EEG in neonatal seizures: where to look and what to see

References

• Hellström-Westas L, Rosén I, Swenningsen NW. Silent seizures in sick infants in early life. Diagnosis by continuous cerebral function monitoring. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1985;74(5):741–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boylan GB, Rennie JM, Chorley G, et al. Second-line anticonvulsant treatment of neonatal seizures: a video- EEG monitoring study. Neurology. 2004;62(3):486–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rennie J, Boylan G. Treatment of neonatal seizures. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2007;92(2):F148–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rennie JM, de Vries LS, Blennow M, et al. Characterisation of neonatal seizures and their treatment using continuous EEG monitoring: a multicentre experience. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2019;104(5):F493–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisani F, Facini C, Bianchi E, et al. Incidence of neonatal seizures, perinatal risk factors for epilepsy and mortality after neonatal seizures in the province of Parma, Italy. Epilepsia. 2018;59(9):1764–1773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisani F, Cerminara C, Fusco C, et al. Neonatal status epilepticus vs recurrent neonatal seizures: clinical findings and outcome. Neurology. 2007;69(23):2177–2185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisani F, Sisti L, Seri S. A scoring system for early prognostic assessment after neonatal seizures. Pediatrics. 2009;124(4):e580–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisani F, Copioli C, Di Gioia C, et al. Neonatal seizures: relation of ictal video-electroencephalography (EEG) findings with neurodevelopmental outcome. J Child Neurol. 2008;23(4):394–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisani F, Spagnoli C, Falsaperla R, et al. Seizures in the neonate: a review of etiologies and outcomes. Seizure. 2021;85:48–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronen GM, Buckley D, Penney S, et al. Long-term prognosis in children with neonatal seizures: a population-based study. Neurology. 2007;69(19):1816–1822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekgul H, Gauvreau K, Soul J, et al. The current etiologic profile and neurodevelopmental outcome of seizures in term newborn infants. Pediatrics. 2006;117:1270–1280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes GL. The long-term effects of neonatal seizures. Clin Perinatol. 2009 Dec;36(4):901–14, vii–viii.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzhala VI, Kuchibhotla KV, Glykys JC, et al. Progressive NKCC1-dependent neuronal chloride accumulation during neonatal seizures. J Neurosci. 2010;30:11745–11761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardou R, Ferrari DC, Ben-Ari Y. Mechanisms and effects of seizures in the immature brain. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;18:175–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisani F, Prezioso G, Spagnoli C. Neonatal seizures in preterm infants: a systematic review of mortality risk and neurological outcomes from studies in the 2000’s. Seizure. 2020;75:7–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garfinkle J, Shevell MI. Cerebral palsy, developmental delay, and epilepsy after neonatal seizures. Pediatr Neurol. 2011a;44:88–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisani F, Piccolo B, Cantalupo G, et al. Neonatal seizures and postneonatal epilepsy: a 7-y follow-up study. Pediatr Res. 2012;72(2):186–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee BL, Gano D, Rogers EE, et al. Long-term cognitive outcomes in term newborns with watershed injury caused by neonatal encephalopathy. Pediatr Res. 2022;92(2):505–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisani F, Spagnoli C. Outcome in preterm infants with seizures. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;162:401–414.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pisani F, Fusco C, Spagnoli C. Linking acute symptomatic neonatal seizures, brain injury and outcome in preterm infants. Epilepsy Behav. 2020 Nov;112:107406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shellhaas RA, Chang T, Tsuchida T, et al. The American clinical neurophysiology society’s guideline on continuous electroencephalography monitoring in neonates. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2011;28(6):611–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clancy RR. Prolonged electroencephalogram monitoring for seizures and their treatment. Clin Perinatol. 2006 Sep;33(3):649–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boylan GB, Rennie JM, Pressler RM, et al. Phenobarbitone, neonatal seizures, and video-EEG. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2002;86:F165–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray DM, Ryan CA, Boylan GB, et al. Prediction of seizures in asphyxiated neonates: correlation with continuous video-electroencephalographic monitoring. Pediatrics. 2006;118(1):41–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bye A, Flanagan D. Electroencephalograms, clinical observations and the monitoring of neonatal seizures. J Paediatr Child Health. 1995;31(6):503–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray DM, Boylan GB, Ali I, et al. Defining the gap between electrographic seizure burden, clinical expression and staff recognition of neonatal seizures. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2008;93(3):F187–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janackova S, Boyd S, Yozawitz E, et al. Electroencephalographic characteristics of epileptic seizures in preterm neonates. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127:2721–2727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlidis E, Spagnoli C, Pelosi A, et al. Neonatal status epilepticus: differences between preterm and term newborns. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2015;19:314–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombroso CT. Neonatal seizures: a clinician’s overview. Brain Dev. 2008;18:1–28.
   Google Scholar
• McBride MC, Laroia N, Guillet R. Electrographic seizures in neonates correlate with poor neurodevelopmental outcome. Neurology. 2000;55:506–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clancy RR, Legido A, Lewis D. Occult neonatal seizures. Epilepsia. 1988;29:256–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg RN, Goldman SL, Ramsay RE, et al. Detection of seizure activity in the paralyzed neonate using continuous monitoring. Pediatrics. 1982;69:583–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash KB, Bonifacio SL, Glass HC, et al. Video-EEG monitoring in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treated with hypothermia. Neurology. 2011;76(6):556–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray DM, Boylan GB, Ali I, et al. Defining the gap between electrographic seizure burden, clinical expression and staff recognition of neonatal seizures. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonat Ed. 2008;93:F187–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naim MY, Gaynor JW, Chen J, et al. Subclinical seizures identified by postoperative electroencephalographic monitoring are common after neonatal cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;150(1):169–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clancy RR, McGaurn SA, Wernovsky G, et al. Risk of seizures in survivors of newborn heart surgery using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Pediatrics. 2003;111:592–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmers SL, Wypij D, Constantinou JE, et al. Perioperative electroencephalographic seizures in infants undergoing repair of complex congenital cardiac defects. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1997;102:27–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scher MS, Alvin J, Gaus L, et al. Uncoupling of EEG-clinical neonatal seizures after antiepileptic drug use. Pediatr Neurol. 2003;28(4):277–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizrahi E, Kellaway P. The response of electroclinical neonatal seizures to antiepileptic drug therapy. Epilepsia. 1992;33(suppl 3):114.
   Google Scholar
• Pisani F, Facini C, Pelosi A, et al. Neonatal seizures in preterm newborns: a predictive model for outcome. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2016;20(2):243–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisani F, Pavlidis E, Cattani L, et al. Optimizing detection rate and characterization of subtle paroxysmal neonatal abnormal facial movements with multi-camera video-electroencephalogram recordings. Neuropediatrics. 2016;47:169–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orivoli S, Facini C, Pisani F. Paroxysmal nonepileptic motor phenomena in newborn. Brain Dev. 2015;37(9):833–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facini C, Spagnoli C, Pisani F. Epileptic and non-epileptic paroxysmal motor phenomena in newborns. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29(22):3652–3659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malone A, Ryan CA, Fitzgerald A, et al. Interobserver agreement in neonatal seizure identification. Epilepsia. 2009;50:2097–2101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clancy RR. The contribution of EEG to the understanding of neonatal seizures. Epilepsia. 1996;37(Suppl 1):S52–S59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagarajan L, Ghosh S, Palumbo L. Classification of clinical semiology in epileptic seizures in neonates. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2012;16:118–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpe JJ. Neonatal seizures: current concepts and revised classification. Pediatrics. 1989;84:422–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombroso CT. Neonatal seizures: historic note and present controversies. Epilepsia. 1996;37(S3):5–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mizrahi EM, Kellaway P. Characterization and classification of neonatal seizures. Neurology. 1987;37:1837–1844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe K, Hara K, Miyazaki S, et al. Electroclinical studies of seizures in the newborn. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn. 1977;31:383–392.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pressler RM, Cilio MR, Mizrahi EM, et al. The ILAE classification of seizures and the epilepsies: modification for seizures in the neonate. Position paper by the ILAE task force on neonatal seizures. Epilepsia. 2021;62(3):615–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher RS, Cross JH, D’Souza C, et al. Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational classification of seizure types. Epilepsia. 2017;58(4):531–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clancy RR, Legido A. The exact ictal and interictal duration of electroencephalographic neonatal seizures. Epilepsia. 1987;28:537–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira AJ, Nunes ML, Haertel LM, et al. Duration of rhythmic EEG patterns in neonates: new evidence for clinical and prognostic significance of brief rhythmic discharges. Clin Neurophysiol. 2000;111(9):1646–1653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagarajan L, Ghosh S, Palumbo L. Ictal electroencephalogram in neonatal seizures: characteristics and associations. Pediatr Neurol. 2011;45:11–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alix JJ, Ponnusamy A, Hart AR. Brief rhythmic discharges in neonates: a marker for seizures. Epileptic Disord. 2015;17(3):349.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pisani F, Spagnoli C, Fusco C. EEG Monitoring of the Epileptic Newborn. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2020;20(4):6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisani F, Percesepe A, Spagnoli C. Genetic diagnosis in neonatal-onset epilepsies: back to the future. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2018;22(3):354–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornet MC, Sands TT, Cilio MR. Neonatal epilepsies: clinical management. Semin fetal neonatal med. 2018;23(3):204–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuberi SM, Wirrell E, Yozawitz E, et al. ILAE classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in neonates and infants: position statement by the ILAE task force on nosology and definitions. Epilepsia. 2022;63(6):1349–1397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grieve PG, Emerson RG, Fifer WP, et al. Spatial correlation of the infant and adult electroencephalogram. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(9):1594–1608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fifer WP, Grieve PG, Grose-Fifer J, et al. High-density electroencephalogram monitoring in the neonate. Clin Perinatol. 2006;33(3):679–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanhatalo S. Neonatal seizures in the EEG: to see or not to see? Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;118(10):2125–2127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrizi S, Holmes GL, Orzalesi M, et al. Neonatal seizures: characteristics of EEG ictal activity in preterm and fullterm infants. Brain Dev. 2003;25:427–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelhaas RA, Clancy RR. Characterization of neonatal seizures by conventional EEG and single-channel EEG. Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;118(10):2156–2161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisani F, Barilli AL, Sisti L, et al. Preterm infants with video-EEG confirmed seizures: outcome at 30 months of age. Brain Dev. 2008;30(1):20–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boylan GB, Kharoshankaya L, Mathieson SR. Diagnosis of seizures and encephalopathy using conventional EEG and amplitude integrated EEG. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;162:363–400.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okumura A, Hayakawa F, Kato T, et al. Ictal electroencephalographic findings of neonatal seizures in preterm infants. Brain Dev. 2008;30(4):261–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockard-Pope JE, Werner SS, Bickford RG. Atlas of neonatal electroencephalography. 2nd ed. New York NY: Raven Press; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuchida TN, Wusthoff CJ, Shellhaas RA, et al. American clinical neurophysiology society critical care monitoring committee. American clinical neurophysiology society standardized EEG terminology and categorization for the description of continuous EEG monitoring in neonates: report of the American clinical neurophysiology society critical care monitoring committee. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;30(2):161–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wusthoff CJ. Diagnosing neonatal seizures and status epilepticus. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;30(2):115–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe K. Neurophysiological aspects of neonatal seizures. Brain Dev. 2014;36(5):363–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreyfus-Brisac C, Monod N. Electroclinical studies of status epilepticus and convulsions in the newborn. In: Kellaway P, Petersen I, editors. Neurological and electroencephalographic correlative studies in infancy. New York NY: Grune and Stratton; 1964. p. 250–272.
   Google Scholar
• Dreyfus-Brisac C, Monod N. Neonatal status epilepticus. In: Rémond A, editor. Handbook of electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. 1972. Vol. 15. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 38–52.
   Google Scholar
• Bazhenov M, Timofeev I, Fröhlich F, et al. Cellular and network mechanisms of electrographic seizures. Drug Discov Today Dis Models. 2008;5(1):45–57.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krishnan GP, Bazhenov M. Ionic dynamics mediate spontaneous termination of seizures and postictal depression state. J Neurosci. 2011;31(24):8870–8882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitayama M, Otsubo H, Parvez S, et al. Wavelet analysis for neonatal electroencephalographic seizures. Pediatr Neurol. 2003;29(4):326–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scher MS, Sun M, Steppe DA, et al. Comparisons of EEG spectral and correlation measures between healthy term and preterm infants. Pediatr Neurol. 1994;10(2):104–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz SS, Wallace SJ, Murphy JF, et al. Cotside EEG monitoring using computerised spectral analysis. Arch Dis Child. 1986;61(3):242–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathieson SR, Livingstone V, Low E, et al. Phenobarbital reduces EEG amplitude and propagation of neonatal seizures but does not alter performance of automated seizure detection. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(10):3343–3350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd RO, O’Toole JM, Pavlidis E, et al. Electrographic seizures during the early postnatal period in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2017;187:18–25.e2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Radvanyi-Bouvet MF, Vallecalle MH, Morel-Kahn F, et al. Seizures and electrical discharges in premature infants. Neuropediatrics. 1985;16(3):143–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low E, Boylan GB, Mathieson SR, et al. Cooling and seizure burden in term neonates: an observational study. Archs Dis Child Fetal Neonat Ed. 2012;97:F267e72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennet L, Dean JM, Wassink G, et al. Differential effects of hypothermia on early and late epileptiform events after severe hypoxia in preterm fetal sheep. J Neurophysiol. 2007;97(1):572–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch NE, Stevenson NJ, Livingstone V, et al. The temporal evolution of electrographic seizure burden in neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Epilepsia. 2012 Mar;53(3):549–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes ML, Yozawitz EG, Zuberi S, et al. Task force on neonatal seizures, ILAE commission on classification & terminology. neonatal seizures: is there a relationship between ictal electroclinical features and etiology? A critical appraisal based on a systematic literature review. Epilepsia Open. 2019;4(1):10–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santarone ME, Pietrafusa N, Fusco L. Neonatal seizures: when semiology points to etiology. Seizure. 2020;80:161–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low E, Mathieson SR, Stevenson NJ, et al. Early postnatal EEG features of perinatal arterial ischaemic stroke with seizures. PLoS One. 2014 Jul 22;9(7):e100973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch NE, Stevenson NJ, Livingstone V, et al. The temporal characteristics of seizures in neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy treated with hypothermia. Seizure. 2015;33:60–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aso K, Scher MS, Barmada MA. Neonatal electroencephalography and neuropathology. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1989 Apr;6(2):103–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legido A, Clancy RR, Berman PH. Neurologic outcome after electroencephalographically proven neonatal seizures. Pediatrics. 1991;88:583–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe JC, Holmes GL, Hafford J, et al. Prognostic value of the electroencephalogram in term and preterm infants following neonatal seizures. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1985;60(3):183–196.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watanabe K, Hayakawa F, Neonatal OA. EEG: a powerful tool in the assessment of brain damage in preterm infants. Brain Dev. 1999 Sep;21(6):361–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doménech-Martínez E, Castro-Conde JR, Herraiz-Culebras T, et al. Neonatal convulsions: influence of the electroencephalographic pattern and the response to treatment on the outcome. Rev Neurol. 2003;37(5):413–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bye AM, Cunningham CA, Chee KY, et al. Outcome of neonates with electrographically identified seizures, or at risk of seizures. Pediatr Neurol. 1997;16(3):225–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisani F, Spagnoli C. Determining outcome from neonatal seizures.. In: Moshé SL, Cross JH, de Bellescize J, et al., editors. Seizure and syndromes of onset in the two first years of life. John Libbey Eurotext. Paris; 2015. p. 123–138.
   Google Scholar
• Lamblin MD, André M. Électroencéphalogramme du nouveau-né à terme. Aspects normaux et encéphalopathie hypoxo-ischémique [Electroencephalogram of the full-term newborn. Normal features and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy]. Neurophysiol Clin. 2011;41(1):1–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malfilâtre G, Mony L, Hasaerts D, et al. Technical recommendations and interpretation guidelines for electroencephalography for premature and full-term newborns. Neurophysiol Clin. 2021;51(1):35–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitkänen A, Ekolle Ndode-Ekane X, Lapinlampi N, et al. Epilepsy biomarkers - Toward etiology and pathology specificity. Neurobiol Dis. 2019;123:42–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa A-M, Lo Barco T, Spezia E, et al. Prospective evaluation of ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin plasma levels in children with newly diagnosed epilepsy: evidence for reduced ghrelin-to-des-acyl ghrelin ratio in generalized epilepsies. J Pers Med. 2022;12(4):527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milikovsky DZ, Weissberg I, Kamintsky L, et al. Electrocorticographic dynamics as a novel biomarker in five models of epileptogenesis. J Neurosci. 2017;37(17):4450–4461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa AM, Lucchi C, Malkoç A, et al. Relationship between delta rhythm, seizure occurrence and allopregnanolone hippocampal levels in epileptic rats exposed to the rebound effect. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;14(2):127.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noorlag L, van ‘t Klooster MA, van Huffelen AC, et al. High-frequency oscillations recorded with surface EEG in neonates with seizures. Clin Neurophysiol. 2021;132(7):1452–1461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major P, Lortie A, Dehaes M, et al. Periictal activity in cooled asphyxiated neonates with seizures. Seizure. 2017;47:13–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar