247
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Overcoming clinical challenges of refractory neuropathic pain

, , &
Pages 595-622 | Received 21 Feb 2022, Accepted 20 Jul 2022, Published online: 29 Jul 2022

References

  • Bouhassira D. Neuropathic pain: Definition, assessment and epidemiology. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2019Jan - Feb;175(1–2):16–25. PubMed PMID: 30385075.
  • IASP. IASP Terminology: International association for the study of pain; [updated 12/14/2017;cited 01/28/2022]. Available from: https://www.iasp-pain.org/resources/terminology/#neuropathic-pain
  • Gierthmuhlen J, Baron R. Neuropathic pain. Semin Neurol. 2016Oct;36(5):462–468. PubMed PMID: 27704502.
  • Attal N, Bouhassira D, Baron R. Diagnosis and assessment of neuropathic pain through questionnaires. Lancet Neurol. 2018May;17(5):456–466. PubMed PMID: 29598922.
  • Gilron I, Baron R, Jensen T. Neuropathic pain: Principles of diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015Apr;90(4):532–545. PubMed PMID: 25841257.
  • Knezevic NN, Jovanovic F, Candido KD, et al. Oral pharmacotherapeutics for the management of peripheral neuropathic pain conditions - a review of clinical trials. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2020Dec;2118:2231–2248. PubMed PMID: 32772737
  • Knezevic NN, Tverdohleb T, Nikibin F, et al. Management of chronic neuropathic pain with single and compounded topical analgesics. Pain Manag. 2017Nov;76:537–558. PubMed PMID: 29125423
  • Cavalli E, Mammana S, Nicoletti F, et al. The neuropathic pain: An overview of the current treatment and future therapeutic approaches. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2019 Jan-Dec;33:2058738419838383. PubMed PMID: 30900486; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6431761
  • Yoon SY, Oh J. Neuropathic cancer pain: prevalence, pathophysiology, and management. Korean J Intern Med. 2018Nov;33(6):1058–1069. PubMed PMID: 29929349; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6234399.
  • Van Acker K, Bouhassira D, De Bacquer D, et al. Prevalence and impact on quality of life of peripheral neuropathy with or without neuropathic pain in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients attending hospital outpatients clinics. Diabetes Metab. 2009Jun;353:206–213. PubMed PMID: 19297223
  • Daousi C, MacFarlane IA, Woodward A, et al. Chronic painful peripheral neuropathy in an urban community: A controlled comparison of people with and without diabetes. Diabet Med. 2004Sep;219:976–982. PubMed PMID: 15317601
  • Abbott CA, Malik RA, van Ross ER, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of painful diabetic neuropathy in a large community-based diabetic population in the U.K. Diabetes Care. 2011Oct;3410:2220–2224. PubMed PMID: 21852677; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3177727
  • Burke D, Fullen BM, Stokes D, et al. Neuropathic pain prevalence following spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pain. 2017Jan;211:29–44. PubMed PMID: 27341614
  • Klit H, Finnerup NB, Andersen G, et al. Central poststroke pain: A population-based study. Pain. 2011Apr;1524:818–824. PubMed PMID: 21272999
  • Szok D, Tajti J, Nyari A, et al. Therapeutic approaches for peripheral and central neuropathic pain. Behav Neurol. 2019;2019:8685954. PubMed PMID: 31871494; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6906810
  • Smith BH, Torrance N, Ferguson JA, et al. Towards a definition of refractory neuropathic pain for epidemiological research. an international Delphi survey of experts. BMC Neurol. 2012 May 28;12(1):29. PubMed PMID: 22640002; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3476440.
  • Deer TR, Caraway DL, Wallace MS. A definition of refractory pain to help determine suitability for device implantation. Neuromodulation. 2014Dec;17(8):711–715. PubMed PMID: 25521165.
  • St John Smith E. Advances in understanding nociception and neuropathic pain. J Neurol. 2018Feb;265(2):231–238. PubMed PMID: 29032407; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5808094.
  • Alles SRA, Smith PA. Etiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. Pharmacol Rev. 2018Apr;70(2):315–347. PubMed PMID: 29500312.
  • Bannister K, Sachau J, Baron R, et al. Neuropathic pain: Mechanism-based therapeutics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2020 Jan 6;60(1):257–274. PubMed PMID: 31914896.
  • Yarnitsky D, Granot M, Nahman-Averbuch H, et al. Conditioned pain modulation predicts duloxetine efficacy in painful diabetic neuropathy. Pain. 2012Jun;1536:1193–1198. PubMed PMID: 22480803
  • Hardy J, Quinn S, Fazekas B, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy and toxicity of subcutaneous ketamine in the management of cancer pain. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Oct 10;30(29):3611–3617. PubMed PMID: 22965960.
  • Pickering G, Pereira B, Morel V, et al. Ketamine and magnesium for refractory neuropathic pain: A randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Anesthesiology. 2020Jul;1331:154–164. PubMed PMID: 32384291
  • Kim YH, Lee PB, Oh TK. Is magnesium sulfate effective for pain in chronic postherpetic neuralgia patients comparing with ketamine infusion therapy? J Clin Anesth. 2015Jun;27(4):296–300. PubMed PMID: 25792176.
  • Kim YC, Castaneda AM, Lee CS, et al. Efficacy and safety of lidocaine infusion treatment for neuropathic pain: A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018May;434:415–424. PubMed PMID: 29381569
  • Weinstein SM, Abernethy AP, Spruill SE, et al. A spicamycin derivative (KRN5500) provides neuropathic pain relief in patients with advanced cancer: A placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2012Apr;434:679–693. PubMed PMID: 21983265
  • Martin E, Sorel M, Morel V, et al. Dextromethorphan and memantine after ketamine analgesia: A randomized control trial. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2019;13:2677–2688. PubMed PMID: 31447547; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6683947.
  • Rigo FK, Trevisan G, Godoy MC, et al. Management of neuropathic chronic pain with methadone combined with ketamine: A randomized, double blind, active-controlled clinical trial. Pain Physician. 2017Mar; 20(3): 207–215 PubMed PMID: 28339433
  • Jann S, Francia A, Fruguglietti ME, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulin as adjuvant treatment for refractory neuropathic pain. results of an open-label, multicenter study. Pain Med. 2012Oct;1310:1334–1341. PubMed PMID: 22958476
  • Nishihara M, Arai YC, Yamamoto Y, et al. Combinations of low-dose antidepressants and low-dose pregabalin as useful adjuvants to opioids for intractable, painful bone metastases. Pain Physician. 2013Sep-Oct; 165: E547–52 PubMed PMID: 24077205
  • Toth C, Mawani S, Brady S, et al. An enriched-enrolment, randomized withdrawal, flexible-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel assignment efficacy study of nabilone as adjuvant in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain. 2012Oct;15310:2073–2082. PubMed PMID: 22921260
  • Deshpande A, Mailis-Gagnon A, Zoheiry N, et al. Efficacy and adverse effects of medical marijuana for chronic noncancer pain: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Can Fam Physician. 2015Aug; 618: e372–81 PubMed PMID: 26505059; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4541447
  • Boychuk DG, Goddard G, Mauro G, et al. The effectiveness of cannabinoids in the management of chronic nonmalignant neuropathic pain: a systematic review. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2015;29(1):7–14. Winter. PubMed PMID: 25635955
  • Wallace MS, Marcotte TD, Umlauf A, et al. Efficacy of inhaled cannabis on painful diabetic neuropathy. J Pain. 2015Jul;167:616–627. PubMed PMID: 25843054; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5152762
  • Matsuoka H, Iwase S, Miyaji T, et al. Additive duloxetine for cancer-related neuropathic pain nonresponsive or intolerant to opioid-pregabalin therapy: A randomized controlled trial (JORTC-PAL08). J Pain Symptom Manage. 2019Oct;584:645–653. PubMed PMID: 31254640
  • Matsuoka H, Iwase S, Miyaji T, et al. Predictors of duloxetine response in patients with neuropathic cancer pain: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial-JORTC-PAL08 (DIRECT) study. Support Care Cancer. 2020Jun;286:2931–2939. PubMed PMID: 31761974
  • Birse F, Derry S, Moore RA. Phenytoin for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 May; 16(5). CD009485. 10.1002/14651858.CD009485.pub2. PubMed PMID: 22592741; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6481697.
  • Markman JD, Jensen TS, Semel D, et al. Effects of pregabalin in patients with neuropathic pain previously treated with gabapentin: A pooled analysis of parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Pain Pract. 2017Jul;176:718–728. PubMed PMID: 27611736
  • Han KR, Chae YJ, Lee JD, et al.Trigeminal nerve block with alcohol for medically intractable classic trigeminal neuralgia: Long-term clinical effectiveness on pain. Int J Med Sci. 2017;14(1):29–36. PubMed PMID: 28138306; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5278656
  • Niraj G, Simpson L, Raithatha B. Interventional management of refractory trigeminal neuropathic pain: A prospective audit of a novel management pathway in 70 patients. PubMed PMID: 32967403. Pain Physician. 2020 Sep;23(5):E525–E534.
  • Guo BL, Zheng CX, Sui BD, et al. A closer look to botulinum neurotoxin type a-induced analgesia. Toxicon. 2013 Sep;71:134–139. PubMed PMID: 23747735
  • Escher CM, Paracka L, Dressler D, et al. Botulinum toxin in the management of chronic migraine: Clinical evidence and experience. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2017Feb;10(2):127–135. PubMed PMID: 28382110; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5367647
  • Han ZA, Song DH, Oh HM, et al. Botulinum toxin type a for neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury. Ann Neurol. 2016Apr;794:569–578. PubMed PMID: 26814620; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4825405
  • Shehata HS, El-Tamawy MS, Shalaby NM, et al. Botulinum toxin-type A: Could it be an effective treatment option in intractable trigeminal neuralgia? J Headache Pain. 2013 Nov 19;14(1):92. PubMed PMID: 24251833; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4177416.
  • Ostrowski H, Roszak J, Komisarek O. Botulinum toxin type a as an alternative way to treat trigeminal neuralgia: A systematic review. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2019;53(5):327–334. PubMed PMID: 31397877.
  • Rijsdijk M, van Wijck AJ, Meulenhoff PC, et al. No beneficial effect of intrathecal methylprednisolone acetate in postherpetic neuralgia patients. Eur J Pain. 2013May;175:714–723. PubMed PMID: 23059790
  • Rauck R, Coffey RJ, Schultz DM, et al. Intrathecal gabapentin to treat chronic intractable noncancer pain. PubMed PMID: 23835590, Anesthesiology. 2013 Sep;119(3):675–686.
  • Raghu ALB, Parker T, Aziz TZ, et al. invasive electrical neuromodulation for the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed PMID: 32588933, Neuromodulation. 2021 Jan;24(1):13–21.
  • Deer TR, Grider JS, Lamer TJ, et al. A systematic literature review of spine neurostimulation therapies for the treatment of pain. Pain Med. 2020 Nov 7;21(7):1421–1432. PubMed PMID: 32034422.
  • Al-Kaisy A, Baranidharan G, Sharon H, et al. Comparison of paresthesia mapping with anatomic placement in burst spinal cord stimulation: Long-term results of the prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, crossover CRISP study. Neuromodulation. 2022Jan;251:85–93. PubMed PMID: 35041591
  • Van Havenbergh T, Vancamp T, Van Looy P, et al. Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic back pain patients: 500-Hz vs. 1000-Hz burst stimulation. Neuromodulation. 2015 Jan;18(1):9–12. discussion 12. PubMed PMID: 25339436.
  • Amirdelfan K, Vallejo R, Benyamin R, et al. High-frequency spinal cord stimulation at 10 kHz for the treatment of combined neck and arm pain: Results from a prospective multicenter study. Neurosurgery. 2020 Aug 1;87(2):176–185. PubMed PMID: 31792530; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7360873.
  • de Vos CC, Meier K, Zaalberg PB, et al. Spinal cord stimulation in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy: A multicentre randomized clinical trial. Pain. 2014Nov;15511:2426–2431. PubMed PMID: 25180016
  • Kapural L, Yu C, Doust MW, et al. Novel 10-kHz high-frequency therapy (HF10 therapy) is superior to traditional low-frequency spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic back and leg pain: The SENZA-Rct randomized controlled trial. PubMed PMID: 26218762, Anesthesiology. 2015 Oct;123(4):851–860.
  • Amirdelfan K, Yu C, Doust MW, et al. Long-term quality of life improvement for chronic intractable back and leg pain patients using spinal cord stimulation: 12-month results from the SENZA-RCT. Qual Life Res. 2018Aug;278:2035–2044. PubMed PMID: 29858746
  • Simpson EL, Duenas A, Holmes MW, et al. Spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain of neuropathic or ischaemic origin: Systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2009Mar;1317:iii, ix–x, 1–154. PubMed PMID: 19331797
  • Shimizu T, Hosomi K, Maruo T, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation accuracy as a spinal cord stimulation outcome predictor in patients with neuropathic pain. J Clin Neurosci. 2018 Jul;53:100–105. PubMed PMID: 29699887
  • Liem L. Stimulation of the dorsal root ganglion. Prog Neurol Surg. 2015;29:213–224. PubMed PMID: 26394301.
  • Gravius N, Chaudhry SR, Muhammad S, et al. Selective L4 dorsal root ganglion stimulation evokes pain relief and changes of inflammatory markers: Part I profiling of saliva and serum molecular patterns. Neuromodulation. 2019Jan;221:44–52. PubMed PMID: 30358008
  • Chapman KB, Groenen PS, Patel KV, et al. T12 Dorsal root ganglion stimulation to treat chronic low back pain: A case series. Neuromodulation. 2020Feb;232:203–212. PubMed PMID: 31588662
  • Deer TR, Grigsby E, Weiner RL, et al. A prospective study of dorsal root ganglion stimulation for the relief of chronic pain. Neuromodulation. 2013 Jan-Feb;16(1):67–71. discussion 71-2. PubMed PMID: 23240657.
  • Huygen F, Liem L, Cusack W, et al. Stimulation of the L2-l3 dorsal root ganglia induces effective pain relief in the low back. Pain Pract. 2018Feb;182:205–213. PubMed PMID: 28486758
  • Liem L, Russo M, Huygen FJ, et al. One-year outcomes of spinal cord stimulation of the dorsal root ganglion in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. Neuromodulation. 2015 Jan;18(1):41–48. discussion 48-9. PubMed PMID: 25145467.
  • Hamid P, Malik BH, Hussain ML. Noninvasive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in chronic refractory pain: A systematic review. Cureus. 2019 Oct 29;11(10):e6019. PubMed PMID: 31824787; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6886641.
  • de Oliveira RA, de Andrade DC, Mendonca M, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left premotor/dorsolateral prefrontal cortex does not have analgesic effect on central poststroke pain. J Pain. 2014Dec;1512:1271–1281. PubMed PMID: 25267523
  • Yilmaz B, Kesikburun S, Yasar E, et al. The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on refractory neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2014Jul;374:397–400. PubMed PMID: 24621025; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4116723
  • Ma SM, Ni JX, Li XY, et al. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces pain in postherpetic neuralgia. Pain Med. 2015Nov;1611:2162–2170. PubMed PMID: 26744887
  • Quesada C, Pommier B, Fauchon C, et al. New procedure of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for central neuropathic pain: A placebo-controlled randomized crossover study. Pain. 2020Apr;1614:718–728. PubMed PMID: 31764387
  • Sun X, Long H, Zhao C, et al. Analgesia-enhancing effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury:An fNIRS study. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2019;37(5):497–507. PubMed PMID: 31381538.
  • Dongyang L, Fernandes AM, da Cunha PHM, et al. Posterior-superior insular deep transcranial magnetic stimulation alleviates peripheral neuropathic pain - a pilot double-blind, randomized cross-over study. Neurophysiol Clin. 2021Aug;514:291–302. PubMed PMID: 34175192
  • Garcia-Pallero MA, Cardona D, Rueda-Ruzafa L, et al. Central nervous system stimulation therapies in phantom limb pain: A systematic review of clinical trials. Neural Regen Res. 2022Jan;171:59–64. PubMed PMID: 34100428; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8451556
  • Mo JJ, Hu WH, Zhang C, et al. Motor cortex stimulation: A systematic literature-based analysis of effectiveness and case series experience. BMC Neurol. 2019 Mar 29;19(1):48. PubMed PMID: 30925914; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6440080.
  • Garcia-Larrea L, Perchet C, Hagiwara K, et al. At-home cortical stimulation for neuropathic pain: A feasibility study with initial clinical results. Neurotherapeutics. 2019Oct;164:1198–1209. PubMed PMID: 31062295; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6985395
  • Son BC, Kim DR, Kim HS, et al. Simultaneous trial of deep brain and motor cortex stimulation in chronic intractable neuropathic pain. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2014;92(4):218–226. PubMed PMID: 25073491.
  • Galafassi GZ, Simm Pires de Aguiar PH, Simm RF, et al. Neuromodulation for medically refractory neuropathic pain: spinal cord stimulation, deep brain stimulation, motor cortex stimulation, and posterior insula stimulation. World Neurosurg. 2021Feb; 146:246–260. PubMed PMID: 33217591
  • Helm S, Shirsat N, Calodney A, et al. Peripheral nerve stimulation for chronic pain: A systematic review of effectiveness and safety. PubMed PMID: 34478120; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8586061, Pain Ther. 2021 Dec;10(2):985–1002.
  • Ni Y, Yang L, Han R, et al. implantable peripheral nerve stimulation for trigeminal neuropathic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed PMID: 34008282, Neuromodulation. 2021 Aug;24(6):983–991.
  • Freitas TDS, Fonoff ET, Marquez Neto OR, et al. Peripheral nerve stimulation for painful mononeuropathy secondary to leprosy: A 12-month follow-up study. Neuromodulation. 2018Apr;213:310–316. PubMed PMID: 29082637
  • Wu CY, Lin HC, Chen SF, et al. Efficacy of pulsed radiofrequency in herpetic neuralgia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PubMed PMID: 32701526, Clin J Pain. 2020 Nov;36(11):887–895.
  • Van Boxem K, de Meij N, Kessels A, et al. Pulsed radiofrequency for chronic intractable lumbosacral radicular pain: A six-month cohort study. Pain Med. 2015Jun;166:1155–1162. PubMed PMID: 25580669
  • Lee DG, Chang MC. The effect of caudal epidural pulsed radiofrequency stimulation in patients with refractory chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy. Pain Physician. 2018 Jan;21(1):E57–E62. PubMed PMID: 29357341.
  • Masala S, Calabria E, Cuzzolino A, et al. CT-guided percutaneous pulse-dose radiofrequency for pudendal neuralgia. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2014Apr;372:476–481. PubMed PMID: 23963376
  • Jia Y, Chen Z, Ren H, et al. The effectiveness and safety of 42 degrees C pulsed radiofrequency combined with 60 degrees C continuous radiofrequency for refractory infraorbital neuralgia: A prospective study. Pain Physician. 2019May; 223: E171–E179 PubMed PMID: 31151340
  • Wan C, Dong DS, Song TH-V. Long-duration pulsed radiofrequency on gasserian ganglion improves acute/subacute zoster-related trigeminal neuralgia: A randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. Pain Physician. 2019 Jul;22(4):361–368. PubMed PMID: 31337167.
  • Wan CF, Song T. Efficacy of pulsed radiofrequency or short-term spinal cord stimulation for acute/subacute zoster-related pain: A randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. Pain Physician. 2021 May;24(3):215–222. PubMed PMID: 33988940.
  • Ke M, Yinghui F, Yi J, et al. Efficacy of pulsed radiofrequency in the treatment of thoracic postherpetic neuralgia from the angulus costae: A randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. Pain Physician. 2013Jan; 161: 15–25 PubMed PMID: 23340530
  • Makharita MY, Amr YM. Pulsed radiofrequency for chronic inguinal neuralgia. Pain Physician. 2015 Mar-Apr;18(2):E147–55. PubMed PMID: 25794213.
  • Raslan AM, Ben-Haim S, Falowski SM, et al. Congress of neurological surgeons systematic review and evidence-based guideline on neuroablative procedures for patients with cancer pain. Neurosurgery. 2021 Feb 16;88(3):437–442. PubMed PMID: 33355345; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7884142.
  • Mongardi L, Visani J, Mantovani G, et al. Long term results of dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesions for the treatment of intractable pain: a systematic review of the literature on 1242 cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2021 Nov;210:107004. PubMed PMID: 34739884
  • Yanagisawa T, Fukuma R, Seymour B, et al. MEG-BMI to control phantom limb pain. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2018 Aug 15;58(8):327–333. PubMed PMID: 29998936; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6092605.
  • Luo C, Yang B, Yang LQ, et al. Computed tomography-guided percutaneous coblation of the thoracic nerve root for treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Pain Physician. 2020Sep; 235: E487–E496 PubMed PMID: 32967399
  • Possover M. Use of the LION procedure on the sensitive branches of the lumbar plexus for the treatment of intractable postherniorrhaphy neuropathic inguinodynia. Hernia. 2013Jun;17(3):333–337. PubMed PMID: 22131009.
  • Pirrotta R, Jeanmonod D, McAleese S, et al. Cognitive functioning, emotional processing, mood, and personality variables before and after stereotactic surgery: A study of 8 cases with chronic neuropathic pain. Neurosurgery. 2013Jul;731:121–128. PubMed PMID: 23778124
  • Marineo G. Inside the scrambler therapy, a noninvasive treatment of chronic neuropathic and cancer pain: From the gate control theory to the active principle of information. Integr Cancer Ther. 2019Jan-Dec; 18: 1534735419845143 PubMed PMID: 31014125; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6482660
  • Kashyap K, Bhatnagar S. Evidence for the efficacy of scrambler therapy for cancer pain: A systematic review. Pain Physician.2020Jul;23(4): 349–364. PubMed PMID: 32709170
  • Lee S, Lee CS, Moon JY, et al. Electroacupuncture may improve burning and electric shock-like neuropathic pain: A prospective exploratory pilot study. PubMed PMID: 33074703, J Altern Complement Med. 2020 Dec;26(12):1136–1143.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.