References
- Steiner TJ. The prevalence and disability burden of adult migraine in England and their relationships to age, gender and ethnicity. Cephalalgia. 2003 Sep;23:519–527.
- Tepper SJ. A pivotal moment in 50 years of headache history: the first American migraine study. Headache. 2008 May;730–731. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01117_1.x.
- IHS Classification ICHD-3. International headache society. 2021.
- Ahmed F. Bash guideline writing committee . BASH National Headache Management System for Adults British Association for the study of headache. 2019.
- Lebedeva. Sentinel headache as a warning symptom of ischemic stroke. J Headache Pain. 2020. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-020-01140-3.
- Vestergaard K. Headache in stroke. Stroke. 1993;1621–1624. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.24.11.1621.
- Harriet AM. Headache after ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Neurology. 2020 Jan 7. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000008591.
- Lebedeva ER. Headache at onset of first-ever ischemic stroke: clinical characteristics and predictors. Eur J Neurol. 2021 Mar;852–860. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14684.
- Yemisci M. Aura and stroke: relationship and what we have learnt from preclinical models. J Headache Pain. 2019;20.
- Kurth T. Migraine and stroke: a complex association with clinical implications. Lancet Neurol. 2012 Jan;11:92–100.
- Chang CL. Migraine and stroke in young women: case-control study. The world health organisation collaborative study of cardiovascular disease and steroid hormone contraception. BMJ. 1999;318:1–13.
- L R. Migraine and risk of stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg. 2020;593–604.
- Lebedeva ER. Explicit diagnostic criteria for transient ischemic attacks to differentiate it from migraine with aura. Cephalalgia. 2018 Jul;1463–1470. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417736901.
- Dolmans LS. Diagnostic accuracy of the explicit diagnostic criteria for transient ischemic attack: a validation study. Stroke. 2019;2080–2085. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025626.
- Lebedeva. New diagnostic criteria for headache attributed to transient ischemic attacks. J Headache Pain. 2019;20.
- Van Gijn J. Subarachnoid haemorrhage: diagnosis, causes and management. Brain. 2001 Feb;124.
- https://www.uptodate.com/contents/aneurysmal-subarachnoid-hemorrhage-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis/contributors
- Perry JJ. Clinical decision rules to rule out subarachnoid haemorrhage for acute headache. JAMA. 2013 Sep 25;1248–1255. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.278018.
- J J P. High risk clinical characteristics for subarachnoid haemorrhage in patients with acute headache: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2010;341.
- Perry. Sensitivity of computed tomography performed within six hours of onset of headache for diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2011:343.
- DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c5204.
- Ken DJ. Comparison between CTA and digital subtraction angiography in the diagnosis of ruptured aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 2017 May 1;80:769–777.
- Oppong. Aneurysm re bleeding before therapy: a predictable disaster ?. J Neurosurg. 2019;131:1473–1480.
- Steiner T. European stroke Organization guidelines for the management of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebrovascular Disease. 2013;35:93–112.
- Dolati. The frequency of subarachnoid hemorrhage from very small cerebral aneurysms (< 5 mm): a population-based study. Cureus. 2015;7:279.
- Kwon OK. Headache and aneurysm. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2019 May;29:255–260.
- Dandurand C. Headache outcomes after treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysm: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2019 Dec.
- Lebedeva ER. Migraine before rupture of intracranial aneurysms. J Headache Pain. 2013;15. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/1129-2377-14-15.
- Syed Ijlal A. Endovascular coiling versus neurosurgical clipping for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2019;11.
- Allroggen H. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Postgrad Med J. 2000;12–15. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/pmj.76.891.12.
- Ragasudha B. Headache patterns in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2017;8:72–77.
- Cumurciuc R. Headache as the only neurological sign of cerebral venous thrombosis: a series of 17 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg. 2005;1084–1087. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2004.056275.
- Ulivi L. Cerebral venous thrombosis: a practical guide. Pract Neurol. 2020;356–367. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2019-002415.
- Ferro JM. Cerebral venous and dural sinus thrombosis. Pract Neurol. 2003;214–219. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1474-7766.2003.04146.x.
- Dam V. Current imaging modalities for diagnosing cerebral vein thrombosis – a critical review. Thromb Res. 189:132–139.
- Khandelwal. Comparison of CT venography with MR venography in cerebral sinovenous thrombosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007:1637–1643.
- Evaluation of the intracranial dural sinuses with a 3D contrast-enhanced MP-RAGE sequence: prospective comparison with 2D-TOF MR venography and digital subtraction angio graphy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiology. 2001;481–492.
- Chiewvit P. Cerebral venous thrombosis: diagnosis dilemma. Neurol Int. 2011. DOI:https://doi.org/10.4081/ni.2011.e13.
- Bruijn D. Randomized, placebo –controlled trial of anticoagulant treatment with low molecular weight heparin for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Stroke. 1999;484–488. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.30.3.484.
- Ageno W. Optimal treatment duration of venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 11:151–160.
- Eev A. RE-SPECT CVT study group. Safety and efficacy of dabigatran etexilate vs dose-adjusted warfarin in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2019 Sep 3;76:1457–1465.
- Lee SK. Clinical presentation, imaging and treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). Interventional Neuroradiology. 2002;8:1–5.
- Tait C. Guidelines on the investigation and management of venous thrombosis at unusual sites. Br J Haematol. 2012;159(1):28–38.
- Coutinho JM. Thrombolysis or anticoagulation for cerebral venous thrombosis: rationale and design of the TO-ACT trial. Int J Stroke. 2013 Feb;8:135–140.
- Ducros A. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 11(10):906–991.
- Calabrese LH. Benign angiopathy: a distinct subset of angiographically defined primary angiitis of the central nervous system. J Rheumatol. 1993 Dec;20:2046–2050.
- Hammad TA. Primary angiitis of the central nervous system and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2013 Aug;15:346.
- Ducros A. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Pract Neurol. 2009;26–256. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2009.187856.
- Ducros. The clinical and radiological spectrum of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. A prospective series of 67 patients. Brain. 2007;3091–3101. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm256.
- Rocha EARCVS2 score and diagnostic approach for reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Neurology. 2019 Feb 12;639–647.
- Elhfnawy A. Carotid dissection presenting as a prolonged cluster-like headache in a patient with episodic cluster headache. BMJ Case Rep. 2017;2017.
- Thanvi B. Carotid and vertebral artery dissection syndromes. Postgrad Med J. 2005;383–388. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2003.016774.
- Kimura K. Ultrasonographic evaluation of vertebral artery to detect vertebrobasilar axis occlusion. Stroke. 1994;1006–1009. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.25.5.1006.
- Provenzale JM. Comparison of test performance characteristics of MRI, MR angiography and CT angiography in the diagnosis of carotid and vertebral artery dissection: a review of the medical literature. Am J Roentgenol. 2009;117–1167. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.08.1688.
- Levy MJ. The clinical characteristics of headache in patients with pituitary tumours. Brain. Aug 2005;(8):1921–1930. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh525.
- Ezzat S. The prevalence of pituitary adenomas. Cancer. 2004;101:613–619.
- Pfadenhauer K. The risks of sumatriptan administration in patients with unrecognized subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Cephalalgia. 2006 Mar;26:320–323.
- Suri. Presentation and Management of Headache in Pituitary Apoplexy. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 23). 2019 07 29.
- Shabas D. Pituitary apoplexy presenting as status migrainosis. Headache. 2017;641–642. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13046.
- Silvestrini. Ophthalmoplegic migraine like syndrome due to pituitary apoplexy. Headache. 1994;484–486. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.1994.hed3408484.x.
- Grangeon L. Indomethacin-responsive paroxysmal hemicrania in an elderly man: an unusual presentation of pituitary apoplexy. Headache. 2017 Nov;57:1624–1626.
- Fuchs S. Pituitary apoplexy as a first manifestation of pituitary adenomas following intensive thrombolytic and antithrombotic therapy. Am J Cardiol. 1998 Jan;81:110–111.
- Biousse. Precipitating factors in pituitary apoplexy. J Neurol Neurosurg. 2001;71:542–545.
- Goyal P. Clinical and imaging features of pituitary apoplexy and role of imaging in differentiation of clinical mimics. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2018;2.
- Corbelli I. Dural arteriovenous fistulas and headache features: an observational study. J Headache Pain. 2020;21.
- Dalyai RT. Management of incidental cavernous malformations: a review. Neurosurg Focus. 2011 Dec;31:E5.
- Ene C. Natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations. Handb Clin Neurol. 2017;143:227–232.
- Jose Bras S. Investigation of thunderclap headache in cavernous angioma: when magnetic resonance makes the difference. Case report. 2014.
- Schwarz N. Acute headache in a case of cerebral cavernomas. Praxis (Bern 1994). 2007 May;96:775–778.
- Sturge Weber syndrome. NORD. National Organization for Rare disorders.
- Klapper J. Headache in sturge-weber syndrome. Headache. 1994;34(9):521–522.
- Balkuv E. Sturge-weber syndrome: a case report with persistent headache. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;26 May:87.
- Baharvahdat. Updates in the management of cranial dural arteriovenous fistula. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2020. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/svn-2019-000269.
- Saini. Susceptibility-weighted imaging in cranial dural arteriovenous fistulasJ. Am J Neuroradiol. Jan 2009;30:e6.
- Mokin M. Neuroimaging of cavernous malformations. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2017 Oct 13;21:47.
- Comi AM. Update on sturge-weber syndrome: diagnosis, treatment, quantitative measures, and controversies. Lymphat Res Biol. 2007;257–264. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1089/lrb.2007.1016.
- Akpinar E. The tram-track sign: cortical calcifications. Radiology. 2004;231(2):515–516.
- Moore GJ. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in children with sturge-weber syndrome. J. Child Neurol. 1998; 13:332–335.
- Baig IF. Giant cell arteritis: early diagnosis is key. Eye Brain. 2019;1–12. Published 2019 Jan 17. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S170388.
- Paulley JW. Giant-cell arteritis, or arteritis of the aged. Br Med J. 1960 Nov 26;2:1562–1567.
- Hayreh SS. Ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998 Apr;125:509–520.
- Lie JT. Aortic and extracranial large vessel giant cell arteritis: a review of 72 cases with histopathologic documentation. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1995 Jun;24(6):422–431.
- Nesher G. Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: 2016 update. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2016;e0035. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5041/RMMJ.10262.
- Gonzalez-Gay MA. Fever in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis: clinical implications in a defined population. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Aug 15;51:652–655.
- Czihal M. A diagnostic algorithm based on a simple clinical prediction rule for the diagnosis of cranial giant cell arteritis. J Clin Med. 2021;1163. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10061163.
- Grzybowski A. Giant cell arteritis with normal ESR and/or CRP is rare, but not unique!. Eye (Lond). 2013;1418–1419. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2013.208.
- Wang AL. Studies on the histopathology of temporal arteritis. Ocul Oncol Pathol. 2017;3.
- Schmidt WA. Ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology. Feb 2018;(suppl_2):ii22–ii31. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kex461.
- Simon S. Diagnosis and management of giant cell arteritis: major review. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2021;169–185. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/ceo.13897.
- Sutherland. Advances in genetics of migraine. J Headache Pain. 2019;20.
- Tan. CADASIL: migraine, Encephalopathy, Stroke and Their Inter-Relationships. 2016.
- CADASIL. National organisation of rare disorders. (NORD).
- Retinal Vasculopathy with Cerebral Leukoencephalopathy and Systemic Manifestations. NORD.
- MELAS (Mitochndrial Encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes) NORD.
- Sinnecker T. Diagnosis of adult-onset MELAS syndrome in a 63-year-old patient with suspected recurrent strokes – a case report. BMC Neurol. 2019;91. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-019-1306-6.
- Kirby DM. Mutations of the mitochondrial ND1 gene as a cause of MELAS. J Med Genet. 2004;41(10):784–789.
- Kirino Y. Codon-specific translational defect caused by a wobble modification deficiency in mutant tRNA from a human mitochondrial disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:15070–15075.
- Salvatore D. Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes; Myopathy, Mitochondrial-Encephalopathy-Lactic Acidosis-Stroke. 2001 Feb 27.
- Napolitano A. Long-term treatment with idebenone and riboflavin in a patient with MELAS. Neurol Sci. 2000;21.
- Koga Y. Therapeutic regimen of L-arginine for MELAS: 9-year, prospective, multicenter, clinical research. J Neurol. 2018;12:2861–2874.
- Berbel-Garcia A. Coenzyme Q 10 improves lactic acidosis, strokelike episodes, and epilepsy in a patient with MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes). Clin Neuropharmacol. 2004 Jul-Aug;27:187–191.
- Yousry TA. Characteristic MR lesion pattern and correlation of T1 and T2 lesion volume with neurologic and neuropsychological findings in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20:91–100.
- Finsterer. Mitochondrial toxicity of anti epileptic drugs and their tolerability in mitochondrial disorders. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 8:71–79.
- Charidimou A. Defining retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy and systemic manifestations. Brain. 139:2819.
- Jen J. Hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, nephropathy, and stroke (HERNS). Neurology. 49:1322–1330.
- Weil S. Cerebroretinal vasculopathy mimicking a brain tumor: a case of a rare hereditary syndrome. Neurology. 53:629.
- Koga. MELAS syndrome. West J Emergency Med. Oct 1995;163:379–381.
- Kim. Mitochondrial myopathy-encephalopathy-lactic acidosis-and strokelike episodes (MELAS) syndrome: CT and MR findings in seven children. Am. J. Roentgenol. 1996 Mar 1;166:641–645.
- Majoie Charles B. Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy: comparison of conventional MR imaging with diffusion-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging: case report. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002 May 1;23:813–816.
- Castillo M. MELAS syndrome: imaging and proton MR spectroscopic findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16:233–239.
- Koemans. Migraine with aura as early disease marker in hereditary dutch-type cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Stroke. 2020 Apr;51:1094–1099.
- Banerjee G. The increasing impact of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: essential new insights for clinical practice. J Neurol Neurosurg. 2017;982–994. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2016-314697.
- Du Y. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation: a case report presenting with a rare variant in SORL1 gene. BMC Neurol. 2019. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-019-1326-2.
- Walker DA. Routine use of gradient-echo MRI to screen for cerebral amyloid angiopathy in elderly patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182:1547–1550.
- Sharma R. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: review of clinico-radiological features and mimics. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2018. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/1754-9485.12726.
- Samarasekera N. The association between cerebral amyloid angiopathy and intracerebral haemorrhage: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83:275–278.
- Martucci M, Sarria S, Toledo M, et al. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation: imaging findings and clinical outcome. Neuroradiology.
- Ryu. Alberta stroke program early CT score in the prognostication after endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. Neurointervention. 2017;20–30. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5469/neuroint.2017.12.1.20.
- Chen Z. Patients with ischemic core ≥70 ml within 6 h of symptom onset may still benefit from endovascular treatment. Front Neurol. 2018;9. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00009.
- Menon BK. Computed tomography angiography in the assessment of patients with stroke/TIA. Neurohospitalist. 2011;187–199. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1941874411418523.
- Florent G. Mechanical thrombectomy outcomes with or without intravenous thrombolysis. Stroke. 2018;49:2383–2390.
- Darsaut T. Surgical clipping or endovascular coiling for unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a pragmatic randomised trial. J Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2017;663–668. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2016-315433.
- Ahmed. Endovascular coiling versus neurosurgical clipping for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2019;26(March):3.
- Johanna T. Fifi covid 19 related stroke in young individuals. Lancet. Sept 2020;19:713–715.
- Perry. Characteristics and outcomes of covid 19 associated stroke:a uk multicentre case-control study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. (3).
- Guidance produced by the Expert Haematology Panel Foused on Covid −19 vaccine induced Thrombosis and Thrombocytopenia.
- Seymour J. Response of headaches to nonnarcotic analgesics resulting in missed intracranial hemorrhage. American Journal of Emergency Med. 1995 Jan;43–45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-6757(95)90240-6.
- Rothrock J. The perils of misinterpreting a treatment response. Headache. 2005 May;45(5):599–600.
- Botta R. Headache patterns in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2017;72–77.
- Leira EC. Sumatriptan can alleviate headaches due to carotid artery dissection. Headache. 2001 Jun;590–591. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4610.2001.041006590.x.
- Hunder GG. The American college of rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990 Aug;33:1122–1128.