Revisiting stimulant use for emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

References

• Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, et al. The world federation of ADHD international consensus statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;128(February):789–818. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sibley MH, Mitchell JT, Becker SP. Method of adult diagnosis influences estimated persistence of childhood ADHD: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(12):1157–1165. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30190-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polanczyk GV, Willcutt EG, Salum GA, et al. ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Intern J Epidemiolog. 2014 Apr;43(2):434–442. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyt261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song P, Zha M, Yang Q, et al. The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health. 2021 Feb 11;11:04009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Retz W, Stieglitz RD, Corbisiero S, et al. Emotional dysregulation in adult ADHD: what is the empirical evidence? Expert Rev Neurother. 2012 Oct;12(10):1241–1251. doi: 10.1586/ern.12.109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner J, Kass E, Hulvershorn L. Using stimulants to treat ADHD-Related emotional lability. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014 Oct 19;16(10):478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skirrow C, McLoughlin G, Kuntsi J, et al. Behavioral, neurocognitive and treatment overlap between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and mood instability. Expert Rev Neurother. 2009 Apr 9;9(4):489–503. doi: 10.1586/ern.09.2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson RA. Emotion regulation: a theme in search of definition. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1994;59(2–3):25–52. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7984164
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nigg JT. Annual research review: on the relations among self-regulation, self-control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk-taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatr. 2017;58(4):361–383. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etkin A, Büchel C, Gross JJ. The neural bases of emotion regulation. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2015;16(11):693–700. doi: 10.1038/nrn4044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheppes G, Suri G, Gross JJ. Emotion regulation and psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2015;11(June 2016):379–405. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112739
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson RA. Emotion dysregulation: a theme in search of definition. Dev Psychopathol. 2019;31(3):805–815. doi: 10.1017/S0954579419000282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchaine TP, Cicchetti D. Emotion dysregulation and emerging psychopathology: a transdiagnostic, transdisciplinary perspective. Dev Psychopathol. 2019;31(3):799–804. doi: 10.1017/S0954579419000671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole PM, Hall SH, Hajal N. Emotion dysregulation as a risk factor for psychopathology. In: Beauchaine T Hinshaw S, editors Child and adolescent psychopathology. 3rd ed. Hoboken NJ: Wiley & Sons; 2017. p. 346–386.
   Google Scholar
• Marwaha S, Wolke D, Eyden J, et al. How is affective instability defined and measured? A systematic review. Psychol Med. 2013;44(9):1793–1808. doi: 10.1017/S0033291713002407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley RA. Emotional dysregulation is a core component of ADHD. In: Barkley R editor. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a handbook for diagnosis and treatment [internet]. (NY) NY US: Guilford Press; 2015p. 81–115. [cited 2019 Mar 9]. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-57877-003
   Google Scholar
• Faraone SV, Rostain AL, Blader J, et al. Practitioner review: emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder – implications for clinical recognition and intervention. J Child Psychol Psychiatr. 2018;60:133–150. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw P, Stringaris A, Nigg J, et al. Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Mar;171(3):276–293. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobanski E, Banaschewski T, Asherson P, et al. Emotional lability in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): clinical correlates and familial prevalence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010;51(8):915–923. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02217.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehmeier PM, Schacht A, Barkley RA. Social and emotional impairment in children and adolescents with ADHD and the Impact on Quality of Life. J Adolesc Health. 2010 Mar;46(3):209–217. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.09.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kooij JJ, Aeckerlin LP, Buitelaar JK. [Functioning, comorbidity and treatment of 141 adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at a psychiatric outpatient department]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2001 Aug 4;145(31):1498–1501.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karalunas SL, Fair D, Musser ED, et al. Subtyping attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using temperament dimensions: toward biologically based nosologic criteria. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014 Sep;71(9):1015–1024. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley RA. Deficient emotional self-regulation: a core component of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J ADHD Relat Disord. 2010;1(2):5–38.
   Google Scholar
• Reimherr FW, Roesler M, Marchant BK, et al. Types of adult attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder: a replication analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020 Mar 17 [[cited 2023 Sep 6]];81(2):21798. doi: 10.4088/JCP.19m13077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wender PH. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. (NY) NY: Oxford University Press; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Wood DR, Reimherr FW, Wender PH, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of minimal brain dysfunction in adults: a preliminary report. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976;33(12):1453–1460. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770120057005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wender PH. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1998 Dec;21(4):761–774, v. doi: 10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70039-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández de la Cruz L, Simonoff E, McGough JJ, et al. Treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and irritability: results from the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD (MTA). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015 Jan;54(1):62–70.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baweja R, Waschbusch DA, Pelham WE, et al. The impact of persistent irritability on the medication treatment of paediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2021 Jul 21;12:699687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masi G, Fantozzi P, Muratori P, et al. Emotional dysregulation and callous unemotional traits as possible predictors of short-term response to methylphenidate monotherapy in drug-naïve youth with ADHD. Compr Psychiatry. 2020 Jul;100:152178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childress AC, Arnold V, Adeyi B, et al. The effects of Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate on emotional lability in children 6 to 12 years of age with ADHD in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Atten Disord. 2014 Feb;18(2, SI):123–132. doi: 10.1177/1087054712448252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findling RL, Ginsberg LD, Jain R, et al. Effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children with attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder: an open-label, dose-optimization study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009;19(6):649–662. doi: 10.1089/cap.2008.0165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turgay A, Ginsberg L, Sarkis E, et al. Executive function deficits in children with attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder and improvement with Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate in an open-label study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2010;20(6):503–511. doi: 10.1089/cap.2009.0110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzer Gamli I, Tahiroglu AY. Six months methylphenidate treatment improves emotion dysregulation in adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a prospective study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2018;14:1329–1337. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S164807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masi G, Milone A, Manfredi A, et al. Combined pharmacotherapy-multimodal psychotherapy in children with disruptive behavior disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2016 Apr;238:8–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutlu A, Ardic UA, Ercan ES. Effect of methylphenidate on emotional dysregulation in children with attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder plus oppositional defiant disorder/Conduct disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Apr;37(2):220–225. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blader JC, Pliszka SR, Kafantaris V, et al. Prevalence and treatment outcomes of persistent negative mood among children with attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder and aggressive behavior. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016 Mar;26(2):164–173. doi: 10.1089/cap.2015.0112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winters DE, Fukui S, Leibenluft E, et al. Improvements in irritability with open-label methylphenidate treatment in youth with comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2018 Jun;28(5):298–305. doi: 10.1089/cap.2017.0124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan PY, Fu AT, Yeh CB. Aripiprazole/Methylphenidate combination in children and adolescents with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder: an open-label study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2018;28(10):682–689. doi: 10.1089/cap.2018.0068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aman MG, Bukstein OG, Gadow KD, et al. What does risperidone add to parent training and stimulant for severe aggression in child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53(1):47–60.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer CA, Brown NV, Gadow KD, et al. Comorbid symptomatology moderates response to risperidone, stimulant, and parent training in children with severe aggression, disruptive behavior disorder, and attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25(3):213–224. doi: 10.1089/cap.2014.0109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wender PH. Attention deficit disorder (‘minimal brain dysfunction’) in adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981;38(4):449. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780290083009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wender PH, Reimherr FW, Wood D, et al. A controlled study of methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type, in adults. Am J Psychiatry. 1985 May;142(5):547–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packer S. Treatment of minimal brain dysfunction in a young adult *. Can Psychiatr Assoc J. 1978 Nov 26;23(7):501–502.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marchant BK, Reimherr FW, Robison D, et al. Psychometric properties of the Wender-Reimherr adult attention deficit disorder Scale. Psychol Assess. 2013;25(3):942–950. doi: 10.1037/a0032797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimherr FW, Williams ED, Strong RE, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of osmotic release oral system methylphenidate in adults with ADHD with assessment of oppositional and emotional dimensions of the disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Jan 15;68(1):93–101. doi: 10.4088/JCP.v68n0113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchant BK, Reimherr FW, Robison RJ, et al. Methylphenidate transdermal system in adult ADHD and impact on emotional and oppositional symptoms. J Atten Disord. 2011;15(4):295–304. doi: 10.1177/1087054710365986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimherr FW, Marchant BK, Olsen JL, et al. Oppositional defiant disorder in adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2013;17(2):102–113. doi: 10.1177/1087054711425774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimherr FW, Marchant BK, Gift TE, et al. Types of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): baseline characteristics, initial response, and long-term response to treatment with methylphenidate. Atten Def Hyp Disord. 2015;7(2):115–128. doi: 10.1007/s12402-015-0176-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robison RJ, Reimherr FW, Gale PD, et al. Personality disorders in ADHD part 2: the effect of symptoms of personality disorder on response to treatment with OROS methylphenidate in adults with ADHD. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2010 May;22(2):94–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen JL, Reimherr FW, Marchant BK, et al. The effect of personality disorder symptoms on response to treatment with methylphenidate transdermal system in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2012;14(5): doi: 10.4088/PCC.12m01344
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asherson PJ, Johansson L, Holland R, et al. Randomised controlled trial of the short-term effects of osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate on symptoms and behavioural outcomes in young male prisoners with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: CIAO-II study. Br J Psychiatry. 2023 Jan;222(1):7–17. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2022.77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Retz W, Rösler M, Ose C, et al. Multiscale assessment of treatment efficacy in adults with ADHD: a randomized placebo-controlled, multi-centre study with extended-release methylphenidate. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012;13(1):48–59. doi: 10.3109/15622975.2010.540257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rösler M, Fischer R, Ammer R, et al. A randomised, placebo-controlled, 24-week, study of low-dose extended-release methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;259(2):120–129. doi: 10.1007/s00406-008-0845-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rösler M, Retz W, Fischer R, et al. Twenty-four-week treatment with extended release methylphenidate improves emotional symptoms in adult ADHD. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2010;11(5):709–718. doi: 10.3109/15622971003624197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchant BK, Reimherr FW, Halls C, et al. OROS methylphenidate in the treatment of adults with ADHD: a 6-month, open-label, follow-up study. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Aug;22(3):196–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wender PH, Reimherr FW, Marchant BK, et al. A one year trial of methylphenidate in the treatment of ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2010;15(1):36–45. doi: 10.1177/1087054709356188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moukhtarian TR, Cooper RE, Vassos E, et al. Effects of stimulants and atomoxetine on emotional lability in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry. 2017 Jul 23;44:198–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenzi F, Cortese S, Harris J, et al. Pharmacotherapy of emotional dysregulation in adults with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018 Jan;84:359–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler LA, Dirks B, Deas PF, et al. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder who report clinically significant impairment in executive function: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(7):694–702. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12m08144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuPaul GJ, Weyandt LL, Rossi JS, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of the efficacy and safety of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in college students with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2012;16(3):202–220. doi: 10.1177/1087054711427299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman J, DiSalvo M, Green A, et al. How frequent is switching from an initial stimulant family to the alternative one in the clinical setting? J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2021 May;41(3):310–314. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manos MJ, Brams M, Childress AC, et al. Changes in emotions related to medication used to treat ADHD. Part I: literature review. J Atten Disord. 2011 Feb;15(2):101–112. doi: 10.1177/1087054710381230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzi M, Carnovale C, Peeters GGAM, et al. Adverse drug events related to mood and emotion in paediatric patients treated for ADHD: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018 Oct;238(October 2017):161–178. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.021
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stuckelman ZD, Mulqueen JM, Ferracioli-Oda E, et al. Risk of irritability with psychostimulant treatment in children with ADHD: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017 Jun 28;78(6):e648–55. doi: 10.4088/JCP.15r10601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coughlin CG, Cohen SC, Mulqueen JM, et al. Meta-analysis: reduced risk of anxiety with psychostimulant treatment in children with attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015 Oct;25(8):611–617. doi: 10.1089/cap.2015.0075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortese S, Panei P, Arcieri R, et al. Safety of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in children with attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): data from the Italian national ADHD registry. CNS Drugs. 2015;29(10):865–877. doi: 10.1007/s40263-015-0266-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masi G, Pfanner C, Liboni F, et al. Acute tolerability of methylphenidate in treatment-naïve children with ADHD: an analysis of naturalistically collected data from clinical practice. Pediatr Drugs. 2022 Mar;24(2):147–154. doi: 10.1007/s40272-022-00492-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigal T, Greenhill L, Chuang S, et al. Safety and tolerability of methylphenidate in preschool children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006 Nov;45(11):1294–1303. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000235082.63156.27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childress AC, Lloyd E, Jacobsen L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Lisdexamfetamine in preschool children with attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022;61(12):1423–1434. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.03.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childress AC, Findling RL, Wu J, et al. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate for preschool children with attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2020;30(3):128–136. doi: 10.1089/cap.2019.0117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harstad E, Shults J, Barbaresi W, et al. α2-adrenergic agonists or stimulants for preschool-age children with attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder. JAMA. 2021 May;325(20):2067–2075. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.6118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loe IM, Blum NJ, Shults J, et al. Adverse effects of α-2 adrenergic agonists and stimulants in preschool-age attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder: a developmental–behavioral pediatrics research Network study. J Pediatr. 2023 Jan;257:113325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of methylphenidate in pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Nov;62(11):1266–1274. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.11.1266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handen BL, Johnson CR, Lubetsky M. Efficacy of methylphenidate among children with autism and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2000 Jun;30(3):245–255. doi: 10.1023/A:1005548619694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson DA, Santos CW, Aman MG, et al. Effects of extended release methylphenidate treatment on ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and associated behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders and ADHD symptoms. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013 Jun;23(5):337–351. doi: 10.1089/cap.2012.0096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintana H, Birmaher B, Stedge D, et al. Use of methylphenidate in the treatment of children with autistic disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 1995 Jun;25(3):283–294. doi: 10.1007/BF02179289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Martino A, Melis G, Cianchetti C, et al. Methylphenidate for pervasive developmental disorders: safety and efficacy of acute single dose test and ongoing therapy: an open-pilot study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004;14(2):207–218. doi: 10.1089/1044546041649011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stigler KA, Desmond LA, Posey DJ, et al. A naturalistic retrospective analysis of psychostimulants in pervasive developmental disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004;14(1):49–56. doi: 10.1089/104454604773840481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froehlich TE, Brinkman WB, Peugh JL, et al. Pre-existing comorbid emotional symptoms moderate short-term methylphenidate adverse effects in a randomized trial of children with attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2020 Apr;30(3):137–147. doi: 10.1089/cap.2019.0125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron D, Jarman F, Barker M. Side effects of methylphenidate and dexamphetamine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind, crossover trial. Pediatrics. 1997;100(4):662–666. doi: 10.1542/peds.100.4.662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karabekiroglu K, Yazgan YM, Dedeoglu C. Can we predict short-term side effects of methylphenidate immediate-release? Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2008;12(1):48–54. doi: 10.1080/13651500701435954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez FA, Childress A, Adeyi B, et al. ADHD symptom rebound and emotional lability with Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children aged 6 to 12 years. J Atten Disord. 2017;21(1):52–61. doi: 10.1177/1087054712474685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J, Grizenko N, Bhat V, et al. Relation between therapeutic response and side effects induced by methylphenidate as observed by parents and teachers of children with ADHD. BMC Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;11(1):70. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-11-70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bottelier MA, Schrantee A, Ferguson B, et al. Age-dependent effects of acute methylphenidate on amygdala reactivity in stimulant treatment-naive patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2017;269:36–42. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.09.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottelier MA, Schouw MLJ, de Ruiter MB, et al. Effects of methylphenidate during emotional processing in amphetamine users: preliminary findings. Brain Imaging Behav. 2015 Dec;9(4):878–886. doi: 10.1007/s11682-014-9350-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlochtermeier L, Stoy M, Schlagenhauf F, et al. Childhood methylphenidate treatment of ADHD and response to affective stimuli. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011 Aug;21(8):646–654. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner J, Maia TV, Fair D, et al. The attenuation of dysfunctional emotional processing with stimulant medication: an fMRI study of adolescents with ADHD. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2011 Sep;193(3):151–160. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafeman D, Bebko G, Bertocci MA, et al. Amygdala-prefrontal cortical functional connectivity during implicit emotion processing differentiates youth with bipolar spectrum from youth with externalizing disorders. J Affect Disord. 2017 Jan;208:94–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner J, Nagel BJ, Maia TV, et al. Abnormal amygdalar activation and connectivity in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Aug;50(8):828–837.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson BS, Potenza MN, Wang Z, et al. An FMRI study of the effects of psychostimulants on default-mode processing during Stroop task performance in youths with ADHD. Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Nov;166(11):1286–1294. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08050724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konrad K, Neufang S, Fink GR, et al. Long-term effects of methylphenidate on neural networks associated with executive attention in children with ADHD: results from a longitudinal functional MRI study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Dec;46(12):1633–1641. doi: 10.1097/chi.0b013e318157cb3b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludolph AG, Kassubek J, Schmeck K, et al. Dopaminergic dysfunction in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), differences between pharmacologically treated and never treated young adults: a 3,4-dihdroxy-6-[18F]fluorophenyl-l-alanine PET study. Neuroimage. 2008 Jul;41(3):718–727. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.02.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams LM, Hermens DF, Palmer D, et al. Misinterpreting emotional expressions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence for a neural marker and stimulant effects. Biol Psychiatry. 2008 May;63(10):917–926. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.11.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiguna T, Guerrero APS, Wibisono S, et al. The amygdala’s Neurochemical Ratios after 12 weeks administration of 20 mg long-acting methylphenidate in children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study using (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2014 Aug;12(2):137–141. doi: 10.9758/cpn.2014.12.2.137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Newcorn J, et al. Depressed dopamine activity in caudate and preliminary evidence of limbic involvement in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Aug;64(8):932–940. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.8.932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenkranz JA, Grace AA. Cellular mechanisms of infralimbic and prelimbic prefrontal cortical inhibition and dopaminergic modulation of basolateral amygdala neurons in vivo. J Neurosci. 2002 Jan;22(1):324–337. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-01-00324.2002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karreman M, Moghaddam B. The prefrontal cortex regulates the basal release of dopamine in the limbic striatum: an effect mediated by ventral tegmental area. J Neurochem. 1996 Feb;66(2):589–598. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66020589.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirota T, Schwartz S, Correll CU. Alpha-2 agonists for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of monotherapy and add-on trials to stimulant therapy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014 Feb;53(2):153–173. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24472251/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz S, Correll CU. Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a comprehensive meta-analysis and metaregression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014Feb;53(2):174–187. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24472252/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sesso G, Milone A, Drago F, et al. A novel multidimensional questionnaire for the assessment of emotional dysregulation in adolescents: reactivity, intensity, polarity and stability questionnaire–youth version (RIPoSt–Y). J Affect Disord. 2021;291(May):359–367. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.037
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pisano S, Sesso G, Senese VP, et al. The assessment of cyclothymic-hypersensitive temperament in youth with mood disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Affect Disord. 2022 Feb;298:322–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson SL, Pearlstein J, Swerdlow B, et al. Emotion-related impulsivity and the mood disorders. Neurobiology of abnormal emotion and motivated behaviors: integrating animal and human research. Elsevier Inc.; 2018. p. 22–40. Available from. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-813693-5.00002-2
   Google Scholar
• Brancati GE, Barbuti M, Schiavi E, et al. Comparison of emotional dysregulation features in cyclothymia and adult ADHD. Med (Lithuania). 2021;57(5):1–13. doi: 10.3390/medicina57050489
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brancati GE, Barbuti M, Pallucchini A, et al. Reactivity, intensity, polarity and stability questionnaire (RIPoSt-40) assessing emotional dysregulation: development, reliability and validity. J Affect Disord. 2019 Oct;257:187–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brancati GE, Perugi G, Milone A, et al. Development of bipolar disorder in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Affect Disord. 2021;293(June):186–196. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.033
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorrego MF, Canevaro L, Kuzis G, et al. A randomized, double-blind, crossover study of methylphenidate and lithium in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: preliminary findings. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;14(3):289–295. doi: 10.1176/jnp.14.3.289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley RA. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull. 1997;121(1):65–94. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell VA, Oades RD, Tannock R, et al. Response variability in attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder: a neuronal and glial energetics hypothesis. Behav Brain Funct. 2006;2:1–25. doi: 10.1186/1744-9081-2-30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Todd RD, Botteron KN. Is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder an energy deficiency syndrome? Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50(3):151–158. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01173-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg JT. Neuropsychologic theory and findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the state of the field and salient challenges for the coming decade. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;57(11):1424–1435. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrovic P, Castellanos FX. Top-down dysregulation—from ADHD to emotional instability. Vol. 10. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience; 2016. p. 70.
   Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke E, Bitsakou P, Thompson M. Beyond the dual pathway model: evidence for the dissociation of timing, inhibitory, and delay-related impairments in attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49(4):345–355. doi: 10.1097/00004583-201004000-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer TJ, Faraone SV, Surman CBH, et al. Toward defining deficient emotional self-regulation in children with attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder using the Child behavior checklist: a controlled study. Postgrad Med. 2011 Sep 13;123(5):50–59. doi: 10.3810/pgm.2011.09.2459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley RA, Fischer M. The unique contribution of emotional impulsiveness to impairment in major life activities in hyperactive children as adults. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 May;49(5):503–513. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.01.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mörstedt B, Corbisiero S, Bitto H, et al. Emotional symptoms and their contribution to functional impairment in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Atten Def Hyp Disord. 2016 Mar 9;8(1):21–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar