-validation. Psychol Med. 1994;24(1):145–153.
- Muller A, von Hofen-Hohloch, J., Mende, M., et al. Long-term cognitive impairment after ICU treatment: a prospective longitudinal cohort study (Cog-I-CU). Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):15518. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72109-0
- Rossetti HC, Munro Cullum, C., Hynan, L S., et al. The CERAD neuropsychological battery total score and the progression of Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2010;24(2):138–142. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0b013e3181b76415
- Cavallazzi R, Saad M, Marik PE. Delirium in the ICU: an overview. Ann Intensive Care. 2012;2(1):49.
- Kotfis K, Marra A, Ely EW. ICU delirium - a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in the intensive care unit. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2018;50(2):160–167.
- Girard TD, Jackson, J C., Pandharipande, P P., et al. Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(7):1513–1520. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e47be1
- Ely EW, et al. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2004;291(14):1753–1762. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.14.1753
- Salluh JI, Wang, H., Schneider, E B., et al. Outcome of delirium in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015;350(may19 3):h2538. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h2538
- Gusmao-Flores D, Salluh, Jorge Ibrain Figueira, Chalhub, R., et al. The confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU) and intensive care delirium screening checklist (ICDSC) for the diagnosis of delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Crit Care. 2012;16(4):R115. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc11407
- Marra A, Ely, E W., Pandharipande, P P., et al. The ABCDEF bundle in critical care. Crit Care Clin. 2017;33(2):225–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.12.005
- Marra A, Pandharipande PP, Patel MB. Intensive care unit delirium and intensive care unit-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Surg Clin North Am. 2017;97(6):1215–1235.
- Weinert C, Meller W. Epidemiology of depression and antidepressant therapy after acute respiratory failure. Psychosomatics. 2006;47(5):399–407.
- van Gool WA, van de Beek D, Eikelenboom P. Systemic infection and delirium: when cytokines and acetylcholine collide. Lancet. 2010;375(9716):773–775.
- Gunther ML, Alessandro M, Erin K, Pratik P, et al. The association between brain volumes, delirium duration, and cognitive outcomes in intensive care unit survivors: the VISIONS cohort magnetic resonance imaging study. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(7):2022–2032.
- Neria Y, Nandi A, Galea S. Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review. Psychol Med. 2008;38(4):467–480.
- Norris FH. Epidemiology of trauma: frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1992;60(3):409–418.
- Resnick HS, D G Kilpatrick, B S Dansky, et al. Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1993;61(6):984–991.
- Cassano P, Fava M. Depression and public health: an overview. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53(4):849–857.
- Davydow DS, Jeneen M G, Sanjay V D, et al. Depression in general intensive care unit survivors: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35(5):796–809.
- Sukantarat K, Greer S, Brett S, et al. Physical and psychological sequelae of critical illness. British Journal of Health Psychology. 2007;12(1):65–74.
- Dowdy DW, Bienvenu, O J., Dinglas, V D., et al. Are intensive care factors associated with depressive symptoms 6 months after acute lung injury? Crit Care Med. 2009;37(5):1702–1707. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31819fea55
- Milton A, Brück, E., Schandl, A., et al. Early psychological screening of intensive care unit survivors: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2017;21(1):273. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-017-1813-z
- Jackson JC, et al., Depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and functional disability in survivors of critical illness in the BRAIN-ICU study: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2(5): 369–379. 2014.
- Peveler R, Carson A, Rodin G. Depression in medical patients. BMJ. 2002;325(7356):149–152.
- Peris A, Bonizzoli, M., Iozzelli, D., et al. Early intra-intensive care unit psychological intervention promotes recovery from post traumatic stress disorders, anxiety and depression symptoms in critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2011;15(1):R41. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc10003
- Parker AM, Sricharoenchai, T., Raparla, S., et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in critical illness survivors: a metaanalysis. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(5):1121–1129. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000882
- Nikayin S, Rabiee, A., Hashem, M D., et al. Anxiety symptoms in survivors of critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2016;43:23–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2016.08.005
- Johnson P, Chaboyer, W., Foster, M., et al. Caregivers of ICU patients discharged home: what burden do they face? Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2001;17(4):219–227. https://doi.org/10.1054/iccn.2001.1577
- Cameron JI, et al. Well-being in informal caregivers of survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(1):81–86. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000190428.71765.31
- Davidson JE, Jones C, Bienvenu OJ. Family response to critical illness: postintensive care syndrome-family. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(2):618–624.
- Cameron JI, Chu, L M., Matte, A., et al. One-Year outcomes in caregivers of critically Ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(19):1831–1841. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1511160
- Kon AA, Davidson, J E., Morrison, W., et al. Shared decision making in ICUs: an American College of critical care medicine and american thoracic society policy statement. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(1):188–201. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000001396
- Naef R, von Felten S, Ernst J. Factors influencing post-ICU psychological distress in family members of critically ill patients: a linear mixed-effects model. Biopsychosoc Med. 2021;15(1):4.
- Adelman RD, Tmanova, L L., Delgado, D., et al. Caregiver burden: a clinical review. JAMA. 2014;311(10):1052–1060. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.304
- Lee M, Kang J, Jeong YJ. Risk factors for post-intensive care syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust Crit Care. 2020;33(3):287–294.
- Puntillo KA, et al. Determinants of procedural pain intensity in the intensive care unit. The Europain(R) study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;189(1):39–47.
- Chanques G, Viel, E., Constantin, J-M., et al. The measurement of pain in intensive care unit: comparison of 5 self-report intensity scales. Pain. 2010;151(3):711–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.08.039
- Ji RR, Nackley, A., Huh, Y., et al. Neuroinflammation and central sensitization in chronic and widespread pain. Anesthesiology. 2018;129(2):343–366. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000002130
- Erstad BL, Puntillo, K., Gilbert, H C., et al. Pain management principles in the critically ill. Chest. 2009;135(4):1075–1086. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-2264
- Van Rompaey B, Schuurmans, M J., Shortridge-Baggett, L M., et al. Risk factors for intensive care delirium: a systematic review. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2008;24(2):98–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2007.08.005
- Pandharipande P, Shintani, A., Peterson, J., et al. Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients. Anesthesiology. 2006;104(1):21–26. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200601000-00005
- Rattray JE, Johnston M, Wildsmith JA. Predictors of emotional outcomes of intensive care. Anaesthesia. 2005;60(11):1085–1092. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2005.04336.x
- Jones C, Griffiths, R D., Humphris, G., et al. Memory, delusions, and the development of acute posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms after intensive care. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(3):573–580. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200103000-00019
- Kress JP, et al., The long-term psychological effects of daily sedative interruption on critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 168(12): 1457–1461. 2003.
- Bienvenu OJ, Colantuoni, E., Mendez-Tellez, P A., et al. Depressive symptoms and impaired physical function after acute lung injury: a 2-year longitudinal study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(5):23. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201103-0503OC
- Hopkins RO, et al. Blood glucose dysregulation and cognitive outcome in ARDS survivors. Brain Inj. 2010;24(12):1478–1484. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2010.506861
- Davydow DS, Gifford, J M., Desai, S V., et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in general intensive care unit survivors: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2008;30(5):421–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.05.006
- Calsavara AJ, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in sepsis survivors after ICU discharge. Braz J Psychiatry. 2020.
- Pun BT, et al. Caring for critically Ill patients with the ABCDEF bundle: results of the ICU liberation collaborative in over 15,000 Adults. Crit Care Med. 2019;47(1):3–14. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003482
- Klompas M, Anderson, D., Trick, W., et al. The preventability of ventilator-associated events. The CDC Prevention Epicenters Wake Up and Breathe Collaborative. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(3):292–301. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201407-1394OC
- Levy MM, Dellinger, R P., Townsend, S R., et al. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36(2):222–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-009-1738-3
- Pronovost P, Needham, D., Berenholtz, S., et al. An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(26):2725–2732. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa061115
- Vasilevskis EE, Ely, E W., Speroff, T., et al. Reducing iatrogenic risks: ICU-acquired delirium and weakness–crossing the quality chasm. Chest. 2010;138(5):1224–1233. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.10-0466
- Writing Group for the, C.-I.C.U.I., et al. Effect of a quality improvement intervention with daily round checklists, goal setting, and clinician prompting on mortality of critically Ill patients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315(14):1480–1490.
- Barr J, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(1):263–306.
- Balzer F, Weiß, B., Kumpf, O., et al. Early deep sedation is associated with decreased in-hospital and two-year follow-up survival. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):197. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-015-0929-2
- Boncyk C, Nahrwold DA, Hughes CG. Targeting light versus deep sedation for patients receiving mechanical ventilation. J Emerg Crit Care Med. 2018: 2
- Pandharipande P, Banerjee, A., McGrane, S., et al. Liberation and animation for ventilated ICU patients: the ABCDE bundle for the back-end of critical care. Crit Care. 2010;14(3):157. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc8999
- Ely EW, Truman, B., Shintani, A., et al. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA. 2003;289(22):2983–2991. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.22.2983
- Seymour CW, Pandharipande, P P., Koestner, T., et al. Diurnal sedative changes during intensive care: impact on liberation from mechanical ventilation and delirium. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(10):2788–2796. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31825b8ade
- Riker RR, et al. Dexmedetomidine vs Midazolam for sedation of critically Ill patients <subtitle>A Randomized Trial</subtitle>. JAMA. 2009;301(5):489–499. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.56
- Morandi A, Piva, S., Ely, E W., et al. Worldwide survey of the “assessing pain, both spontaneous awakening and breathing trials, choice of drugs, delirium monitoring/management, early exercise/mobility, and family empowerment” (ABCDEF) Bundle. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(11):e1111–e1122. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000002640
- Girard TD, Exline, M C., Carson, S S., et al. Haloperidol and ziprasidone for treatment of delirium in critical illness. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(26):2506–2516. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1808217
- Schweickert WD, Kress JP. Implementing early mobilization interventions in mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU. Chest. 2011;140(6):1612–1617.
- Dammeyer J, Dickinson, S., Packard, D., et al. Building a protocol to guide mobility in the ICU. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2013;36(1):37–49. https://doi.org/10.1097/CNQ.0b013e3182750acd
- Freeman R, Maley K. Mobilization of intensive care cardiac surgery patients on mechanical circulatory support. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2013;36(1):73–88.
- Schweickert WD, Pohlman, M C., Pohlman, A S., et al. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9678):1874–1882. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60658-9
- Fuke R, Hifumi, T., Kondo, Y., et al. Early rehabilitation to prevent postintensive care syndrome in patients with critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2018;8(5):e019998. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019998
- Davidson JE, Powers, K., Hedayat, K M., et al. Clinical practice guidelines for support of the family in the patient-centered intensive care unit: American College of Critical Care Medicine Task Force 2004–2005. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(2):605–622. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000254067.14607.EB
- Phipps LM, Bartke, C N., Spear, D A., et al. Assessment of parental presence during bedside pediatric intensive care unit rounds: effect on duration, teaching, and privacy. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2007;8(3):220–224. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PCC.0000262798.84416.C5
- Jabre P, Belpomme, V., Azoulay, E., et al. Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(11):1008–1018. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1203366
- Curtis JR, Engelberg, R A., Wenrich, M D., et al. Missed opportunities during family conferences about end-of-life care in the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171(8):844–849. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200409-1267OC
- Visser E, Gosens, T., Den Oudsten, B L., et al. The course, prediction, and treatment of acute and posttraumatic stress in trauma patients: a systematic review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;82(6):1158–1183. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001447
- Ladd G. NHMRC guidelines for clinical practice for ASD and PTSD. Diving Hyperb Med. 2008;38(1):54.
- Forbes D, Creamer, M., Phelps, A., et al. Australian guidelines for the treatment of adults with acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007;41(8):637–648. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670701449161
- Wallace D, Cooper J. Update on the management of post-traumatic stress disorder. Aust Prescr. 2015;38(2):55–59.
- Bisson JI, Berliner, L., Cloitre, M., et al. The international society for traumatic stress studies new guidelines for the prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: methodology and development process. J Trauma Stress. 2019;32(4):475–483. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22421
- Kaczkurkin AN, Foa EB. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: an update on the empirical evidence. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17(3):337–346.
- Shnaider P, Pukay-Martin, N D., Fredman, S J., et al. Effects of cognitive-behavioral conjoint therapy for PTSD on partners’ psychological functioning. J Trauma Stress. 2014;27(2):129–136. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21893
- van Minnen A, Tibben M. A brief cognitive-behavioural treatment approach for PTSD and dissociative identity disorder, a case report. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2021;72:101655.
- Shapiro F. The role of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in medicine: addressing the psychological and physical symptoms stemming from adverse life experiences. Perm J. 2014;18(1):71–77.
- Wilson G, Farrell, D., Barron, I., et al. The use of Eye-Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in treating post-traumatic stress disorder—a systematic narrative review. Front Psychol. 2018;9:923. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00923
- Gil-Jardiné C, Evrard, G., Al Joboory, S., et al. Emergency room intervention to prevent post concussion-like symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder. A pilot randomized controlled study of a brief eye movement desensitization and reprocessing intervention versus reassurance or usual care. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;103:229–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.05.024
- Elliott D, Davidson, J E., Harvey, M A., et al. Exploring the scope of post-intensive care syndrome therapy and care: engagement of non-critical care providers and survivors in a second stakeholders meeting. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(12):2518–2526. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000525
- Cox CE, Docherty, S L., Brandon, D H., et al. Surviving critical illness: acute respiratory distress syndrome as experienced by patients and their caregivers. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(10):2702–2708. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200910000-00004
- Gallop KH, Kerr, Cicely E. P., Nixon, A., et al. A qualitative investigation of patients’ and caregivers’ experiences of severe sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(2):296–307. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000613
- Lee CM, Herridge, M S., Matte, A., et al. Education and support needs during recovery in acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors. Crit Care. 2009;13(5):R153. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc8053
- Lasiter S, Oles, S K., Mundell, J., et al. Critical care follow-up clinics: a scoping review of interventions and outcomes. Clin Nurse Spec. 2016;30(4):227–237. https://doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0000000000000219
- Haines KJ, McPeake, J., Hibbert, E., et al. Enablers and barriers to implementing ICU Follow-Up clinics and peer support groups following critical illness: the thrive collaboratives. Crit Care Med. 2019;47(9):1194–1200. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003818
- Rattray J, et al. Patients‘ perceptions of and emotional outcome after intensive care: results from a multicentre study. Nurs Crit Care. 2010;15(2):86–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-5153.2010.00387.x
- Myhren H, Tøien, K., Ekeberg, Ø., et al. Patients’ memory and psychological distress after ICU stay compared with expectations of the relatives. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35(12):2078–2086. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-009-1614-1
- Granja C, et al. Understanding posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms after critical care: the early illness amnesia hypothesis. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(10):2801–2809. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e318186a3e7
- Ullman AJ, et al. Diaries for recovery from critical illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;12:CD010468.
- Mikkelsen ME, Jackson, J C., Hopkins, R O., et al. Peer support as a novel strategy to mitigate post-intensive care syndrome. AACN Adv Crit Care. 2016;27(2):221–229. https://doi.org/10.4037/aacnacc2016667
- Davidson L, amy, C B., Guy, K., et al. Peer support among persons with severe mental illnesses: a review of evidence and experience. World Psychiatry. 2012;11(2):123–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.05.009
- Weis J. Support groups for cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2003;11(12):763–768.
- White S, Foster, R., Marks, J., et al. The effectiveness of one-to-one peer support in mental health services: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):534. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02923-3
- Chien WT, et al. Peer support for people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;4(4):Cd010880.
- Hu J, Wang, X., Guo, S., et al. Peer support interventions for breast cancer patients: a systematic review. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2019;174(2):325–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-018-5033-2
- Park HY, Kim, M J., Kim, J Y., et al. Could peer support programs be a good resource for managing the unmet needs of cancer patients? J Cancer Educ. 2019;34(5):950–957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-018-1399-4
- Abate SM, Ahmed Ali, S., Mantfardo, B., et al. Rate of Intensive Care Unit admission and outcomes among patients with coronavirus: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(7):e0235653. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235653
- Barrett ML, et al. Utilization of intensive care services, 2011: statistical brief #185, in Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) statistical briefs. Rockville (MD); 2006.
- Grasselli G, Greco, M., Zanella, A., et al. Risk factors associated with mortality among patients with COVID-19 in intensive care units in Lombardy, Italy. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(10):1345–1355. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3539
- Abad C, Fearday A, Safdar N. Adverse effects of isolation in hospitalised patients: a systematic review. J Hosp Infect. 2010;76(2):97–102.
- Evans HL, Shaffer, M M., Hughes, M G., et al. Contact isolation in surgical patients: a barrier to care? Surgery. 2003;134(2):180–188. https://doi.org/10.1067/msy.2003.222
- Kotfis K, Williams Roberson, S., Wilson, Jo, et al. COVID-19: what do we need to know about ICU delirium during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic? Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2020;52(2):132–138. https://doi.org/10.5114/ait.2020.95164
- Azoulay E, Curtis JR, Kentish-Barnes N. Ten reasons for focusing on the care we provide for family members of critically ill patients with COVID-19. Intensive Care Med; 2020.
- Lautrette A, Darmon, M., Megarbane, B., et al. A communication strategy and brochure for relatives of patients dying in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(5):469–478. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa063446
- Pompeo-Fargnoli A, Fargnoli AS. The mental health impact of the COVID19 crisis: the battle ahead for inpatient survivors. Psychosomatics. 2020;61(5):567–568.
- Kiekens C, et al. Rehabilitation and respiratory management in the acute and early post-acute phase. “Instant paper from the field“ on rehabilitation answers to the COVID-19 emergency. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2020;56(3):323–326. https://doi.org/10.23736/S1973-9087.20.06305-4
- Halpin SJ, McIvor, C., Whyatt, G., et al. Postdischarge symptoms and rehabilitation needs in survivors of COVID-19 infection: a cross-sectional evaluation. J Med Virol. 2021;93(2):1013–1022. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26368
- Jeong H, Yim, H W., Song, Y-J., et al. Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016048. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016048
- Moldofsky H, Patcai J. Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, depression and disordered sleep in chronic post-SARS syndrome; a case-controlled study. BMC Neurol. 2011;11:37.
- Yoshikawa N, Yoshikawa, T., Hill, T., et al. Differential virological and immunological outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in susceptible and resistant transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. J Virol. 2009;83(11):5451–5465. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02272-08
- Ahmed H, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreaks after hospitalisation or ICU admission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Rehabil Med. 2020;52(5):jrm00063.
- Koralnik IJ, Tyler KL. COVID-19: a global threat to the nervous system. Ann Neurol. 2020;88(1):1–11.
- Jacomy H, Talbot PJ. Vacuolating encephalitis in mice infected by human coronavirus OC43. Virology. 2003;315(1):20–33.
- Uhlen M, Fagerberg, L., Hallstrom, B M., et al. Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science. 2015;347(6220):1260419. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260419
- Colbenson GA, Johnson A, Wilson ME. Post-intensive care syndrome: impact, prevention, and management. Breathe (Sheff). 2019;15(2):98–101.
- Iwashyna TJ. Survivorship will be the defining challenge of critical care in the 21st century. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153(3):204–205.