Reading mind from the eyes in individuals with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis

References

• Barkley RA. The importance of emotion in ADHD. J ADHD Relat Dsisord. 2011;1:5–37.
   Google Scholar
• Bodalski EA, Knouse LE, Kovalev D. Adult ADHD, emotion dysregulation, and functional outcomes: examining the role of emotion regulation strategies. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2019;41(1):81–92
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley RA. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull. 1997;121(1):65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga‐Barke EJS, Taylor E, Sembi S, et al. Hyperactivity and delay aversion—I. The effect of delay on choice. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1992;33(2):387–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke EJS. The dual pathway model of AD/HD: an elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2003;27(7):593–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nejati V, Zabihzadeh A, Nikfarjam MR, et al. Self as a social cue: evidence for reading mind from eyes test. Procedia-Social Behav Sci. 2012;32:82–88.
   Google Scholar
• Berenguer Forner C, Roselló Miranda B, Baixauli Fortea I, et al. ADHD Symptoms and peer problems: mediation of executive function and theory of mind. 2017;29(4):514–519.
   Google Scholar
• Tseng W, Gau SS. Executive function as a mediator in the link between attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and social problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;54(9):996–1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pineda-Alhucema W, Aristizabal E, Escudero-Cabarcas J, et al. Executive function and theory of mind in children with ADHD: a systematic review. Neuropsychol Rev. 2018;28(3):341–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller EK, Cohen JD. An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2001;24(1):167–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazzaniga MS, Ivry RB, Mangun GR. Cognitive Neuroscience. The biology of the mind. Norton: New York; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Sridharan D, Levitin DJ, Menon V. A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2008;105(34):12569–12574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda A, Berenguer C, Roselló B, et al. Social cognition in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. associations with executive functions. Front Psychol. 2017;8:1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang AX, Hughes TL, Sutton LR, et al. Understanding the self in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD): a review of literature. Front Psychol. 2017;8:1422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nejati V. Negative interpretation of social cue in depression: evidence from reading mind from eyes test. Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res. 2018;27:12–16.
   Google Scholar
• Ajilchi B, Nejati V. Attention Bias to sad faces and images: which is better for predicting depression? Open J Depress. 2013;2(3):19.
   Google Scholar
• Ajilchi B, Nejati V. Executive functions in students with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2017;8(3):223–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croca M, Lagodka A, Gadel R, et al. Theory of mind and schizophrenia in young and middle-aged patients: influence of executive functions. Psychiatry Res. 2018;259:532–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nejati V, Salehinejad MA, Nitsche MA. Interaction of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (l-DLPFC) and right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in hot and cold executive functions: evidence from transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Neuroscience. 2018;369:109–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charman T, Carroll F, Sturge C. Theory of mind, executive function and social competence in boys with ADHD. Emot Behav Difficulties. 2001;6(1):31–49.
   Google Scholar
• Perner J, Kain W, Barchfeld P. Executive control and higher‐order theory of mind in children at risk of ADHD. Infant Child Dev An Int J Res Pract. 2002;11(2):141–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frith C, Frith U. Theory of mind. Curr Biol. 2005;15(17):R644–R645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen S. Theory of mind and autism: a review. Int Rev Res Ment Retard Elsevier. 2000;23:169–184.
   Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen S. Theory of mind in normal development and autism. Prisme. 2001;34:74–183.
   Google Scholar
• Yıldırım E, Alptekin K. A new featured dimension in schizophrenia: social cognition. Dusunen Adam J Psychiatr Neurol Sci. 2012;25:368–375.
   Google Scholar
• Coricelli G. Two-levels of mental states attribution: from automaticity to voluntariness. Neuropsychologia. 2005;43(2):294–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen S, Leslie AM, Frith U. Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition. 1985;21(1):37–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Hill J, et al. The “reading the mind in the eyes” test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2001;42(2):241–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen SL. Social cognitive abilities and social functioning in children with asperger’s disorder: a comparison with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Yilmaz T Comparison of Adults Diagnosed with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder with Healthy Controls on Neurocognitive Functions, Impulsivity and Theory of Mind. PhD Thesis, Maltepe University; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Gadea ML, Baez S, Torralva T, et al. Cognitive variability in adults with ADHD and AS: disentangling the roles of executive functions and social cognition. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(2):817–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayaz AB, Ayaz M, Yazgan Y. Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğunda sosyal cevaplılıkta görülen değişiklikler [Alterations in social reciprocity in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]. Turk Psikiyatr Derg. 2013;24(2):101–10.
   Google Scholar
• Baribeau DA, Doyle-Thomas KAR, Dupuis A, et al. Examining and comparing social perception abilities across childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54(6):479–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mary A, Slama H, Mousty P, et al. Executive and attentional contributions to theory of mind deficit in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Child Neuropsychol. 2016;22(3):345–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saeedi MTS, Noorazar G, Bafandeh H, et al. Theory of mind in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder compared to controls. J Res Clin Med. 2014;2:99–104.
   Google Scholar
• Kynast J, Schroeter ML. Sex, age, and emotional valence: revealing possible biases in the ‘reading the mind in the eyes’ task. Front Psychol. 2018;9:570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kynast J, Polyakova M, Quinque EM, et al. Age-and sex-specific standard scores for the reading the mind in the eyes test. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;12:607107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moor BG, de Macks ZAO, Güroğlu B, et al. Neurodevelopmental changes of reading the mind in the eyes. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2012;7(1):44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkland RA, Peterson E, Baker CA, et al. Meta-analysis reveals adult female superiority in” reading the mind in the eyes test.” N Am J Psychol. 2013;15(1):121–146.
   Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Petty CR, Woodworth KY, et al. Adult outcome of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 16-year follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(7):577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang -CL-C, Weng S-F, C-H H. Gender ratios of administrative prevalence and incidence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) across the lifespan: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. Psychiatry Res. 2016;244:382–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauermeister JJ, Shrout PE, Chávez L, et al. ADHD and gender: are risks and sequela of ADHD the same for boys and girls? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007;48(8):831–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nøvik TS, Hervas A, Dalsgaard S, et al. Influence of gender on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Europe–ADORE. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;15(S1):i15–i24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 2010;8(5):336–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huedo-Medina TB, Sánchez-Meca J, Marin-Martinez F, et al. Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: q statistic or I2 index? Psychol Methods. 2006;11(2):193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Bmj. 2003;327(7414):557–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Bmj. 1997;315(7109):629–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, et al. Identifying and quantifying heterogeneity. Introd to Meta-analysis. 2009;1:107–125.
   Google Scholar
• Aycicegi-Dinn A, Dervent-Ozbek S, Yazgan Y, et al. Neurocognitive correlates of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a Turkish sample. ADHD Atten Deficit Hyperact Disord. 2011;3(1):41–52.
   Google Scholar
• Çiray RO, Özyurt G, Turan S, et al. The association between pragmatic language impairment, social cognition and emotion regulation skills in adolescents with ADHD. Nord J Psychiatry. 2022;76(2):89–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagdelen F. Comparison of social cognition in adolescents diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Neurol Sci. 2020;33:289–295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirci E, Erdogan A. Is emotion recognition the only problem in ADHD? Effects of pharmacotherapy on face and emotion recognition in children with ADHD. ADHD Atten Deficit Hyperact Disord. 2016;8(4):197–204.
   Google Scholar
• Demurie E, De Corel M, Roeyers H. Empathic accuracy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2011;5(1):126–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibanez A, Aguado J, Baez S, et al. From neural signatures of emotional modulation to social cognition: individual differences in healthy volunteers and psychiatric participants. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2014;9(7):939–950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özbaran B, Kalyoncu T, Köse S. Theory of mind and emotion regulation difficulties in children with ADHD. Psychiatry Res. 2018;270:117–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parke EM, Becker ML, Graves SJ, et al. Social cognition in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2021;25(4):519–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Şahin B, Karabekiroğlu K, Bozkurt A, et al. The relationship of clinical symptoms with social cognition in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, specific learning disorder or autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Investig. 2018;15(12):1144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatar ZB, Cansız A. Executive function deficits contribute to poor theory of mind abilities in adults with ADHD. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2020;27(1):1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baribeau DA, Dupuis A, Paton TA, et al. Structural neuroimaging correlates of social deficits are similar in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: analysis from the POND Network. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9(1):1–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guillena SR, Gravan VR, del Ojo Jimenez JA, et al. The theory of mind and social functionality in patients with attention deficit disorder-hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry. 2016;55:349–356.
   Google Scholar
• Borhani K, Nejati V. Emotional face recognition in individuals withattention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review article. Dev Neuropsychol. 2018;43(3):256–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maoz H, Gvirts HZ, Sheffer M, et al. Theory of mind and empathy in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2019;23(11):1331–1338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Boo GM, Prins PJM. Social incompetence in children with ADHD: possible moderators and mediators in social-skills training. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007;27(1):78–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardoos SL, Hinshaw SP. Friendship as protection from peer victimization for girls with and without ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2011;39(7):1035–1045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia AM, Medina D, Sibley MH. Conflict between parents and adolescents with ADHD: situational triggers and the role of comorbidity. J Child Fam Stud. 2019;28(12):3338–3345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamay-Tsoory SG, Tibi-Elhanany Y, Aharon-Peretz J. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is involved in understanding affective but not cognitive theory of mind stories. Soc Neurosci. 2006;1(3–4):149–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albaugh MD, Potter AS. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex: a putative locus for trait inattention. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019;44(1):226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nejati V, Sarraj Khorrami A, Nitsche MA. Transcranial direct current stimulation improves reward processing in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2021;25(11):1623–1631.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy K, Barkley RA. Prevalence of DSM-IV symptoms of ADHD in adult licensed drivers: implications for clinical diagnosis. J Atten Disord. 1996;1(3):147–161.
   Google Scholar
• Boonstra AM, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA, et al. Executive functioning in adult ADHD: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Med. 2005;35(8):1097–1108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Adler L, Berkley R, et al. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(4):716–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valera EM, Faraone SV, Biederman J, et al. Functional neuroanatomy of working memory in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(5):439–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaughter V, Peterson CC. How conversational input shapes theory of mind development in infancy and early childhood. Access to Lang Cogn Dev. 2012;3–22.
   Google Scholar
• Slessor G, Phillips LH, Bull R. Exploring the specificity of age-related differences in theory of mind tasks. Psychol Aging. 2007;22(3):639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keightley ML, Winocur G, Burianova H, et al. Age effects on social cognition: faces tell a different story. Psychol Aging. 2006;21(3):558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maylor EA, Moulson JM, Muncer A, et al. Does performance on theory of mind tasks decline in old age? Br J Psychol. 2002;93(4):465–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devine RT, Hughes C. Silent films and strange stories: theory of mind, gender, and social experiences in middle childhood. Child Dev. 2013;84:989–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stępień-Nycz M, Bosacki S, Białecka-Pikul M. Theory of mind in adolescence: developmental change and gender differences. J Early Adolesc. 2021;41(3):424–436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adenzato M, Brambilla M, Manenti R, et al. Gender differences in cognitive theory of mind revealed by transcranial direct current stimulation on medial prefrontal cortex. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gershon J, Gershon J. A meta-analytic review of gender differences in ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2002;5(3):143–154.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newcorn JH, Halperin JM, Jensen PS, et al. Symptom profiles in children with ADHD: effects of comorbidity and gender. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40(2):137–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucklidge JJ. Gender differences in ADHD: implications for psychosocial treatments. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008;8(4):643–655.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greene RW, Biederman J, Faraone SV, et al. Social impairment in girls with ADHD: patterns, gender comparisons, and correlates. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40(6):704–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar