324
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

An updated review on prediction and preventive treatment of post-stroke depression

, , , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 721-739 | Received 17 Apr 2023, Accepted 04 Jul 2023, Published online: 10 Jul 2023

References

  • Guo J, Wang J, Sun W, et al. The advances of post-stroke depression: 2021 update. J Neurol. 2022;269(3):1236–1249. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10597-4
  • Medeiros GC, Roy D, Kontos N, et al. Post-stroke depression: A 2020 updated review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2020;66:70–80. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.011
  • Mirza SS, Wolters FJ, Swanson SA, et al. 10-year trajectories of depressive symptoms and risk of dementia: a population-based study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(7):628–635. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00097-3
  • Hackett ML, Pickles K. Part I: frequency of depression after stroke: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Stroke. 2014;9(8):1017–1025. doi: 10.1111/ijs.12357
  • Zhao F-Y, Yue Y-Y, Li L, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for post-stroke depression in China. Rev Bras de Psiquiatr. 2018;40:325–334. doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2343
  • Wang S, Wang C-X, Zhang N, et al. The association between post-stroke depression, aphasia, and physical independence in stroke patients at 3-month follow-up. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:374. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00374
  • Frank D, Gruenbaum BF, Zlotnik A, et al. Pathophysiology and current drug treatments for post-stroke depression: a review. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(23):23. doi: 10.3390/ijms232315114
  • Lanctôt KL, Lindsay MP, Smith EE, et al. Canadian stroke best practice recommendations: mood, cognition and fatigue following stroke , 6th edition update 2019. Int J Stroke. 2020;15:668–688. doi: 10.1177/1747493019847334
  • Towfighi A, Ovbiagele B, El Husseini N, et al. Poststroke depression: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2017;48(2):e30–e43. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000113
  • Robinson RG, Jorge RE. Post-stroke depression: a review. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(3):221–231. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15030363
  • Levada OA, Troyan AS. Poststroke depression biomarkers: a narrative review. Front Neurol. 2018;9:577. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00577
  • He J-R, Zhang Y, Lu W-J, et al. Age-related frontal periventricular white matter hyperintensities and mir-92a-3p are associated with early-onset post-stroke depression. Front Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:328. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00328
  • Dwyer Hollender K. Screening, diagnosis, and treatment of post-stroke depression. J Neurosci Nurs. 2014;46(3):135–141. doi: 10.1097/JNN.0000000000000047
  • Hackett ML, Yapa C, Parag V, et al. Frequency of depression after stroke: a systematic review of observational studies. Stroke. 2005;36(6):1330–1340. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000165928.19135.35
  • Ayerbe L, Ayis S, Wolfe CDA, et al. Natural history, predictors and outcomes of depression after stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2013;202(1):14–21. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.107664
  • Kutlubaev MA, Hackett ML. Part II: predictors of depression after stroke and impact of depression on stroke outcome: an updated systematic review of observational studies. Int J Stroke. 2014;9:1026–1036. doi: 10.1111/ijs.12356
  • Blöchl M, Meissner S, Nestler S. Does depression after stroke negatively influence physical disability? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J Affect Disord. 2019;247:45–56. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.082
  • Morris PL, Robinson RG, Andrzejewski P, et al. Association of depression with 10-year poststroke mortality. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:124–129.
  • Bartoli F, Lillia N, Lax A, et al. Depression after stroke and risk of mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke Res Treat. 2013;2013:862978. doi: 10.1155/2013/862978
  • Xu X-M, Zou D-Z, Shen L-Y, et al. Efficacy and feasibility of antidepressant treatment in patients with post-stroke depression. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(45):e5349. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000005349
  • Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016;47(6): doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000098
  • Jorge RE, Robinson RG, Arndt S, et al. Mortality and poststroke depression: a placebo-controlled trial of antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(10):1823–1829. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1823
  • Fruehwald S, Gatterbauer E, Rehak P, et al. Early fluoxetine treatment of post-stroke depression–a three-month double-blind placebo-controlled study with an open-label long-term follow up. J Neurol. 2003;250(3):347–351. doi: 10.1007/s00415-003-1014-3
  • Choi-Kwon S, Choi J, Kwon SU, et al. Fluoxetine improves the quality of life in patients with poststroke emotional disturbances. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;26(3):266–271. doi: 10.1159/000147454
  • Lopatkiewicz AM, Pera J, Slowik A, et al. Association of early and later depressive symptoms with functional outcome after ischemic stroke. J Neural Transm. 2021;128:679–686. doi: 10.1007/s00702-021-02328-w
  • Lee E-H, Kim J-W, Kang H-J, et al. Effects of acute and chronic depression on 12-year long-term outcomes after stroke. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2021;36(11):1759–1766. doi: 10.1002/gps.5597
  • Lee E-J, Kim JS, Chang D-I, et al. Differences in therapeutic responses and factors affecting post-stroke depression at a later stage according to baseline depression. J Stroke. 2018;20(2):258–267. doi: 10.5853/jos.2017.02712
  • Duncan PW, Zorowitz R, Bates B, et al. Management of adult stroke rehabilitation care: a clinical practice guideline. Stroke. 2005;36(9):e100–e143. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000180861.54180.FF
  • Hackett ML, Anderson CS, House A, et al. Interventions for preventing depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;CD003689.
  • Lin B, Ding C, Mei Y, et al. Unmet care needs of community-dwelling stroke survivors: a protocol for systematic review and theme analysis of quantitative and qualitative studies. BMJ Open. 2019;9(6):e029160. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029160
  • Meader N, Moe-Byrne T, Llewellyn A, et al. Screening for poststroke major depression: a meta-analysis of diagnostic validity studies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(2):198–206. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-304194
  • Villa RF, Ferrari F, Moretti A. Post-stroke depression: mechanisms and pharmacological treatment. Pharmacol Ther. 2018;184:131–144. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.11.005
  • Hama S, Murakami T, Yamashita H, et al. Neuroanatomic pathways associated with monoaminergic dysregulation after stroke. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017;32(6):633–642. doi: 10.1002/gps.4503
  • Meng G, Ma X, Li L, et al. Predictors of early-onset post-ischemic stroke depression: a cross-sectional study. BMC neurol. 2017;17(1):199. doi: 10.1186/s12883-017-0980-5
  • Guo WY, Zhang ZH, Mu JL, et al. Relationship between 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and post-stroke depression. Genet Mol Res. 2016;15(1): doi: 10.4238/gmr.15017460
  • Kim J-M, Stewart R, Kang H-J, et al. A longitudinal study of SLC6A4 DNA promoter methylation and poststroke depression. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(9):1222–1227. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.04.010
  • Fuying Z, Yingying Y, Shining Z, et al. Novel susceptibility genes were found in a targeted sequencing of stroke patients with or without depression in the Chinese Han population. J Affect Disord. 2019;255:1–9. DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.023
  • Kim J-M, Stewart R, Bae K-Y, et al. Serotonergic and BDNF genes and risk of depression after stroke. J Affect Disord. 2012;136(3):833–840. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.029
  • Tang WK, Tang N, Liao CD, et al. Serotonin receptor 2C gene polymorphism associated with post-stroke depression in Chinese patients. Genet Mol Res. 2013;12(2):1546–1553. doi: 10.4238/2013.May.13.8
  • Mak KK, Kong WY, Mak A, et al. Polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene and post-stroke depression: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(3):322–328. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-303791
  • Şahin TD, Gocmez SS, Duruksu G, et al. Resveratrol and quercetin attenuate depressive-like behavior and restore impaired contractility of vas deferens in chronic stress-exposed rats: involvement of oxidative stress and inflammation. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2020;393(5):761–775. doi: 10.1007/s00210-019-01781-5
  • Wang L, Li Y, Wang C, et al. C-reactive protein, infection, and outcome after acute ischemic stroke: a registry and systematic review. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2019;16:405–415. doi: 10.2174/1567202616666191026122011
  • Li W-X, Qi F, Liu J-Q, et al. Different impairment of immune and inflammation functions in short and long-term after ischemic stroke. Am J Transl Res. 2017;9:736–745.
  • Wen H, Weymann KB, Wood L, et al. Inflammatory signaling in post-stroke fatigue and depression. Eur Neurol. 2018;80(3–4):138–148. doi: 10.1159/000494988
  • Plastira I, Bernhart E, Goeritzer M, et al. Lysophosphatidic acid via LPA-receptor 5/protein kinase D-dependent pathways induces a motile and pro-inflammatory microglial phenotype. J Neuroinflammation. 2017;14(1):253. doi: 10.1186/s12974-017-1024-1
  • Song C, Wang H. Cytokines mediated inflammation and decreased neurogenesis in animal models of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011;35(3):760–768. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.06.020
  • Li W, Ling S, Yang Y, et al. Systematic hypothesis for post-stroke depression caused inflammation and neurotransmission and resultant on possible treatments. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2014;35:104–109.
  • Jiao J-T, Cheng C, Ma Y-J, et al. Association between inflammatory cytokines and the risk of post-stroke depression, and the effect of depression on outcomes of patients with ischemic stroke in a 2-year prospective study. Exp Ther Med. 2016;12(3):1591–1598. doi: 10.3892/etm.2016.3494
  • Kim J-M, Kang H-J, Kim J-W, et al. Associations of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β levels and polymorphisms with post-stroke depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017;25:1300–1308. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2017.07.012
  • Kang H-J, Bae K-Y, Kim S-W, et al. Effects of interleukin-6, interleukin-18, and statin use, evaluated at acute stroke, on post-stroke depression during 1-year follow-up. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016;72:156–160. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.07.001
  • Yang L, Zhang Z, Sun D, et al. The serum interleukin-18 is a potential marker for development of post-stroke depression. Neurol Res. 2010;32(4):340–346. doi: 10.1179/016164110X12656393665080
  • Swardfager W, Herrmann N, Andreazza AC, et al. Poststroke neuropsychiatric symptoms: relationships with IL-17 and oxidative stress. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:245210. doi: 10.1155/2014/245210
  • Kim J-M, Stewart R, Kim S-W, et al. Associations of cytokine gene polymorphisms with post-stroke depression. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012;13(8):579–587. doi: 10.3109/15622975.2011.588247
  • Yang R-R, Lu B-C, Li T, et al. The relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein at admission and post stroke depression: a 6-month follow-up study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31(3):231–239. doi: 10.1002/gps.4315
  • Tang C-Z, Zhang Y-L, Wang W-S, et al. Serum levels of high-sensitivity c-reactive protein at admission are more strongly associated with poststroke depression in acute ischemic stroke than homocysteine levels. Mol Neurobiol. 2016;53(4):2152–2160. doi: 10.1007/s12035-015-9186-2
  • Yang Y, Zhu L, Zhang B, et al. Higher levels of C-reactive protein in the acute phase of stroke indicate an increased risk for post-stroke depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;134:104309. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.018
  • Zhu L, Han B, Wang L, et al. The association between serum ferritin levels and post-stroke depression. J Affect Disord. 2016;190:98–102. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.074
  • Huang G, Chen H, Wang Q, et al. High platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio are associated with post-stroke depression. J Affect Disord. 2019;246:105–111. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.012
  • Yue W, Xiang L, Zhang Y-J, et al. Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with symptoms of depression after 6 months in stroke patients. Neurochem Res. 2014;39(11):2218–2224. doi: 10.1007/s11064-014-1423-y
  • Han B, Lyu Y, Sun H, et al. Low serum levels of vitamin D are associated with post-stroke depression. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22(9):1269–1274. doi: 10.1111/ene.12607
  • Tang C-Z, Zhang Y-L, Wang W-S, et al. Elevated serum levels of neopterin at admission predicts depression after acute ischemic stroke: a 6-month follow-up study. Mol Neurobiol. 2016;53(5):3194–3204. doi: 10.1007/s12035-015-9220-4
  • Wang L, Xu H, Ren W, et al. Low serum prealbumin levels in post-stroke depression. Psychiatry Res. 2016;246:149–153. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.021
  • Xu T, Pu S, Ni Y, et al. Elevated plasma macrophage migration inhibitor factor as a risk factor for the development of post-stroke depression in ischemic stroke. J Neuroimmunol. 2018;320:58–63. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.04.003
  • Yin J, Zhong C, Zhu Z, et al. Elevated circulating homocysteine and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein jointly predicts post-stroke depression among Chinese patients with acute ischemic stroke. Clin Chim Acta. 2018;479:132–137. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.01.011
  • Cheng L-S, Tu W-J, Shen Y, et al. Combination of high-sensitivity c-reactive protein and homocysteine predicts the post-stroke depression in patients with ischemic stroke. Mol Neurobiol. 2018;55(4):2952–2958. doi: 10.1007/s12035-017-0549-8
  • Korostynski M, Hoinkis D, Piechota M, et al. Toll-like receptor 4-mediated cytokine synthesis and post-stroke depressive symptoms. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):246. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01359-x
  • Jiménez I, Sobrino T, Rodríguez-Yáñez M, et al. High serum levels of leptin are associated with post-stroke depression. Psychol Med. 2009;39(7):1201–1209. doi: 10.1017/S0033291709005637
  • Yang Q, Feng B, Zhang K, et al. Excessive astrocyte-derived neurotrophin-3 contributes to the abnormal neuronal dendritic development in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. PLoS Genet. 2012;8(12):e1003172. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003172
  • Ibáñez CF. Neurotrophic factors: from structure-function studies to designing effective therapeutics. Trends Biotechnol. 1995;13(6):217–227. doi: 10.1016/S0167-7799(00)88949-0
  • Thoenen H. The changing scene of neurotrophic factors. Trends Neurosci. 1991;14(5):165–170. doi: 10.1016/0166-2236(91)90097-E
  • Luo L, Li C, Du X, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise on BDNF/proBDNF expression in the ischemic hippocampus and depression recovery of rats after stroke. Behav Brain Res. 2019;362:323–331. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.037
  • D-M L, Tang Q-S, Zhao R-Z, et al. Effect of Yinao jieyu recipe on brain derived neurotrophic factor of the limbic system in post-stroke model rats. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2015;35:988–992.
  • Yang L, Zhang Z, Sun D, et al. Low serum BDNF may indicate the development of PSD in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;26(5):495–502. doi: 10.1002/gps.2552
  • Li J, Zhao Y-D, Zeng J-W, et al. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in post-stroke depression. J Affect Disord. 2014;168:373–379. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.07.011
  • Zhang W, Wang W, Kuang L. The relation between insulin-like growth factor 1 levels and risk of depression in ischemic stroke. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;33(2):e228–e233. doi: 10.1002/gps.4774
  • Li Y, Peng C, Guo X, et al. Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase B in cerebellum of poststroke depression rat model. Chin Med J (Engl). 2015;128(21):2926–2931. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.168058
  • Yue Y, Jiang H, Liu R, et al. Towards a multi protein and mRNA expression of biological predictive and distinguish model for post stroke depression. Oncotarget. 2016;7(34):54329–54338. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.11105
  • Xu H-B, Xu Y-H, He Y, et al. Decreased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor may indicate the development of poststroke depression in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018;27(3):709–715. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.10.003
  • Liang J, Yue Y, Jiang H, et al. Genetic variations in the p11/tPA/BDNF pathway are associated with post stroke depression. J Affect Disord. 2018;226:313–325. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.055
  • Levada OA, Troyan AS. Insulin-like growth factor-1: a possible marker for emotional and cognitive disturbances, and treatment effectiveness in major depressive disorder. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017;16(1):38. doi: 10.1186/s12991-017-0161-3
  • Labad J, Soria V, Salvat-Pujol N, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in the comorbidity between obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2018;93:20–28. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.04.008
  • Plotsky PM, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Psychoneuroendocrinology of depression. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1998;21(2):293–307. doi: 10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70006-X
  • Zhou L, Wang T, Yu Y, et al. The etiology of poststroke-depression: a hypothesis involving HPA axis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;151:113146. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113146
  • Szczudlik A, Dziedzic T, Bartus S, et al. Serum interleukin-6 predicts cortisol release in acute stroke patients. J Endocrinol Invest. 2004;27(1):37–41. doi: 10.1007/BF03350908
  • Figlewicz DP. Endocrine regulation of neurotransmitter transporters. Epilepsy Res. 1999;37(3):203–210. doi: 10.1016/S0920-1211(99)00072-8
  • Kwon OJ, Kim M, Lee HS, et al. The cortisol awakening response in patients with poststroke depression is blunted and negatively correlated with depressive mood. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:709230. doi: 10.1155/2015/709230
  • Amiri-Nikpour MR, Nazarbaghi S, Hamdi-Holasou M, et al. An open-label evaluator-blinded clinical study of minocycline neuroprotection in ischemic stroke: gender-dependent effect. Acta Neurol Scand. 2015;131(1):45–50. doi: 10.1111/ane.12296
  • Lipsey JR, Robinson RG, Pearlson GD, et al. The dexamethasone suppression test and mood following stroke. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142:318–323.
  • Harney JH, Fulton C, Ross ED, et al. Dexamethasone suppression test and onset of poststroke depression in patients with ischemic infarction. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993;54:343–348.
  • Bansal Y, Kuhad A. Mitochondrial dysfunction in depression. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2016;14(6):610–618. doi: 10.2174/1570159X14666160229114755.
  • Liu Z, Cai Y, He J. High serum levels of 8-OHdG are an independent predictor of post-stroke depression in Chinese stroke survivors. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2018;14:587–596. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S155144
  • Liu Z, Zhu Z, Zhao J, et al. Malondialdehyde: A novel predictive biomarker for post-stroke depression. J Affect Disord. 2017;220:95–101. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.023
  • Berk M, Turner A, Malhi GS, et al. A randomised controlled trial of a mitochondrial therapeutic target for bipolar depression: mitochondrial agents, N-acetylcysteine, and placebo. BMC Med. 2019;17(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s12916-019-1257-1
  • Villa RF, Gorini A, Ferrari F, et al. Energy metabolism of cerebral mitochondria during aging, ischemia and post-ischemic recovery assessed by functional proteomics of enzymes. Neurochem Int. 2013;63(8):765–781. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.10.004
  • Allen CL, Bayraktutan U. Oxidative stress and its role in the pathogenesis of ischaemic stroke. Int J Stroke. 2009;4(6):461–470. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2009.00387.x
  • Storor DL, Byrne GJA. Pre-morbid personality and depression following stroke. Int Psychogeriatr. 2006;18(3):457–469. doi: 10.1017/S1041610206003188
  • Andersen G, Vestergaard K, Ingemann-Nielsen M, et al. Risk factors for post-stroke depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1995;92(3):193–198. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09567.x
  • Tang WK, Chen YK, Lu JY, et al. Cerebral microbleeds and depression in lacunar stroke. Stroke. 2011;42(9):2443–2446. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.614586
  • van de Port IGL, Kwakkel G, Bruin M, et al. Determinants of depression in chronic stroke: a prospective cohort study. Disabil Rehabil. 2007;29:353–358. doi: 10.1080/09638280600787047
  • De Ryck A, Brouns R, Geurden M, et al. Risk factors for poststroke depression: identification of inconsistencies based on a systematic review. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2014;27(3):147–158. doi: 10.1177/0891988714527514
  • Robinson RG, Kubos KL, Starr LB, et al. Mood disorders in stroke patients. Importance of location of lesion. Brain. 1984;107(Pt 1):81–93. doi: 10.1093/brain/107.1.81
  • Starkstein SE, Robinson RG, Price TR. Comparison of cortical and subcortical lesions in the production of poststroke mood disorders. Brain. 1987;110(Pt 4):1045–1059. doi: 10.1093/brain/110.4.1045
  • Isuru A, Hapangama A, Ediriweera D, et al. Prevalence and predictors of new onset depression in the acute phase of stroke. Asian J Psychiatr. 2021;59:102636. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102636
  • Liu F, Song M, Huang X, et al. Symptomatic plaque enhancement is associated with early-onset post-stroke depression. J Affect Disord. 2022;306:281–287. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.026
  • Rajashekaran P, Pai K, Thunga R, et al. Post-stroke depression and lesion location: A hospital based cross-sectional study. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013;55(4):343–348. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.120546
  • Fang Y, Qiu Q, Zhang S, et al. Changes in miRNA-132 and miR-124 levels in non-treated and citalopram-treated patients with depression. J Affect Disord. 2018;227:745–751. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.090
  • Liang H-B, He J-R, Tu X-Q, et al. MicroRNA-140-5p: A novel circulating biomarker for early warning of late-onset post-stroke depression. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;115:129–141. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.05.018
  • Lustman PJ, Clouse RE. Depression in diabetic patients: the relationship between mood and glycemic control. J Diabetes Complications. 2005;19:113–122. doi: 10.1016/S1056-8727(04)00004-2
  • Altieri M, Maestrini I, Mercurio A, et al. Depression after minor stroke: prevalence and predictors. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19(3):517–521. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03583.x
  • Wang Y, Zhu L, Tan X, et al. Higher levels of peripheral blood glucose in the acute stage of stroke increase the risk of post-stroke depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;142:104829.
  • Guo J, Wang J, Xia Y, et al. Thyroid function affects the risk of post-stroke depression in patients with acute lacunar stroke. Front Neurol. 2022;13:792843. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.792843
  • Sun W, Miao J, Song Y, et al. Systemic low-grade inflammation and depressive symptomology at chronic phase of ischemic stroke: The chain mediating role of fibrinogen and neutrophil counts. Brain Behav Immun. 2022;100:332–341. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.10.011
  • Zhou Z, Ding X, Yang Q, et al. Association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the Tyrosine Kinase Receptor B (TrkB) and post-stroke depression in China. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0144301. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144301
  • Li X-B, Wang J, Xu A-D, et al. Apolipoprotein E polymorphisms increase the risk of post-stroke depression. Neural Regen Res. 2016;11(11):1790–1796. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.194748
  • Zhao F, Yue Y, Jiang H, et al. Shared genetic risk factors for depression and stroke. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019;93:55–70. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.03.003
  • Zhang Y, Cheng L, Chen Y, et al. Clinical predictor and circulating microRNA profile expression in patients with early onset post-stroke depression. J Affect Disord. 2016;193:51–58. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.061
  • Taroza S, Rastenytė D, Burkauskas J, et al. Lower serum free triiodothyronine levels are associated with symptoms of depression after ischemic stroke. J Psychosom Res. 2019;122:29–35. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.04.018
  • Zhao J, Ren W, Lv D, et al. Low triiodothyronine syndrome is a predictor of post-stroke depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017;32(3):352–353. doi: 10.1002/gps.4639
  • Tu W-J, Qiu H-C, Liu Q, et al. Decreased level of irisin, a skeletal muscle cell-derived myokine, is associated with post-stroke depression in the ischemic stroke population. J Neuroinflammation. 2018;15(1):133. doi: 10.1186/s12974-018-1177-6
  • Gao J, Xu W, Han K, et al. Changes of serum uric acid and total bilirubin in elderly patients with major postischemic stroke depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2018;14:83–93. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S149712
  • Tang WK, Liang H, Chu WCW, et al. Association between high serum total bilirubin and post-stroke depression. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;67(4):259–264. doi: 10.1111/pcn.12051
  • Li Y, Cao L-L, Liu L, et al. Serum levels of homocysteine at admission are associated with post-stroke depression in acute ischemic stroke. Neurol Sci. 2017;38(5):811–817. doi: 10.1007/s10072-017-2848-2
  • Cheng S-Y, Zhao Y-D, Li J, et al. Plasma levels of glutamate during stroke is associated with development of post-stroke depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014;47:126–135. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.05.006
  • Che B, Zhong C, Ge J, et al. Serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 is associated with depression after acute ischemic stroke. Circ J. 2019;83(11):2303–2311. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-19-0376
  • Liu L-F, Hu Y, Liu Y-N, et al. Reactive oxygen species contribute to delirium-like behavior by activating CypA/MMP9 signaling and inducing blood-brain barrier impairment in aged mice following anesthesia and surgery. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:1021129. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1021129
  • Lu X, Duan J, Cheng Q, et al. The association between serum growth differentiation factor-15 and 3-month depression after acute ischemic stroke. J Affect Disord. 2020;260:695–702. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.037
  • Xiao J, Zhang J, Sun D, et al. Discriminating poststroke depression from stroke by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabonomic analysis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:1919–1925. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S110613
  • Zhang W, Zhang X-A. A novel urinary metabolite signature for non-invasive post-stroke depression diagnosis. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2015;72(3):661–667. doi: 10.1007/s12013-014-0472-9
  • Hu Z, Fan S, Liu M, et al. Objective diagnosis of post-stroke depression using NMR-based plasma metabonomics. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019;15:867–881. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S192307
  • Flaster M, Sharma A, Rao M. Poststroke depression: a review emphasizing the role of prophylactic treatment and synergy with treatment for motor recovery. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2013;20:139–150. doi: 10.1310/tsr2002-139
  • White CL, McClure LA, Wallace PM, et al. The correlates and course of depression in patients with lacunar stroke: results from the Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011;32(4):354–360. doi: 10.1159/000330350
  • Gu J, Huang H, Chen K, et al. Are they necessary? Preventive therapies for post-stroke depression: A meta-analysis of RCTs. Psychiatry Res. 2020;284:112670. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112670
  • Legg LA, Tilney R, Hsieh C-F, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for stroke recovery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2019. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009286.pub3.
  • Almeida OP, Waterreus A, Hankey GJ. Preventing depression after stroke: results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(7):1104–1109. doi: 10.4088/JCP.v67n0713
  • Rasmussen A, Lunde M, Poulsen DL, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sertraline in the prevention of depression in stroke patients. Psychosomatics. 2003;44(3):216–221. doi: 10.1176/appi.psy.44.3.216
  • Feng R, Wang P, Gao C, et al. Effect of sertraline in the treatment and prevention of poststroke depression: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(49):e13453. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000013453
  • Robinson RG, Jorge RE, Moser DJ, et al. Escitalopram and problem-solving therapy for prevention of poststroke depression: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299(20):2391–2400. doi: 10.1001/jama.299.20.2391
  • Kim JS, Lee E-J, Chang D-I, et al. Efficacy of early administration of escitalopram on depressive and emotional symptoms and neurological dysfunction after stroke: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(1):33–41. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30417-5
  • Yi ZM, Liu F, Zhai SD. Fluoxetine for the prophylaxis of poststroke depression in patients with stroke: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pract. 2010;64(9):1310–1317. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02437.x
  • Dennis M, Mead G, Forbes J. Effects of fluoxetine on functional outcomes after acute stroke (FOCUS): a pragmatic, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;393(10168):265–274. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32823-X
  • Chen Y, Patel NC, Guo JJ, et al. Antidepressant prophylaxis for poststroke depression: a meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;22(3):159–166. doi: 10.1097/YIC.0b013e32807fb028
  • Salter KL, Foley NC, Zhu L, et al. Prevention of poststroke depression: does prophylactic pharmacotherapy work? J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;22(8):1243–1251. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.03.013
  • Tsai C-S, Wu C-L, Chou S-Y, et al. Prevention of poststroke depression with milnacipran in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;26(5):263–267. doi: 10.1097/YIC.0b013e32834a5c64
  • Zhang L-S, Hu X-Y, Yao L-Y, et al. Prophylactic effects of duloxetine on post-stroke depression symptoms: an open single-blind trial. Eur Neurol. 2013;69(6):336–343. doi: 10.1159/000345374
  • Reding MJ, Orto LA, Winter SW, et al. Antidepressant therapy after stroke. A double-blind trial. Arch Neurol. 1986;43:763–765. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1986.00520080011011
  • Narushima K, Kosier JT, Robinson RG. Preventing poststroke depression: a 12-week double-blind randomized treatment trial and 21-month follow-up. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2002;190(5):296–303. doi: 10.1097/00005053-200205000-00005
  • Niedermaier N, Bohrer E, Schulte K, et al. Prevention and treatment of poststroke depression with mirtazapine in patients with acute stroke. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(12):1619–1623. doi: 10.4088/JCP.v65n1206
  • Mortensen JK, Larsson H, Johnsen SP, et al. Post stroke use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and clinical outcome among patients with ischemic stroke: a nationwide propensity score-matched follow-up study. Stroke. 2013;44(2):420–426. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.674242
  • Ayerbe L, Ayis S, Crichton SL, et al. Explanatory factors for the increased mortality of stroke patients with depression. Neurology. 2014;83(22):2007–2012. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001029
  • Mead GE, Hsieh C-F, Hackett M. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for stroke recovery. JAMA. 2013;310(10):1066–1067. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.107828
  • Ramasubbu R. Therapy for prevention of post-stroke depression. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011;12(14):2177–2187. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2011.596149
  • Kappelmann N, Lewis G, Dantzer R, et al. Antidepressant activity of anti-cytokine treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of chronic inflammatory conditions. Mol Psychiatry. 2018;23(2):335–343. doi: 10.1038/mp.2016.167
  • Tobinick E, Kim NM, Reyzin G, et al. Selective TNF inhibition for chronic stroke and traumatic brain injury: an observational study involving 629 consecutive patients treated with perispinal etanercept. CNS Drugs. 2012;26(12):1051–1070. doi: 10.1007/s40263-012-0013-2
  • Pan J, Liu H, Zhou J, et al. Ipsilateral hippocampal proteomics reveals mitochondrial antioxidative stress impairment in cortical-lesioned chronic mild stressed rats. Curr Mol Med. 2014;14:1186–1196. doi: 10.2174/1566524014666141021143333
  • Murrough JW, Huryk KM, Mao X, et al. A pilot study of minocycline for the treatment of bipolar depression: Effects on cortical glutathione and oxidative stress in vivo. J Affect Disord. 2018;230:56–64. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.067
  • Lampl Y, Boaz M, Gilad R, et al. Minocycline treatment in acute stroke: an open-label, evaluator-blinded study. Neurology. 2007;69(14):1404–1410. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000277487.04281.db
  • Padma Srivastava MV, Bhasin A, Bhatia R, et al. Efficacy of minocycline in acute ischemic stroke: a single-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Neurol India. 2012;60(1):23–28. doi: 10.4103/0028-3886.93584
  • Mehrpooya M, Yasrebifar F, Haghighi M, et al. Evaluating the effect of coenzyme Q10 augmentation on treatment of bipolar depression: a double-blind controlled clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018;38(5):460–466. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000938
  • Ramezani M, Sahraei Z, Simani L, et al. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation in acute ischemic stroke: Is it beneficial in short-term administration? Nutr Neurosci. 2020;23(8):640–645. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2018.1541269
  • Simani L, Ryan F, Hashemifard S, et al. Serum coenzyme Q10 is associated with clinical neurological outcomes in acute stroke patients. J Mol Neurosci. 2018;66(1):53–58. doi: 10.1007/s12031-018-1115-1
  • Zhao L, Hu FX. α-Lipoic acid treatment of aged type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with acute cerebral infarction. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014;18:3715–3719.
  • Postiglione A, Soricelli A, Cicerano U, et al. Effect of acute administration of L-acetyl carnitine on cerebral blood flow in patients with chronic cerebral infarct. Pharmacol Res. 1991;23:241–246. doi: 10.1016/S1043-6618(05)80083-0
  • Patrick RP, Ames BN. Vitamin D hormone regulates serotonin synthesis. Part 1: relevance for autism. Faseb J. 2014;28(6):2398–2413. doi: 10.1096/fj.13-246546
  • Zittermann A, Dembinski J, Stehle P. Low vitamin D status is associated with low cord blood levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2004;15(3):242–246. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2004.00140.x
  • Lu R, Zhang Y-G, Xia Y, et al. Paneth cell alertness to pathogens maintained by vitamin D receptors. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(4):1269–1283. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.015
  • Eyles DW, Smith S, Kinobe R, et al. Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1 alpha-hydroxylase in human brain. J Chem Neuroanat. 2005;29:21–30. doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2004.08.006
  • Ganji V, Milone C, Cody MM, et al. Serum vitamin D concentrations are related to depression in young adult US population: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Int Arch Med. 2010;3(1):29. doi: 10.1186/1755-7682-3-29
  • Lapid MI, Cha SS, Takahashi PY. Vitamin D and depression in geriatric primary care patients. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:509–514. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S42838
  • Shaffer JA, Edmondson D, Wasson LT, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med. 2014;76(3):190–196. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000044
  • Gupta A, Prabhakar S, Modi M, et al. Effect of Vitamin D and calcium supplementation on ischaemic stroke outcome: a randomised controlled open-label trial. Int J Clin Pract. 2016;70(9):764–770. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.12866
  • Gladding CM, Fitzjohn SM, Molnár E. Metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated long-term depression: molecular mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev. 2009;61(4):395–412. doi: 10.1124/pr.109.001735
  • Castillo J, Dávalos A, Alvarez-Sabín J, et al. Molecular signatures of brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2002;58(4):624–629. doi: 10.1212/WNL.58.4.624
  • Levine J, Panchalingam K, Rapoport A, et al. Increased cerebrospinal fluid glutamine levels in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;47(7):586–593. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00284-X
  • Mauri MC, Ferrara A, Boscati L, et al. Plasma and platelet amino acid concentrations in patients affected by major depression and under fluvoxamine treatment. Neuropsychobiology. 1998;37(3):124–129. doi: 10.1159/000026491
  • Cooper JA, Nuutinen MR, Lawlor VM, et al. Reduced adaptation of glutamatergic stress response is associated with pessimistic expectations in depression. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):3166. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23284-9
  • Machado-Vieira R, Salvadore G, Diazgranados N, et al. Ketamine and the next generation of antidepressants with a rapid onset of action. Pharmacol Ther. 2009;123(2):143–150. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.02.010
  • Buchan AM, Lesiuk H, Barnes KA, et al. AMPA antagonists: do they hold more promise for clinical stroke trials than NMDA antagonists? Stroke. 1993;24:I148–I152.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.