Comparing the effects of medical cannabis for chronic pain patients with and without co-morbid anxiety: A cohort study

References

• Ellis B, Ly M, Steinberger S Versus arthritis: chronic pain in England. 2021 [cited 2022 May 5]; Available from: www.versusarthritis.org.
   Google Scholar
• Hylands-White N, Duarte RV, Raphael JH. An overview of treatment approaches for chronic pain management. Rheumatol Int. Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 May 8];37:29–42. Available from;:.:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00296-016-3481-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donvito G, Nass SR, Wilkerson JL, et al. The endogenous cannabinoid system: a budding source of targets for treating inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 May 12];43:52–79. Available from. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;:.https://www.nature.com/articles/npp2017204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pertwee RG. The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin. Br J Pharmacol. Internet]. 2008 [cited 2022 May 12];153:199–215. Available from;:.:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1038/sj.bjp.0707442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mlost J, Bryk M, Starowicz K. Cannabidiol for pain treatment: focus on pharmacology and mechanism of action. Int J Mol Sci Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 May 12];21:1–22. Available from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33238607/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mechoulam R, Parker LA The endocannabinoid system and the brain. 2012 [cited 2022 May 11]; Available from: www.annualreviews.org.
   Google Scholar
• Price TJ, Helesic G, Parghi D, et al. The neuronal distribution of cannabinoid receptor type 1 in the trigeminal ganglion of the rat. Neuroscience. 2003;120:155–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill KP, Palastro MD, Johnson B, et al. Cannabis and pain: a clinical review. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 May 12];2:96–104. Available from https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/can.2017.0017
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vučkovic S, Srebro D, Vujovic KS, et al. Cannabinoids and pain: new insights from old molecules. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:1259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cristino L, Bisogno T, Di Marzo V. Cannabinoids and the expanded endocannabinoid system in neurological disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. Internet] [cited 2022 May 11];16:9–29. Available from;2019 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-019-0284-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodermann H, Pain M. pleasure and placebo: the cannabinoids in reward processing and the perception of pain. Ment Health Addict Res. 2016;1. DOI:10.15761/MHAR.1000115
   Google Scholar
• Russo EB, THC T. potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. Br J Pharmacol. Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 May 12];163:1344–1364. Available from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laprairie RB, Bagher AM, Kelly MEM, et al. Cannabidiol is a negative allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Br J Pharmacol Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 May 12];172:4790–4805. Available from.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bph.13250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Petrocellis L, Ligresti A, Moriello AS, et al. Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid-enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes. Br J Pharmacol Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 May 12];163:1479–1494. Available from. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01166.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aurora. Cannabis Compendium. 2020 [cited 2022 May 11]; Available from: https://www.cannaconnect.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Aurora-Cannabis-Medical-Compendium.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Finn K. Cannabis in medicine: an evidence-based approach.2020. Springer Nature. [cited 2022 May 11].
   Google Scholar
• Anand U, Jones B, Korchev Y, et al. CBD effects on TRPV1 signaling pathways in cultured DRG neurons. J Pain Res Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 May 23];13:2269–2278. Available from. https://www.dovepress.com/cbd-effects-on-trpv1-signaling-pathways-in-cultured-drg-neurons-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JPR
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Sandoval EA, Fincham JE, Kolano AL, et al. Cannabis for chronic pain: challenges and considerations. Pharmacother J Human Pharmacol Drug Ther Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 May 20];38:651–662. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/phar.2115
   Google Scholar
• Ware MA, Wang T, Shapiro S, et al. Cannabis for the management of pain: assessment of safety study (COMPASS). J Pain Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 May 20];16:1233–1242. Available from. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26385201/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Überall MA. A review of scientific evidence for THC:CBD oromucosal spray (nabiximols) in the management of chronic pain. J Pain Res Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 May 20];13:399.Available from:. /pmc/articles/PMC7027889/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safakish R, Ko G, Salimpour V, et al. Medical cannabis for the management of pain and quality of life in chronic pain patients: a prospective observational study. Pain Med Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 May 20];21:3073–3086. Available from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32556203/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haroutounian S, Ratz Y, Ginosar Y, et al. The effect of medicinal cannabis on pain and quality-of-life outcomes in chronic pain: a prospective open-label study. Clin J Pain Internet]. 2016 [cited 2022 May 20];32:1036–1043. Available from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26889611/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greis A, Larsen E, Liu C, et al. Perceived efficacy, reduced prescription drug use, and minimal side effects of cannabis in patients with chronic orthopedic pain. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 May 20]; Available from. 7:865–875 . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34767730/
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ueberall MA, Essner U, Mueller-Schwefe GHH. Effectiveness and tolerability of THC:CBD oromucosal spray as add-on measure in patients with severe chronic pain: analysis of 12-week open-label real-world data provided by the German pain e-registry. J Pain Res Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 May 22];12:1577–1604. Available from. https://www.dovepress.com/effectiveness-and-tolerability-of-thccbd-oromucosal-spray-as-add-on-me-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JPR
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abelev S, Warne LN, Benson M, et al. Medicinal cannabis for the treatment of chronic refractory pain: an investigation of the adverse event profile and health-related quality of life impact of an oral formulation. Preclinical Sci Clin Studies-Res Article Med Cannabis Cannabinoids. Internet]. 2022 [cited. 2022. 5: 20–31. Available from. www.karger.com/mca
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gruber SA, Smith RT, Dahlgren MK, et al. No pain, all gain? Interim analyses from a longitudinal, observational study examining the impact of medical cannabis treatment on chronic pain and related symptoms. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2021;29:147–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson AM, Le C, Dautrich T. Measuring the change in health-related quality of life in patients using marijuana for pain relief. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 May 24];4:114–120. Available from. https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/517857
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang L, Hong PJ, May C, et al. Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic non-cancer and cancer related pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 May 20];374. Available from:. https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n1034.
   Google Scholar
• Mücke M, Phillips T, Radbruch L, et al. Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 May 20];3. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29513392/.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell G, Hall WD, Peacock A, et al. Effect of cannabis use in people with chronic non-cancer pain prescribed opioids: findings from a 4-year prospective cohort study. Lancet Public Health Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 May 20];3:e341–e350. Available from. http://www.thelancet.com/article/S2468266718301105/fulltext
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häuser W, Petzke F, Fitzcharles MA. Efficacy, tolerability and safety of cannabis-based medicines for chronic pain management – an overview of systematic reviews. European J Pain (United Kingdom). 2018;22:455–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black N, Stockings E, Campbell G, et al. Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 May 24];6:995–1010. Available from.http://www.thelancet.com/article/S2215036619304018/fulltext
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmundson GJG, Psych RD, Mcmillan KA, et al. Understanding and managing clinically significant pain in patients with an anxiety disorder. Focus [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 May 19];9:264–272. Available from. https://focus.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/foc.9.3.foc264.
   Google Scholar
• Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Lee S, et al. Mental disorders among persons with chronic back or neck pain: results from the world mental health surveys. Pain Internet]. 2007 [cited 2022 May 19];129:332–342. Available from.https://journals.lww.com/pain/Fulltext/2007/06000/Mental_disorders_among_persons_with_chronic_back.13.aspx
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masataka N. Anxiolytic effects of repeated cannabidiol treatment in teenagers with social anxiety disorders. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2466.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin EL, Strickland JC, Schlienz NJ, et al. Antidepressant and ANXIOLYTIC EFFECTS OF MEDICINAL CANNABIS USE IN AN OBSERVATIONAL TRIAL. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:1554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crippa JAS, Nogueira Derenusson G, Borduqui Ferrari T, et al. Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social anxiety disorder: a preliminary report. J Psychopharmacol Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 May 20];25:121–130. Available from. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881110379283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meints SM, Edwards RR. Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018;87:168–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards RR, Dworkin RH, Sullivan MD, et al. The role of psychosocial processes in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. J Pain. 2016;17:T70–T92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Heer EW, Gerrits MMJG, Beekman ATF, et al. The association of depression and anxiety with pain: a study from NESDA. PLoS One Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 May 20];9:e106907. Available from. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0106907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teh CF, Morone NE, Karp JF, et al. Pain interference impacts response to treatment for anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety Internet]. 2009 [cited 2022 May 20];26:222.Available from:. /pmc/articles/PMC2836014/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter LE, McNeil DW, Vowles KE, et al. Effects of emotion on pain reports, tolerance and physiology. Pain Res Manag Internet]. 2002 [cited 2022 May 19];7:21–30. Available from. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16231064/
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark JR, Yeowell G, Goodwin PC. Trait anxiety and sensory processing profile characteristics in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain and central sensitisation - A pilot observational study. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2018;22:909–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel-Yeger B, Dunn W. The relationship between sensory processing difficulties and anxiety level of healthy adults. British Journal of Occupational Therapy [Internet]. 2011 [cited. 2022;74:.210–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmundson GJG, Katz J. Understanding the co-occurrence of anxiety disorders and chronic pain: state-of-the-art. Depress Anxiety. Internet]. 2009 [cited 2022 May 20];26:888–901. Available from;:.:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/da.20600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burston JJ, Valdes AM, Woodhams SG, et al. The impact of anxiety on chronic musculoskeletal pain and the role of astrocyte activation. Pain Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 May 20];160:658–669. Available from. https://journals.lww.com/pain/Fulltext/2019/03000/The_impact_of_anxiety_on_chronic_musculoskeletal.13.aspx
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijs J, George SZ, Clauw DJ, et al. Central sensitisation in chronic pain conditions: latest discoveries and their potential for precision medicine. Lancet Rheumatol Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 May 20];3:e383–e392. Available from.;: . http://www.thelancet.com/article/S2665991321000321/fulltext
   Google Scholar
• Lee MC, Ploner M, Wiech K, et al. Amygdala activity contributes to the dissociative effect of cannabis on pain perception. Pain. 2013;154:124–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burston JJ, Sagar DR, Shao P, et al. Cannabinoid CB2 receptors regulate central sensitization and pain responses associated with osteoarthritis of the knee joint. PLoS One Internet]. 2013 [cited 2022 May 20];8:e80440. Available from. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0080440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham AD, Leung EJY, Wong BA, et al. Orally consumed cannabinoids provide long-lasting relief of allodynia in a mouse model of chronic neuropathic pain. Neuropsychopharmacology Internet] [cited 2022 May 20];45:1105–1114. Available from.;2019 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-019-0585-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philpott HT, O’Brien M, McDougall JJ. Attenuation of early phase inflammation by cannabidiol prevents pain and nerve damage in rat osteoarthritis. Pain Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 May 20];158:2442.Available from:. /pmc/articles/PMC5690292/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Donk T, Niesters M, Kowal MA, et al. An experimental randomized study on the analgesic effects of pharmaceutical-grade cannabis in chronic pain patients with fibromyalgia. Pain Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 May 24];160:860–869. Available from. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30585986/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quartana PJ, Campbell CM, Edwards RR. Pain catastrophizing: a critical review. Expert Rev Neurother Internet]. 2009 [cited 2022 May 20];9:745.Available from:. ;:. /pmc/articles/PMC2696024/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drahovzal DN, Stewart SH, Sullivan MJL. Tendency to catastrophize somatic sensations: pain catastrophizing and anxiety sensitivity in predicting headache. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2022 May 20];35:226–235. Available from. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16506070600898397
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tran ST, Jastrowski Mano KE, Hainsworth KR, et al. Distinct influences of anxiety and pain catastrophizing on functional outcomes in children and adolescents with chronic pain. J Pediatr Psychol Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 May 20];40:744–755. Available from. https://academic.oup.com/jpepsy/article/40/8/744/929254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns LC, Ritvo SE, Ferguson MK, et al. Pain catastrophizing as a risk factor for chronic pain after total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review. J Pain Res Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 May 20];8:21–32. Available from. https://www.dovepress.com/pain-catastrophizing-as-a-risk-factor-for-chronic-pain-after-total-kne-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JPR
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasey MW, Borkovec TD. A catastrophizing assessment of worrisome thoughts. Cognitive Ther Res. Internet] [cited 2022 May 20];16:505–520. Available from;1992 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01175138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severeijns R, Vlaeyen JWS, van den Hout MA, et al. Pain catastrophizing predicts pain intensity, disability, and psychological distress independent of the level of physical impairment. Clin J Pain Internet]. 2001 [cited 2022 May 20];17:165–172. Available from. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11444718/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slawek DE, Syed M, Cunningham CO, et al. Pain catastrophizing and mental health phenotypes in adults with refractory chronic pain: a latent class analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2022;145:102–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. - PsycNET [Internet]. [cited 2022 May 20]. Available from: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1963-01437-000.
   Google Scholar
• Cognitive therapy of depression - google books [internet]. [cited 2022 May 20]. Available from: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en‎&id=L09cRS0xWj0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&ots=FYPgaSanhk&sig=MVpgZ6IpLvN9j6yXbtwwIrkG9fg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false.
   Google Scholar
• Gambi F, de Berardis D, Sepede G, et al. Cannabinoid receptors and their relationships with neuropsychiatric disorders. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology. 2016. 18, Internet] [cited 2023 Feb 4];:15–19. Available from. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/039463200501800103
   Google Scholar
• Fornaro M, de Berardis D, Iasevoli F, et al. Treatment adherence towards prescribed medications in bipolar-II acute depressed patients: relationship with cyclothymic temperament and “therapeutic sensation seeking” in response towards subjective intolerance to pain. J Affect Disord Internet]. 2013 [cited 2023 Feb 6];151:596–604. Available from.;: . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23906864/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NHS Health Research Authority. What approvals and decisions do I need? [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 May 1]. Available from: https://www.hra.nhs.uk/approvals-amendments/what-approvals-do-i-need/.
   Google Scholar
• Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, et al. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med Internet]. 2007 [cited 2022 May 1];4:1628–1654. Available from. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17941715/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ Internet]. 2016 [cited 2023 Feb 4];355. Available from:. https://www.bmj.com/content/355/bmj.i4919
   Google Scholar
• Harris M, Erridge S, Ergisi M, et al. UK Medical Cannabis registry: an analysis of clinical outcomes of medicinal cannabis therapy for chronic pain conditions. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 May 20]; Available from. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34937477/.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ergisi M, Erridge S, Harris M, et al. UK Medical Cannabis Registry: an analysis of clinical outcomes of medicinal cannabis therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 May 20]; Available from. ;15:487–495. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34937473/.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, et al. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med Internet]. 2006 [cited 2022 May 1];166:1092–1097. Available from. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16717171/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löwe B, Decker O, Müller S, et al. Validation and standardization of the generalized anxiety disorder screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Med Care Internet]. 2008 [cited 2022 May 2];46:266–274. Available from. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18388841/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISCO. ISCO - International Standard Classification of occupations [internet]. 2008 [cited 2022 May 6]. Available from: https://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco08/index.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, et al. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40:373–383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quan H, Li B, Couris CM, et al. Updating and validating the Charlson comorbidity index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries. Am J Epidemiol Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 May 6];173:676–682. Available from. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21330339/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erridge S, Salazar O, Kawka M, et al. An initial analysis of the UK medical cannabis registry: outcomes analysis of first 129 patients. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 May 1];41:362–370. Available from. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/npr2.12183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Good manufacturing practice and good distribution practice - GOV.UK [Internet]. [cited 2022 May 2]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/good-manufacturing-practice-and-good-distribution-practice.
   Google Scholar
• Dansie EJ, Turk DC. Assessment of patients with chronic pain. Br J Anaesth Internet]. 2013 [cited 2022 May 2];111:19–25. Available from. http://www.bjanaesthesia.org.uk/article/S0007091217329628/fulltext
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Outcome Measures. 2019 [cited 2022 May 2]; Available from: www.immpact.org.
   Google Scholar
• Cleeland CS, Ryan KM. Pain assessment: global use of the brief pain inventory. Ann Acad Med Singap. 1994;23:129–138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Revicki DA, et al. Development and initial validation of an expanded and revised version of the short-form mcgill pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2). Pain Internet]. 2009 [cited 2022 May 2];144:35–42. Available from. https://journals.lww.com/pain/Fulltext/2009/07000/Development_and_initial_validation_of_an_expanded.12.aspx
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jumbo SU, MacDermid JC, Kalu ME, et al. Measurement properties of the brief pain inventory-short form (BPI-SF) and revised short mcgill pain questionnaire version-2 (SF-MPQ-2) in pain-related musculoskeletal conditions a systematic review. Clin J Pain Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 May 2];37:454–474. Available from. https://journals.lww.com/clinicalpain/Fulltext/2021/06000/Measurement_Properties_of_the_Brief_Pain.8.aspx
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Wyrwich KW, et al. Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. J Pain Internet]. 2008 [cited 2022 May 6];9:105–121. Available from. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18055266/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herdman M, Gudex C, Lloyd A, et al. Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L). Qual Life Res Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 May 2];20:1727–1736. Available from. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21479777/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hout B, Janssen MF, Feng YS, et al. Interim scoring for the EQ-5D-5L: mapping the EQ-5D-5L to EQ-5D-3L value sets. Value Health Internet]. 2012 [cited 2022 May 2];15:708–715. Available from. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22867780/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder E, Cai B, DeMuro C, et al. A new single-item sleep quality scale: results of psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic primary insomnia and depression. J Clin Sleep Med Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 May 2];14:1849–1857. Available from. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30373688/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology - william guy - google books [internet]. [cited 2022 May 2]. Available from: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en‎&id=B4mZEZQRZUEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA6&dq=ECDEU+assessment+manual+for+psychopharmacology&ots=Kp6cffut7D&sig=CU7ysMpY_GnVIs_gRazKs2hTvdw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=ECDEU%20assessment%20manual%20for%20psychopharmacology&f=false.
   Google Scholar
• Perrot S, Lantéri-Minet M. Patients’ global impression of change in the management of peripheral neuropathic pain: clinical relevance and correlations in daily practice. Eur J Pain. Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 May 2];23:1117–1128. Available from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ejp.1378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dose equivalents and changing opioids | faculty of pain medicine [Internet]. [cited 2022 May 2]. Available from: https://fpm.ac.uk/opioids-aware-structured-approach-opioid-prescribing/dose-equivalents-and-changing-opioids.
   Google Scholar
• Prescribing in palliative care | medicines guidance | BNF content published by NICE [Internet]. [cited 2022 May 2]. Available from: https://bnf.nice.org.uk/guidance/prescribing-in-palliative-care.html.
   Google Scholar
• Cancer Institute N Common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) version 4.0. 2009 [cited 2022 May 6]; Available from: http://www.meddramsso.com.
   Google Scholar
• Beasley TM, Schumacher RE. Multiple regression approach to analyzing contingency tables: post hoc and planned comparison procedures. The Journal of Experimental Education. 2010;64:79–93.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson KJ, Sherman M, Divi SN, et al. The role of family-wise error rate in determining statistical significance. Clin Spine Surg Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 May 7]; Available from. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34907926/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. IBM SPSS statistics for macintosh [Internet]. Armonk NY: IBM Corp; 2021 [cited 2022 May 2]. Available from: https://www.ibm.com/uk-en/analytics/spss-statistics-software.
   Google Scholar
• Dotmatics. graphpad prism 9 for macintosh [internet]. San Diego California; 2020 [cited 2022 May 2]. Available from: https://www.graphpad.com/.
   Google Scholar
• McLaren J, Swift W, Dillon P, et al. Cannabis potency and contamination: a review of the literature. Addiction. 2008;103:1100–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider S, Bebing R, Dauberschmidt C. Detection of pesticides in seized illegal cannabis plants. Anal Methods Internet]. 2013 [cited 2022 May 24];6:515–520. Available from. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2014/ay/c3ay40930a
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busse FP, Fiedler GM, Leichtle A, et al. Lead poisoning due to adulterated marijuana in Leipzig. Dtsch Arztebl Int Internet]. 2008 [cited 2022 May 24];105:757–762. Available from. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19623274/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hathaway AD, Comeau NC, Erickson PG. Cannabis normalization and stigma: contemporary practices of moral regulation. Criminology & Criminal Justice [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 May 24];11:451–469. Available from. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1748895811415345?casa_token=OZffox17VOIAAAAA%3A0nkqcdpp76dHV3YhFCoPFs8iEPYsrB3UVMpFANBmIfRewGfIuD7tEUgL_0qmoPcsgCExpK8lPFin
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottorff JL, Bissell LJL, Balneaves LG, et al. Perceptions of cannabis as a stigmatized medicine: a qualitative descriptive study. Harm Reduct J Internet]. 2013 [cited 2022 May 24];10:1–10. Available from. https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7517-10-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge EA, Ivkovic A, Fricchione GL. Generalized anxiety disorder: diagnosis and treatment. BMJ Internet]. 2012 [cited 2022 May 19];345. Available from:. ;:e7500–e7500. https://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e7500
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saviola F, Pappaianni E, Monti A, et al. Trait and state anxiety are mapped differently in the human brain. Sci Rep Internet] [cited 2022 May 24];10:1–11. Available from.2020 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-68008-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blessing EM, Steenkamp MM, Manzanares J, et al. Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders. Neurotherapeutics Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 May 20];12:825.Available from:. /pmc/articles/PMC4604171/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe L, Sinclair J, Kramer A, et al. Cannabis, a cause for anxiety? A critical appraisal of the anxiogenic and anxiolytic properties. J Transl Med Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 May 20];18:1–21. Available from. https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-020-02518-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salviato BZ, Raymundi AM, Rodrigues da Silva T, et al. Female but not male rats show biphasic effects of low doses of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on anxiety: can cannabidiol interfere with these effects? Neuropharmacology. 2021;196:108684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapin L, Gamaoun R, El Hage C, et al. Cannabidiol use and effectiveness: real-world evidence from a Canadian medical cannabis clinic. J Cannabis Res Internet] [cited 2022 May 24];3:1–10. Available from. 2021 https://jcannabisresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42238-021-00078-w
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nielsen S, Picco L, Murnion B, et al. Opioid-sparing effect of cannabinoids for analgesia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical and clinical studies. Neuropsychopharmacology Internet] [cited 2022 May 24];47:1315–1330. Available from. 2022 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-022-01322-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takakuwa KM, Hergenrather JY, Shofer FS, et al. The impact of medical cannabis on intermittent and chronic opioid users with back pain: how cannabis diminished prescription opioid usage. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 May 24];5:263–270. Available from. https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7480723
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takakuwa KM, Sulak D A survey on the effect that medical cannabis has on prescription opioid medication usage for the treatment of chronic pain at three medical cannabis practice sites. Cureus [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 May 24];12. Available from: https://www.cureus.com/articles/41928-a-survey-on-the-effect-that-medical-cannabis-has-on-prescription-opioid-medication-usage-for-the-treatment-of-chronic-pain-at-three-medical-cannabis-practice-sites.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas P, Boyd S, Milloy MJ, et al. Cannabis significantly reduces the use of prescription opioids and improves quality of life in authorized patients: results of a large prospective study. Pain Med Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 May 24];22:727–739. Available from. https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/22/3/727/6053211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudman L, de Smedt A, Forget P, et al. Determining the minimal clinical important difference for medication quantification scale III and morphine milligram equivalents in patients with failed back surgery syndrome. J Clin Med Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 May 24];9:1–9.Available from:. /pmc/articles/PMC7700681/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Avasthi A, Grover S. Somatosensory amplification, health anxiety, and alexithymia in generalized anxiety disorder. Ind Psychiatry J Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 May 26];27:47.Available from:. ;:. /pmc/articles/PMC6198604/
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee S, Lam IMH, Kwok KPS, et al. A community-based epidemiological study of health anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2014;28:187–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Arias B, Crail-Meléndez D, López-Zapata R, et al. Severity of anxiety and depression are related to a higher perception of adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs. Seizure. 2012;21:588–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCallum CA, Russo EB. Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. Eur J Intern Med. 2018;49:12–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyko EJ. Observational research opportunities and limitations. J Diabetes Complications Internet]. 2013 [cited 2022 May 25];27:642–648.Available from:. /pmc/articles/PMC3818421/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hróbjartsson A, Emanuelsson F, Thomsen ASS, et al. Bias due to lack of patient blinding in clinical trials. A systematic review of trials randomizing patients to blind and nonblind sub-studies. Int J Epidemiol Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 May 25];43:1272–1283. Available from.;: . https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/43/4/1272/2952051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikler A. ASPECTS OF TOLERANCE TO AND DEPENDENCE ON CANNABIS*. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Internet]. 1976 [cited 2022 May 26];282:126–147. Available from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb49893.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zdravkovic A, Grote V, Pirchl M, et al. Comparison of patient- and clinician-reported outcome measures in lower back rehabilitation: introducing a new integrated performance measure (t2D). Qual Life Res Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Feb 6];31:303–315. Available from. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11136-021-02905-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philpot LM, Barnes SA, Brown RM, et al. Barriers and benefits to the use of patient-reported outcome measures in routine clinical care: a qualitative study. Am J Med Qual Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Feb 6];33:359–364. Available from. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29258323/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee R, Erridge S, Salazar O, et al. Real world evidence in medical cannabis research. Ther Innov Regul Sci Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 May 18];56:8–14. Available from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43441-021-00346-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar