Is there a therapeutic potential in combining bupropion and naltrexone in schizophrenia?

References

• McCutcheon RA, Abi-Dargham A, Howes OD. Schizophrenia, dopamine and the striatum: from biology to symptoms. Trends Neurosci. 2019 March;42(3):205–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leucht S, Tardy M, Komossa K, et al. Antipsychotic drugs versus placebo for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012 2012/June/02;379(9831):2063–2071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karson C, Duffy RA, Eramo A, et al. Long-term outcomes of antipsychotic treatment in patients with first-episode schizophrenia: a systematic review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;57. DOI:10.2147/NDT.S96392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu S, Czajkowski N, Torgalsbøen A-K. Cognitive, work and social outcomes in fully recovered first-episode schizophrenia: on and off antipsychotic medication. Psychiatry. 2019;82(1):42–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz T, Sachdeva S, Stahl S. Glutamate Neurocircuitry: theoretical underpinnings in schizophrenia [Hypothesis and Theory]. Front Pharmacol. 2012;3:3. 2012-November-26. DOI:10.3389/fphar.2012.00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howes OD, Kapur S. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III–the final common pathway. Schizophr Bull. 2009 May;35(3):549–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A. Dopamine as the wind of the psychotic fire: new evidence from brain imaging studies. J Psychopharmacol. 1999 December;13(4):358–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abi-Dargham A, Rodenhiser J, Printz D, et al. Increased baseline occupancy of D2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 July 5;97(14):8104–8109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell P, Grace AA. Dysfunctions in multiple interrelated systems as the neurobiological bases of schizophrenic symptom clusters. Schizophr Bull. 1998;24(2):267–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robison AJ, Thakkar KN, Diwadkar VA. Cognition and reward circuits in schizophrenia: synergistic, not separate. Biol Psychiatry. 2020;87(3):204–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl SM. Beyond the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia to three neural networks of psychosis: dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate. CNS Spectr. 2018;23(3):187–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark SD, Abi-Dargham A. The role of dynorphin and the kappa opioid receptor in the symptomatology of schizophrenia: a review of the evidence.Biol Psychiatry. 2019 2019/October/01;86(7):502–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark SD. The role of dynorphin and the kappa opioid receptor in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder: a translational approach. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2022;271:525–546.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwarzer C. 30 years of dynorphins–new insights on their functions in neuropsychiatric diseases. Pharmacol Ther. 2009 September;123(3):353–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashok AH, Myers J, Reis Marques T, et al. Reduced mu opioid receptor availability in schizophrenia revealed with [(11)C]-carfentanil positron emission tomographic Imaging. Nat Commun. 2019 October 3;10(1):4493.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Urban-Kowalczyk M, Śmigielski J, Strzelecki D. Comparison of beta-endorphin and CGRP levels before and after treatment for severe schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:863–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trezza V, Damsteegt R, Achterberg EJ, et al. Nucleus accumbens μ-opioid receptors mediate social reward. J Neurosci. 2011 April 27;31(17):6362–6370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padwal R. Contrave, a bupropion and naltrexone combination therapy for the potential treatment of obesity. Curr Opin Invest Drugs. 2009 October;10(10):1117–1125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott WT, Chan J. Naltrexone HCl and Bupropion HCl extended-release tablets (Contrave®). Internal Medicine Alert. 2014;36.
   Google Scholar
• Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, et al. American Association Of Clinical Endocrinologists And American College Of Endocrinology Comprehensive Clinical Practice Guidelines For Medical Care Of Patients With Obesity. Endocr Pract. 2016 July;22(Suppl 3):1–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer SL. ACS chemical neuroscience molecule spotlight on contrave.ACS Chem Neurosci. 2011 2011/September/21;2(9):484–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamaligas AA, Cai Y, Ford CP. Nicotinic and opioid receptor regulation of striatal dopamine D2-receptor mediated transmission.Sci Rep. 2016 2016/November/25;6(1):37834.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark SD, Van Snellenberg JX, Lawson JM, et al. Opioid antagonists are associated with a reduction in the symptoms of schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020 October;45(11):1860–1869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yassini M, Shariat N, Nadi M, et al. The effects of bupropion on negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Iran J Pharm Res. 2014 August;13(4):1227–1233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huecker MR, Smiley A, Saadabadi A. Bupropion Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 [cited 2020 15 November]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470212/
   Google Scholar
• Pandhare A, Pappu AS, Wilms H, et al. The antidepressant bupropion is a negative allosteric modulator of serotonin type 3A receptors. Neuropharmacology. 2017 February;113:89–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong C. APA releases guideline on treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. Am Fam Physician. 2011;83:1219–1227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siu AL. Behavioral and pharmacotherapy interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant women: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2015 October 20;163(8):622–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwoskin LP, Rauhut AS, King-Pospisil KA, et al. Review of the pharmacology and clinical profile of bupropion, an antidepressant and tobacco use cessation agent. CNS Drug Rev. 2006 September;12(3–4):178–207.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan B, Kondo K, Freeman M, et al. Pharmacotherapy for cocaine use disorder-a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2019 December;34(12):2858–2873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siefried KJ, Acheson LS, Lintzeris N, et al. Pharmacological treatment of methamphetamine/amphetamine dependence: a systematic review. CNS Drugs. 2020 April;34(4):337–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz A, Botner B, Hund M. Bupropion with clozapine: case reports of seizure after coadministration. J Pharm Pract. 2020 February;21:897190020904280.
   Google Scholar
• Papenberg G, Jonasson L, Karalija N, et al. Mapping the landscape of human dopamine D2/3 receptors with [11C]raclopride. Brain Struct Funct. 2019 2019/November/01;224(8):2871–2882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim EJ, Felsovalyi K, Young LM, et al. Molecular basis of atypicality of bupropion inferred from its receptor engagement in nervous system tissues. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018 September;235(9):2643–2650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinowitz J, Levine SZ, Garibaldi G, et al. Negative symptoms have greater impact on functioning than positive symptoms in schizophrenia: analysis of CATIE data. Schizophr Res. 2012 May;137(1–3):147–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsoi DT, Porwal M, Webster AC. Efficacy and safety of bupropion for smoking cessation and reduction in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2010 May;196(5):346–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englisch S, Morgen K, Meyer-Lindenberg A, et al. Risks and benefits of bupropion treatment in schizophrenia: a systematic review of the current literature. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2013 November-December;36(6):203–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barman R, Kumar S, Pagadala B, et al. Cocaine abuse, traumatic brain injury, and preexisting brain lesions as risk factors for bupropion-associated psychosis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 August;37(4):459–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey J, Waters S. Acute psychosis after bupropion treatment in a healthy 28-year-old woman. J Am Board Fam Med. 2008 May-June;21(3):244–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farooque M, Elliott J. Delayed psychosis induced by bupropion in a former cocaine abuser: a case report. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;12:CC.09100943.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hahn M, Hajek T, Alda M, et al. Psychosis induced by low-dose bupropion: sensitization of dopaminergic system by past cocaine abuse? J Psychiatric Pract®. 2007;13(5):336–338.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Javelot H, Baratta A, Weiner L, et al. Two acute psychotic episodes after administration of bupropion: a case of involuntary rechallenge. Pharm World Sci. 2009 April;31(2):238–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Munoli RN, Kongasseri S, Praharaj SK, et al. Bupropion precipitating acute psychosis: a case report. Am J Ther. 2014;21:e45–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann M, Livak V, Paul HW, et al. Acute psychosis after administration of bupropion hydrochloride (Zyban). Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002 November;35(6):247–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang TS, Shiah IS, Yeh CB, et al. Acute psychosis following sustained release bupropion overdose. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005 January;29(1):149–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George TP, Vessicchio JC, Termine A, et al. A placebo controlled trial of bupropion for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2002 July 1;52(1):53–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George TP, Vessicchio JC, Sacco KA, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of bupropion combined with nicotine patch for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2008 June 1;63(11):1092–1096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evins AE, Cather C, Culhane MA, et al. A 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study of bupropion sr added to high-dose dual nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation or reduction in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 August;27(4):380–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner E, Ball MP, Buchholz AS, et al. Bupropion sustained release added to group support for smoking cessation in schizophrenia: a new randomized trial and a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 January;73(1):95–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthenelli RM, Benowitz NL, West R, et al. Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric disorders (EAGLES): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet. 2016 June 18;387(10037):2507–2520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh CY, Bainbridge J. Lowering the seizure threshold associated with antidepressants, stimulants, antipsychotics, and others. Mental Health Clinician. 2012;2(5):127–128.
   Google Scholar
• Bhatti M, Dorriz P, Mehndiratta P. Impact of Psychotropic drugs on Seizure threshold (P6.311). Neurology. 2017;88:6.311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumlien E, Lundberg PO. Seizure risk associated with neuroactive drugs: data from the WHO adverse drug reactions database. Seizure. 2010 March;19(2):69–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson BJ, Lerman J, Coté CJ. 7 - pharmacokinetics and pharmacology of drugs used in children. In: Coté CJ, Lerman J, Anderson BJ, editors. A practice of anesthesia for infants and children. Sixth ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019. p. 100–76.e45.
   Google Scholar
• Swift R, Leggio L. Chapter fifteen - adjunctive pharmacotherapy in the treatment of alcohol and drug dependence. In: Miller PM, editor. Evidence-based addiction treatment. San Diego: Academic Press; 2009. p. 287–310.
   Google Scholar
• Wentland MP, Lou R, Lu Q, et al. Syntheses of novel high affinity ligands for opioid receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 April 15;19(8):2289–2294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidlack JM. Chapter ten - mixed kappa/mu partial opioid agonists as potential treatments for cocaine dependence. In: Dwoskin LP, editor. Advances in Pharmacology. 2014;Vol. 69. p. 387–418. San Diego, California: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Toljan K, Vrooman B. Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN)—review of therapeutic utilization. Med Sci. 2018;6(4):82.
   Google Scholar
• Wang X, Zhang Y, Peng Y, et al. Pharmacological characterization of the opioid inactive isomers (+)-naltrexone and (+)-naloxone as antagonists of toll-like receptor 4. Br J Pharmacol. 2016 March;173(5):856–869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal D, Toljan K, Qureshi H, et al. Therapeutic value of naltrexone as a glial modulator. Glia. 2017;65:E103–E578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selfridge BR, Wang X, Zhang Y, et al. Structure–activity relationships of (+)-naltrexone-inspired toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonists. J Med Chem. 2015 2015/June/25;58(12):5038–5052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahn KA, McLaughlin PJ, Zagon IS. Prevention and diminished expression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by low dose naltrexone (LDN) or opioid growth factor (OGF) for an extended period: therapeutic implications for multiple sclerosis. Brain Res. 2011 March 24;1381:69–73. DOI:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoburn BC, Duttaroy A, Shah S, et al. Opioid antagonist-induced receptor upregulation: effects of concurrent agonist administration. Brain Res Bull. 1994 1994/January/01;33(2):237–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tempel A, Gardner EL, Zukin RS. Neurochemical and functional correlates of naltrexone-induced opiate receptor up-regulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1985 February;232(2):439–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown N, Panksepp J. Low-dose naltrexone for disease prevention and quality of life. Med Hypotheses. 2009 March;72(3):333–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore EA, Wilkinson S. The promise of low dose naltrexone therapy: potential benefits in cancer, autoimmune, neurological and infectious disorders. Jefferson: NC: McFarland Publishing; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• FDA. Revia United States: food and Drug Administration; 2013 [cited 2020 9 November]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/018932s017lbl.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ling W, Hillhouse MP, Saxon AJ, et al. Buprenorphine + naloxone plus naltrexone for the treatment of cocaine dependence: the Cocaine Use Reduction with Buprenorphine (CURB) study. Addiction. 2016;111:1416–1427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King AC, Cao D, O’Malley SS, et al. Effects of naltrexone on smoking cessation outcomes and weight gain in nicotine-dependent men and women. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(5):630–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA. Vivitrol United States: food and Drug Administration; 2010 [cited 2020 9 November]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/021897s015lbl.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Aboujaoude E, Salame WO. Naltrexone: a pan-addiction treatment? CNS Drugs. 2016 August;30(8):719–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SW, Grant JE, Adson DE, et al. Double-blind naltrexone and placebo comparison study in the treatment of pathological gambling. Biol Psychiatry. 2001 June 1;49(11):914–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tek C, Guloksuz S, Srihari VH, et al. Investigating the safety and efficacy of naltrexone for anti-psychotic induced weight gain in severe mental illness: study protocol of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2013 June 27;13(1):176.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marchesi GF, Santone G, Cotani P, et al. The therapeutic role of naltrexone in negative symptom schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1995 December;19(8):1239–1249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gitlin MJ, Gerner RH, Rosenblatt M. Assessment of naltrexone in the treatment of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1981;74(1):51–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mielke DH, Gallant DM. An oral opiate antagonist in chronic schizophrenia: a pilot study. Am J Psychiatry. 1977 December;134:1430–1431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrakis IL, O’Malley S, Rounsaville B, et al. Naltrexone augmentation of neuroleptic treatment in alcohol abusing patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 March;172(3):291–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sernyak MJ, Glazer WM, Heninger GR, et al. Naltrexone augmentation of neuroleptics in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998 June;18(3):248–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez JP, Brogden RN. Naltrexone.Drugs. 1988 1988/March/01;35(3):192–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batki SL, Dimmock JA, Wade M, et al. Monitored naltrexone without counseling for alcohol abuse/dependence in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Am J Addict. 2007 July-August;16(4):253–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taveira TH, Wu WC, Tschibelu E, et al. The effect of naltrexone on body fat mass in olanzapine-treated schizophrenic or schizoaffective patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study. J Psychopharmacol. 2014 April;28(4):395–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tek C, Ratliff J, Reutenauer E, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of naltrexone to counteract antipsychotic-associated weight gain: proof of concept. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;34(5):608–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponterio G, Tassone A, Sciamanna G, et al. Powerful inhibitory action of mu opioid receptors (MOR) on cholinergic interneuron excitability in the dorsal striatum. Neuropharmacology. 2013 2013/December/01;75:78–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtney KE, Ghahremani DG, Ray LA. The effects of pharmacological opioid blockade on neural measures of drug cue-reactivity in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016;41(12):2872–2881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatari F, Shakeri J, Farnia V, et al. Naltrexone augmentation of Risperidone in treatment of schizophrenia symptoms: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Ann Psychiatry Ment Health. 2014;2(2).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindenmayer J-P, Gardner E, Goldberg E, et al. High-dose naloxone in tardive dyskinesia. Psychiatry Res. 1988 October;26(1):19–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DB, Woo YS, Bahk W-M. Naltrexone-associated visual hallucinations: a case report. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci: The official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019;17(2):329–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallinckrodt. Naltrexone 50 mg Hazelwood, MO: Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals; 2009 [updated 2019; cited 2020 9 November]. Available from: https://www.mallinckrodt.com/products/generics/addiction-treatment-products/naltrexone-50-mg/
   Google Scholar
• Apovian CM, Aronne L, Rubino D, et al. A randomized, phase 3 trial of naltrexone SR/bupropion SR on weight and obesity-related risk factors (COR-II). Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013 May;21:935–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenway FL, Fujioka K, Plodkowski RA, et al. Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010 August 21;376(9741):595–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadden TA, Foreyt JP, Foster GD, et al. Weight loss with naltrexone SR/bupropion SR combination therapy as an adjunct to behavior modification: the COR-BMOD trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 January;19(1):110–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsoi DT, Porwal M, Webster AC. Interventions for smoking cessation and reduction in individuals with schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD007253.pub3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caponnetto P, Polosa R. Approved and emerging smoking cessation treatments for people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a narrative review. Health Psychol Res. 2020;8(2):9237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA. Contrave United States: Food and Drug Administration; 2014 [ cited 2020 10 November]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/200063s000lbl.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mooney ME, Schmitz JM, Allen S, et al. Bupropion and naltrexone for smoking cessation: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2016 October;100(4):344–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox CS, Oskooilar N, Erickson JS, et al. An open-label study of naltrexone and bupropion combination therapy for smoking cessation in overweight and obese subjects. Addict Behav. 2010 March;35(3):229–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toll BA, Leary V, Wu R, et al. A preliminary investigation of naltrexone augmentation of bupropion to stop smoking with less weight gain. Addict Behav. 2008 January;33(1):173–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyu X, Du J, Zhan G, et al. Naltrexone and bupropion combination treatment for smoking cessation and weight loss in patients with schizophrenia. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Hert M, Schreurs V, Vancampfort D, et al. Metabolic syndrome in people with schizophrenia: a review. World Psychiatry: Official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA). 2009;8(1):15–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manu P, Dima L, Shulman M, et al. Weight gain and obesity in schizophrenia: epidemiology, pathobiology, and management. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 August;132(2):97–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyboe L, Videbech P. Metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia. Ugeskr Laeger. 2010 December 6;172(49):3399–3404.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hasnain M, Fredrickson SK, Vieweg WV, et al. Metabolic syndrome associated with schizophrenia and atypical antipsychotics. Curr Diab Rep. 2010 June;10(3):209–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riordan HJ, Antonini P, Murphy MF. Atypical antipsychotics and metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: risk factors, monitoring, and healthcare implications. Am Health Drug Benefits. 2011 September;4(5):292–302.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doménech-Matamoros P. Influence of the use of atypical antipsychotics in metabolic syndrome. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2020 May-August;22(2):80–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiden PJ, Mackell JA, McDonnell DD. Obesity as a risk factor for antipsychotic noncompliance. Schizophr Res. 2004 January 1;66(1):51–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong MM, Chen EY, Lui SS, et al. Medication adherence and subjective weight perception in patients with first-episode psychotic disorder. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2011 October;5(3):135–141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dayabandara M, Hanwella R, Ratnatunga S, et al. Antipsychotic-associated weight gain: management strategies and impact on treatment adherence. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:2231–2241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siskind DJ, Leung J, Russell AW, et al. Metformin for clozapine associated obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimbron J, Khandaker GM, Toschi C, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of treatments for clozapine-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016 September;26(9):1353–1365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Praharaj SK, Jana AK, Goyal N, et al. Metformin for olanzapine-induced weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 March;71(3):377–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leon J, Diaz FJ. A meta-analysis of worldwide studies demonstrates an association between schizophrenia and tobacco smoking behaviors. Schizophr Res. 2005 July 15;76(2–3):135–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marder SR, Essock SM, Miller AL, et al. Physical health monitoring of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2004 August;161(8):1334–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morisano D, Bacher I, Audrain-McGovern J, et al. Mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of tobacco use in mental health and addictive disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2009 June;54(6):356–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendy MNS, Ibrahim C, Sloan ME, et al. Randomized clinical trials investigating innovative interventions for smoking cessation in the last decade. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2020;258:395–420.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tonstad S. Cigarette smoking, smoking cessation, and diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009 July;85(1):4–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feskens EJ, Kromhout D. Cardiovascular risk factors and the 25-year incidence of diabetes mellitus in middle-aged men. the zutphen study. Am J Epidemiol. 1989 December;130(6):1101–1108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caemmerer J, Correll CU, Maayan L. Acute and maintenance effects of non-pharmacologic interventions for antipsychotic associated weight gain and metabolic abnormalities: a meta-analytic comparison of randomized controlled trials. Schizophr Res. 2012 September;140(1–3):159–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manu P, Khan S, Radhakrishnan R, et al. Body mass index identified as an independent predictor of psychiatric readmission. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014 June;75(6):e573–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khokhar JY, Dwiel LL, Henricks AM, et al. The link between schizophrenia and substance use disorder: a unifying hypothesis. Schizophr Res. 2018 April;194:78–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt GE, Large MM, Cleary M, et al. Prevalence of comorbid substance use in schizophrenia spectrum disorders in community and clinical settings, 1990-2017: systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018 October 1;191:234–258. DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higashi K, Medic G, Littlewood KJ, et al. Medication adherence in schizophrenia: factors influencing adherence and consequences of nonadherence, a systematic literature review. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2013 August;3(4):200–218.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Velligan DI, Sajatovic M, Hatch A, et al. Why do psychiatric patients stop antipsychotic medication? A systematic review of reasons for nonadherence to medication in patients with serious mental illness. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2017;11:449–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawicka M, Tracy DK. Naltrexone efficacy in treating alcohol-use disorder in individuals with comorbid psychosis: a systematic review. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2017;7(8–9):211–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murthy P, Mahadevan J, Chand PK. Treatment of substance use disorders with co-occurring severe mental health disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2019 July;32(4):293–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blavignac J, S R M, McIntosh D, et al. P.749 combination extended-release Naltrexone/Bupropion causes significant weight loss without worsening psychiatric symptoms: pooled analysis from the contrave obesity research program. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019 2019/December/01;29:S503–S4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pi-Sunyer X, Apovian CM, McElroy SL, et al. Psychiatric adverse events and effects on mood with prolonged-release naltrexone/bupropion combination therapy: a pooled analysis. Int J Obes (Lond). 2019 October;43(10):2085–2094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar