374
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

An update on clinical insight, cognitive insight, and introspective accuracy in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: symptoms, cognition, and treatment

, &
Pages 245-255 | Received 09 Apr 2021, Accepted 02 Mar 2022, Published online: 10 Mar 2022

References

  • Lysaker PH, Pattison ML, Leonhardt BL, et al. Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments. World Psychiatry. 2018;17:12–23.
  • Belvederi Murri M, Respino M, Innamorati M, et al. Is good insight associated with depression among patients with schizophrenia? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2015;162:234–247.
  • Palmer EC, Gilleen J, David AS. The relationship between cognitive insight and depression in psychosis and schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2015;166:261–268.
  • Vohs JL, George S, Leonhardt BL, et al. An integrative model of the impairments in insight in schizophrenia: emerging research on causal factors and treatments. Expert Rev Neurother. 2016;16:1193–1204.
  • Lincoln TM, Lüllmann E, Rief W. Correlates and long-term consequences of poor insight in patients with schizophrenia. A systematic review. Schizophr Bull. 2007;33:1324–1342.
  • Beck AT, Baruch E, Balter JM, et al. A new instrument for measuring insight: the beck cognitive insight scale. Schizophr Res. 2004;68:319–329.
  • Nisbett RE, Wilson TD. Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes. Psychol Rev. 1977;84:231.
  • Gilleen J, Greenwood K, David AS. Domains of Awareness in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37:61–72.
  • Pinkham AE, Klein HS, Hardaway GB, et al. Neural correlates of social cognitive introspective accuracy in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2018;202:166–172.
  • Silberstein J, Harvey PD. Impaired introspective accuracy in schizophrenia: an independent predictor of functional outcomes. Cogn Neuropsychiatry. 2019;24:28–39.
  • Springfield CR, Pinkham AE. Introspective accuracy for social competence in psychometric schizotypy. Cognit Neuropsychiatry. 2020;25:57–70.
  • Garcia-Cabeza I, Victor F, de Portugal E. Relationship between insight, adherence and disability in the diagnose of paranoid schizophrenia. J Ment Health Clin Psychol. 2018;2.
  • Elowe J, Golay P, Baumann PS, et al. Moderating role of cannabis use between insight and depression in early psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2020;215:61–65.
  • Kim J, Ozzoude M, Nakajima S, et al. Insight and medication adherence in schizophrenia: an analysis of the CATIE trial. Neuropharmacology. 2020;168:107634.
  • Czobor P, Van Dorn RA, Citrome L, et al. Treatment adherence in schizophrenia: a patient-level meta-analysis of combined CATIE and EUFEST studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol J Eur Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25:1158–1166.
  • Yaegashi H, Kirino S, Remington G, et al. Adherence to oral antipsychotics measured by electronic adherence monitoring in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Drugs. 2020;34:579–598.
  • Marucci C, Santarelli V, Collazzoni A, et al. Which metacognitive components of insight in schizophrenia? The relationship between subjective and objective measures of metacognition and insight. J Psychopathol. 2019;25:18–23.
  • Ozzoude M, Nakajima S, Plitman E, et al. The effects of illness severity, cognition, and estimated antipsychotic dopamine receptor occupancy on insight into the illness in schizophrenia: an analysis of clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness (CATIE) data. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019;89:207–213.
  • Tiryaki A, Karahan A, Civil Arslan F. The relationship of insight with psychopathology and neuropsychological functioning in patients with Schizophrenia. Turk J Psychiatry. 2018;29(1):22-30.
  • Tariku M, Demilew D, Fanta T, et al. Insight and associated factors among patients with schizophrenia in mental specialized hospital, Ethiopia, 2018. Psychiatry J. 2019;2019:1–5.
  • Atoui M, El Jamil F, El Khoury J, et al. The relationship between clinical insight and cognitive and affective empathy in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res Cogn. 2018;12:56–65.
  • Hasson-Ohayon I, Scholte-Stalenhoef AN, Schirmbeck F, et al. Insight, personality, and symptoms among individuals with psychosis: cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships. Schizophr Res. 2020;222:243–250.
  • Phahladira L, Asmal L, Kilian S, et al. Changes in insight over the first 24 months of treatment in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res. 2019;206:394–399.
  • Cohen CI, Mani A, Ghezelaiagh B. A longitudinal study of illness awareness in older adults with schizophrenia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019;27:200–209.
  • Spikol A, Murphy J. ‘Something wasn’t quite right’: a novel phenomenological analysis of internet discussion posts detailing initial awareness of psychosis. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2019. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3371/CSRP.SPJM.032819
  • Drake RJ, Haley CJ, Akhtar S, et al. Causes and consequences of duration of untreated psychosis in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;177:511–515.
  • Li W, Zhang -H-H, Wang Y, et al. Poor Insight in Schizophrenia Patients in China: a Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Psychiatr Q. 2020;91:1–15.
  • Subotnik KL, Ventura J, Hellemann GS, et al. Relationship of poor insight to neurocognition, social cognition, and psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2020;220:164–171.
  • Kamble KS, Nayak AS, Kumar AV. An observational study of clinical subtypes in treatment-resistant schizophrenia and its relation with cognitive insight. Ann Indian Psychiatry. 2020;4:154.
  • Liu J, Chan TC, Chong SA, et al. Impact of emotion dysregulation and cognitive insight on psychotic and depressive symptoms during the early course of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2020;14:691–697.
  • García-Mieres H, De Jesús-Romero R, Ochoa S, et al. Beyond the cognitive insight paradox: self-reflectivity moderates the relationship between depressive symptoms and general psychological distress in psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2020;222:297–303.
  • Dondé C, Laprévote V, Lavallé L, et al. Cognitive insight in individuals with an at‐risk mental state for psychosis: a meta‐analysis. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2020;15:449–456.
  • Pinho LG, Sampaio F, Sequeira C, et al. Cognitive insight in psychotic patients institutionalized and living in the community: an examination using the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale. Psychiatry Res. 2020;295:113586.
  • Rathee R, Luhrmann TM, Bhatia T, et al. Cognitive insight and objective quality of life in people with schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations. Psychiatry Res. 2018;259:223–228.
  • Silberstein JM, Pinkham AE, Penn DL, et al. Self-assessment of social cognitive ability in schizophrenia: association with social cognitive test performance, informant assessments of social cognitive ability, and everyday outcomes. Schizophr Res. 2018;199:75–82.
  • Pinkham AE, Harvey PD, Penn DL. Social cognition psychometric evaluation: results of the final validation study. Schizophr Bull. 2018;44:737–748.
  • Olsson A-K, Hjärthag F, Helldin L. Overestimated function in patients with schizophrenia: a possible risk factor for inadequate support? Schizophr Res. 2019;206:194–199.
  • Gould F, McGuire LS, Durand D, et al. Self-assessment in schizophrenia: accuracy of evaluation of cognition and everyday functioning. Neuropsychology. 2015;29:675.
  • Nishida K, Toyomaki A, Koshikawa Y, et al. Social cognition and metacognition contribute to accuracy for self-evaluation of real-world functioning in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2018;202:426–428.
  • Kaneko F, Okamura H. Discrepancies between self- and clinical staff members’ perception of cognitive functioning among patients with schizophrenia undergoing long-term hospitalization. Occup Ther Int. 2019;2019:e6547096.
  • Harris MT, Rempfer MV. Profiles of self-evaluation as a metacognitive skill: an indicator of rehabilitation potential among people with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2020;43:308.
  • Belvederi Murri M, Amore M, Calcagno P, et al. The “Insight Paradox” in Schizophrenia: magnitude, moderators and mediators of the association between insight and depression. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42:1225–1233.
  • Buchman-Wildbaum T, Váradi E, Schmelowszky Á, et al. The paradoxical role of insight in mental illness: the experience of stigma and shame in schizophrenia, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2020;34:449–457.
  • Davis BJ, Lysaker PH, Salyers MP, et al. The insight paradox in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of the relationship between clinical insight and quality of life. Schizophr Res. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 11]; Available from 2020 Sep 11]; 223:9–17. Internet http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920996420304035
  • Lysaker PH, Kukla M, Leonhardt BL, et al. Meaning, integration, and the self in serious mental illness: implications of research in metacognition for psychiatric rehabilitation. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2020;43:275–283.
  • Lysaker PH, Minor KS, Lysaker JT, et al. Metacognitive function and fragmentation in schizophrenia: relationship to cognition, self-experience and developing treatments. Schizophr Res Cogn. 2020;19:100142.
  • Chuang SP, Wu JYW, Wang CS. Self-perception of mental illness, and subjective and objective cognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019;15:967.
  • Lien Y-J, Chang H-A, Kao Y-C, et al. The impact of cognitive insight, self-stigma, and medication compliance on the quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2018;268:27–38.
  • Chio FH, Mak WW, Chan RC, et al. Unraveling the insight paradox: one-year longitudinal study on the relationships between insight, self-stigma, and life satisfaction among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res. 2018;197:124–130.
  • Grover S, Sahoo S, Chakrabarti S, et al. Association of internalized stigma and insight in patients with schizophrenia. Int J Cult Ment Health. 2018;11:338–350.
  • Schandrin A, Norton J, Raffard S, et al. A multi-dimensional approach to the relationship between insight and aggressiveness in schizophrenia: findings from the FACE-SZ cohort. Schizophr Res. 2019;204:38–45.
  • Reinharth J, Reynolds G, Dill C, et al. Cognitive predictors of violence in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. Schizophr Res Cogn. 2014;1:101–111.
  • Santarelli V, Marucci C, Collazzoni A, et al. Could the severity of symptoms of schizophrenia affect ability of self-appraisal of cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia? Lack of insight as a mediator between the two domains. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020;270(6):723-728.
  • Arraras JI, Ibañez B, Pereda N, et al. The association of clinical insight and depression with quality of life in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2019;279:350–352.
  • Konsztowicz S, Lepage M. The role of illness engulfment in the association between insight and depressive symptomatology in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;111:1–7.
  • Ramu N, Kolliakou A, Sanyal J, et al. Recorded poor insight as a predictor of service use outcomes: cohort study of patients with first-episode psychosis in a large mental healthcare database. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e028929.
  • Ayesa-Arriola R, Terán JMP, Moríñigo JDL, et al. The dynamic relationship between insight and suicidal behavior in first episode psychosis patients over 3-year follow-up. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018;28:1161–1172.
  • Hochheiser J, Lundin NB, Lysaker PH. The independent relationships of metacognition, mindfulness, and cognitive insight to self-compassion in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2020;208:1–6.
  • Villa J, Choi J, Kangas JL, et al. Associations of suicidality with cognitive ability and cognitive insight in outpatients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2018;192:340–344.
  • Ozturk HM, Yuksel N, Utku C. Relationship between suicide attempt and cognitive functions, hopelessness, insight in schizophrenia/Sizofreni hastalarinda intihar girisiminin bilissel islevler, umutsuzluk ve ic goru ile iliskisi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg. 2018;19:256–264.
  • Verma D, Srivastava M, Singh SK, et al. Lifetime suicide intent, executive function and insight in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. Schizophr Res. 2016;178:12–16.
  • Harvey PD, Twamley EW, Pinkham AE, et al. Depression in Schizophrenia: associations with cognition, functional capacity, everyday functioning, and self-assessment. Schizophr Bull. 2017;43:575–582.
  • Siu CO, Harvey PD, Agid O, et al. Insight and subjective measures of quality of life in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res Cogn. 2015;2:127–132.
  • Harvey PD, Deckler E, Jones MT, et al. Autism symptoms, depression, and active social avoidance in schizophrenia: association with self-reports and informant assessments of everyday functioning. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;115:36–42.
  • Jones MT, Deckler E, Laurrari C, et al. Confidence, performance, and accuracy of self-assessment of social cognition: a comparison of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Schizophr Res Cogn. 2020;19:100133.
  • Raffard S, Lebrun C, Bayard S, et al. Self-Awareness Deficits of Cognitive Impairment in Individuals With Schizophrenia. Really? Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:11.
  • Ćurčić‐Blake B, van der ML, Pijnenborg GHM, et al. Insight and psychosis: functional and anatomical brain connectivity and self‐reflection in Schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp. 2015;36:4859–4868.
  • van der Meer L, Costafreda S, Aleman A, et al. Self-reflection and the brain: a theoretical review and meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies with implications for schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2010;34:935–946.
  • Aleman A, Agrawal N, Morgan KD, et al. Insight in psychosis and neuropsychological function: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;189:204–212.
  • Fusar‐Poli P, McGorry PD, Kane JM. Improving outcomes of first‐episode psychosis: an overview. World Psychiatry. 2017;16:251–265.
  • Leonhardt BL, Vohs JL, Bartolomeo LA, et al. Relationship of metacognition and insight to neural synchronization and cognitive function in early phase psychosis. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2020;51:259–266.
  • Sauvé G, Kline RB, Shah JL, et al. Cognitive capacity similarly predicts insight into symptoms in first-and multiple-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2019;206:236–243.
  • Othman Z, Lua CT. Clinical insight in schizophrenia is associated with verbal delayed recall. Int Med J. 2018;25:153–156.
  • Raveendranathan D, Joseph J, Machado T, et al. Neurocognitive and clinical correlates of insight in schizophrenia. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020;62:131.
  • Khalil AH, El-Meguid MA, Bastawy M, et al. Correlating cognitive functions to symptom domains and insight in Egyptian patients with schizophrenia. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2020;66:240–248.
  • Baliga SP, Kamath RM, Kedare JS. Subjective cognitive complaints and its relation to objective cognitive performance, clinical profile, clinical insight, and social functioning in patients of schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020;62:178.
  • Daniell K, Kim J, Iwata Y, et al. Exploring the relationship between impaired illness awareness and visuospatial inattention in patients with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res. 2021 [cited 2020 Oct 24]; Available from 2020 Oct 24]; 136:468–473. Internet http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022395620310190
  • Addington J, Girard TA, Christensen BK, et al. Social cognition mediates illness-related and cognitive influences on social function in patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. J Psychiatry Neurosci JPN. 2010;35:49–54.
  • Lin C-H, Huang C-L, Chang Y-C, et al. Clinical symptoms, mainly negative symptoms, mediate the influence of neurocognition and social cognition on functional outcome of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2013;146:231–237.
  • Schmidt SJ, Mueller DR, Roder V. Social cognition as a mediator variable between neurocognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: empirical review and new results by structural equation modeling. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37:S41–S54.
  • Bora E. Relationship between insight and theory of mind in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2017;190:11–17.
  • Feyer FK, Andersson S, Büchmann CB, et al. Social perception predicts awareness of illness in persons with Schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2020;208:701–705.
  • Lysaker PH, Gagen E, Wright A, et al. Metacognitive deficits predict impaired insight in schizophrenia across symptom profiles: a latent class analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2019;45:48–56.
  • Grover S, Sahoo S, Nehra R, et al. Association of neurocognitive deficits and insight in schizophrenia. Asian J Psychiatr. 2018;36:112–117.
  • Expósito MS, Felipe-Castaño E. Cognitive insight, neurocognition and life skills in patients with schizophrenia. Psicothema. 2018;30:251–256.
  • Ohmuro N, Katsura M, Obara C, et al. The relationship between cognitive insight and cognitive performance among individuals with at-risk mental state for developing psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2018;192:281–286.
  • Bredemeier K, Beck AT, Grant PM. Exploring the temporal relationship between cognitive insight and neurocognition in schizophrenia: a prospective analysis. Clin Psychol Sci. 2018;6:76–89.
  • Othman Z, Lua CT. Cognitive insight in schizophrenia: its relationship with verbal learning and clinical insight. Int Med J. 2018;25:147–152.
  • Perez MM, Tercero BA, Penn DL, et al. Overconfidence in social cognitive decision making: correlations with social cognitive and neurocognitive performance in participants with schizophrenia and healthy individuals. Schizophr Res. 2020;224:51–57.
  • Dietrichkeit M, Grzella K, Nagel M, et al. Using virtual reality to explore differences in memory biases and cognitive insight in people with psychosis and healthy controls. Psychiatry Res. 2020;285:112787.
  • Klein HS, Pinkham AE. Examining reasoning biases in schizophrenia using a modified “Jumping to Conclusions” probabilistic reasoning task. Psychiatry Res. 2018;270:180–186.
  • Pijnenborg GH, van Donkersgoed RJ, David AS, et al. Changes in insight during treatment for psychotic disorders: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2013;144:109–117.
  • Lysaker PH, Klion RE. Recovery, meaning-making, and severe mental illness: a comprehensive guide to metacognitive reflection and insight therapy. New York: Routledge; 2017.
  • Vohs JL, Leonhardt BL, James AV, et al. Metacognitive reflection and insight therapy for early psychosis: a preliminary study of a novel integrative psychotherapy. Schizophr Res. 2018;195:428–433.
  • Lysaker PH, Gagen E, Moritz S, et al. Metacognitive approaches to the treatment of psychosis: a comparison of four approaches. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2018;11:341-351.
  • Pijnenborg G, de Vos A, Timmerman M, et al. Social cognitive group treatment for impaired insight in psychosis: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Schizophr Res. 2019;206:362–369.
  • Budak FK, Yilmaz E. The effect of yoga on clinical insight and medication adherence in patients with schizophrenia-A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Integr Med. 2019;30:100949.
  • Şenormancı G, Korkmaz N, Şenormancı Ö, et al. Effects of exercise on resilience, insight and functionality in patients with chronic Schizophrenia in a psychiatric nursing home setting: a randomized controlled trial. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2020;41:1–19.
  • Dondé C, Senn M, Eche J, et al. Well-informed but not aware: the PACT® psychoeducation program for schizophrenia improves knowledge about, but not insight into, the illness. Asian J Psychiatr. 2019;46:15–18.
  • Birulés I, López-Carrilero R, Cuadras D, et al. Cognitive insight in first-episode psychosis: changes during metacognitive training. J Pers Med. 2020;10:253.
  • Salas-Sender M, López-Carrilero R, Barajas A, et al. Gender differences in response to metacognitive training in people with first-episode psychosis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2020;88:516–525.
  • Simón-Expósito M, Felipe-Castaño E. Effects of metacognitive training on cognitive insight in a sample of patients with Schizophrenia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:4541.
  • Moritz S, Mahlke CI, Westermann S, et al. Embracing psychosis: a cognitive insight intervention improves personal narratives and meaning-making in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2018;44:307–316.
  • de Jong S, Van Donkersgoed R, Timmerman M, et al. Metacognitive reflection and insight therapy (MERIT) for patients with schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2019;49:303–313.
  • Lopez-Morinigo J-D, Ajnakina O, Martínez AS-E, et al. Can metacognitive interventions improve insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2020;50(14):2289-2301.
  • Jansen JE, Gleeson J, Bendall S, et al. Acceptance- and mindfulness-based interventions for persons with psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2020;215:25–37.
  • Louise S, Fitzpatrick M, Strauss C, et al. Mindfulness- and acceptance-based interventions for psychosis: our current understanding and a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2018;192:57–63.
  • Yılmaz E, Okanlı A. Test of mindfulness-based psychosocial skills training to improve insight and functional recovery in schizophrenia. West J Nurs Res. 2018;40:1357–1373.
  • Yüksel A, Bahadır-Yılmaz E. The effect of mindfulness-based psychosocial skills training on functioning and insight level in patients with Schizophrenia. Community Ment Health J. 2021;;57(2):365-371.
  • Çetin N, Aylaz R. The effect of mindfulness-based psychoeducation on insight and medication adherence of schizophrenia patients. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2018;32(5):737–744.
  • Halverson T, Jarskog LF, Pedersen C, et al. Effects of oxytocin on empathy, introspective accuracy, and social symptoms in schizophrenia: a 12-week twice-daily randomized controlled trial. Schizophr Res. 2019;204:178–182.
  • Green MF, Horan WP, Lee J. Nonsocial and social cognition in schizophrenia: current evidence and future directions. World Psychiatry. 2019;18:146–161.
  • Perkins DO, Gu H, Boteva K, et al. Relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: a critical review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1785–1804.
  • Perkins DO, Johnson JL, Hamer RM, et al. Predictors of antipsychotic medication adherence in patients recovering from a first psychotic episode. Schizophr Res. 2006;83:53–63.
  • de León PP, Gerretsen P, Shah P, et al. Cross-cultural psychometric assessment of the VAGUS insight into psychosis scale–Spanish version. Psychiatry Res. 2018;259:450–454.
  • Garg R, Cheema SK, Raj R. Psychometric properties of the insight in psychosis questionnaire and its correlation to psychopathology in indian population. Indian J Psychol Med. 2018;40:113–120.
  • Jacob A, Shukla A, Thonse U, et al. Cultural differences and neural correlates of cognitive insight in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2019;209:98–104.
  • Chiesa A. Vipassana meditation: systematic review of current evidence. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16:37–46.
  • Krygier JR, Heathers JAJ, Shahrestani S, et al. Mindfulness meditation, well-being, and heart rate variability: a preliminary investigation into the impact of intensive Vipassana meditation. Int J Psychophysiol. 2013;89:305–313.
  • Schlieter J. Buddhist insight meditation (Vipassanā) and Jon Kabat-Zinn’s “mindfulness-based stress reduction”: an example of dedifferentiation of religion and medicine? J Contemp Relig. 2017;32:447–463.
  • Amador XF, Gorman JM. Psychopathologic domains and insight in schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1998;21:27–42.
  • Raftery D, Kelly PJ, Deane FP, et al. Insight in substance use disorder: a systematic review of the literature. Addict Behav. 2020;111:106549.
  • Raftery D, Kelly PJ, Deane FP, et al. Measuring cognitive insight in people with problematic substance use: an exploration of the factor validity of the beck cognitive insight scale. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2019;38:622–629.
  • Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112:155.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.