Imaging of congenital and developmental cystic lesions of the brain: a narrative review

References

• Dangouloff-Ros V, Roux C-J, Boulouis G, et al.Incidental brain MRI findings in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2019;40:1818–1823. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A6281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervantes-Arslanian A, Garcia HH, Rapalino O. Imaging of infectious and inflammatory cystic lesions of the brain, a narrative review. Expert Rev Neurother. 2023;23(3):237–247. doi: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2181075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tubbs RS, Krishnamurthy S, Verma K, et al. Cavum velum interpositum, cavum septum pellucidum, and cavum vergae: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2011;27(11):1927–1930. doi: 10.1007/s00381-011-1457-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JK, Wu J, Banks S, et al. Prevalence of traumatic findings on routine MRI in a large cohort of professional fighters. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2017;38(7):1303–1310. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A5175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alami B, Youssef AL, Addou O, et al. Spectrum of benign intracranial cystic lesions. 2012;13. doi: 10.1594/ecr2012/C-1945
   Google Scholar
• Mestre H, Mori Y, Nedergaard M. The brain’s glymphatic System: Current controversies. Trends Neurosci. 2020;43(7):458–466. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plog BA, Nedergaard M. The glymphatic System in central nervous System Health and disease: past, present, and future. Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis. 2018;13(1):379–394. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-051217-111018
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacLullich AMJ. Enlarged perivascular spaces are associated with cognitive function in healthy elderly men. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(11):1519–1523. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.030858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doubal FN, MacLullich AMJ, Ferguson KJ, et al. Enlarged perivascular spaces on MRI are a feature of cerebral small vessel disease. Stroke. 2010;41(3):450–454. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.564914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudie JD, Rauschecker AM, Nabavizadeh SA, et al. Neuroimaging of dilated perivascular spaces: from benign and pathologic causes to mimics: perivascular spaces. J Neuroimaging. 2018;28(2):139–149. doi: 10.1111/jon.12493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornips EMJ, Overvliet GM, Weber JW, et al. The clinical spectrum of Blake’s pouch cyst: report of six illustrative cases. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010;26(8):1057–1064. doi: 10.1007/s00381-010-1085-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosemani T, Orman G, Boltshauser E, et al. Congenital abnormalities of the Posterior Fossa. Radiographics. 2015;35(1):200–220. doi: 10.1148/rg.351140038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pu Y, Mahankali S, Hou J, et al. High prevalence of pineal cysts in healthy adults demonstrated by high-resolution, noncontrast brain MR Imaging. Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28(9):1706–1709. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A0656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fain JS, Parisi JE, Miller GM. Symptomatic glial cysts of the pineal gland. J Neurosurg. 1994;7(3):454–460. doi: 10.3171/jns.1994.80.3.0454
   Google Scholar
• Kim E, Kwon SM. Pineal cyst apoplexy: a rare complication of common entity. Brain Tumor Res Treat. 2020;8(1):66. doi: 10.14791/btrt.2020.8.e4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goehner D, Soyland D, Vuong S, et al.Pineal cyst apoplexy in an 8-year-old girl: case report and literature review. World Neurosurg. 2020;142:159–166. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.06.199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkinson MD, Mills S, Mallucci CL, et al. Management of pineal and colloid cysts. Pract Neurol. 2021;21(4):292–299. doi: 10.1136/practneurol-2020-002838
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fakhran S, Escott EJ. Pineocytoma mimicking a pineal cyst on imaging: true diagnostic dilemma or a case of incomplete imaging?: fig 1. Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(1):159–163. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A0750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taillibert S, Le Rhun E, Chamberlain MC. Intracranial cystic lesions: a review. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2014;14(9):481. doi: 10.1007/s11910-014-0481-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lensing FD, Abele TA, Sivakumar W, et al. Pineal region masses—imaging findings and surgical approaches. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2015;44(1):76–87. doi: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2014.05.007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Basilotta Marquez Y, Gromadzyn G, Tcherbbis Testa V, et al. Choroid plexus cyst causing acute hydrocephalus and transtentorial herniation: report of a rare case and its successful neuroendoscopic treatment. Childs Nerv Syst ChNs Off J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg. 2022;38(2):435–439. doi: 10.1007/s00381-021-05184-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guermazi A, De Kerviler E, Zagdanski A-M, et al. Diagnostic imaging of choroid plexus disease. Clin Radiol. 2000;55(7):503–516. doi: 10.1053/crad.1999.0476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinoshita T, Moritani T, Hiwatashi A, et al. Clinically silent choroid plexus cyst: evaluation by diffusion-weighted MRI. Neuroradiology. 2005;47(4):251–255. doi: 10.1007/s00234-004-1327-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborn AG, Preece MT. Intracranial cysts: radiologic-pathologic correlation and imaging approach. Radiology. 2006;239(3):650–664. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2393050823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Ghandour NMF. Endoscopic treatment of intraventricular ependymal cysts in children: personal experience and review of literature. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018;34(12):2441–2448. doi: 10.1007/s00381-018-3965-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Holou WN, Terman S, Kilburg C, et al. Prevalence and natural history of arachnoid cysts in adults: clinical article. J Neurosurg. 2013;118(2):222–231. doi: 10.3171/2012.10.JNS12548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaumont TL, Limbrick DD, Rich KM, et al. Natural history of colloid cysts of the third ventricle. J Neurosurg. 2016;125(6):1420–1430. doi: 10.3171/2015.11.JNS151396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill AH, Gragnaniello C, Lai LT. Natural history of incidental colloid cysts of the third ventricle: a systematic review. J Clin Neurosci. 2018;53:122–126. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.04.061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogbodo E, Kaliaperumal C, Bermingham N, et al. Spontaneous haemorrhage and rupture of third ventricular colloid cyst. Case Rep. 2012;2012(aug31 1):bcr2012006863–bcr2012006863. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2012-006863
   Google Scholar
• Zamora C, Castillo M. From Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial Tumors to Myxoid Glioneuronal Tumors, a New Entity. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2021;42(11):E77–E78. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A7273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muly S, Liu S, Lee R, et al. MRI of intracranial intraventricular lesions. Clin Imaging. 2018;52:226–239. doi: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2018.07.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Mejia RO, Limbo M, Tihan T, et al. Intracranial dermoid cyst mimicking hemorrhage: case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2006;105(4):311–314. doi: 10.3171/ped.2006.105.4.311
   Google Scholar
• Berger MS, Wilson CB. Epidermoid cysts of the posterior fossa. J Neurosurg. 1985;62(2):214–219. doi: 10.3171/jns.1985.62.2.0214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stendel R, Kurth R, Brock M, et al. Ruptured intracranial dermoid cysts. Surg Neurol. 2002;57(6): 391–8. doi: 10.1016/s0090-3019(02)00723-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kachhara R, Bhattacharya RN, Radhakrishnan VV. Epidermoid cyst involving the brain stem. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2000;142(1):97–100. doi: 10.1007/s007010050013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu JB, Nelson MB, Bruera E. Inpatient rehabilitation of cerebellopontine angle Epidermoid cysts: report of 3 cases. Neurosurg Q. 2014;24(3):197–202. doi: 10.1097/WNQ.0b013e3182a2fac7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamlat A, Hua Z-F, Saikali S, et al. Malignant transformation of intra-cranial epithelial cysts: systematic article review. J Neurooncol. 2005;74(2):187–194. doi: 10.1007/s11060-004-5175-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balasundaram P, Garg A, Prabhakar A, et al. Evolution of epidermoid cyst into dermoid cyst: embryological explanation and radiological-pathological correlation. Neuroradiol J. 2019;32(2):92–97. doi: 10.1177/1971400918821086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith AS, Levine D. Appearance of an interhemispheric cyst associated with Agenesis of the corpus callosum. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(6): 1037–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAntonio F, Pagani G, Familiari A, et al. Outcomes associated with isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2016;138(3):e20160445–e20160445. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-0445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkovich AJ, Simon EM, Walsh CA. Callosal agenesis with cyst: a better understanding and new classification. Neurology. 2001;56(2):220–227. doi: 10.1212/WNL.56.2.220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li P, Cui G, Wang Y, et al. Multicystic meningioangiomatosis. BMC neurol. 2014;14(1):6. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-14-32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robles LA, Paez JM, Ayala D, et al. Intracranial glioependymal (neuroglial) cysts: a systematic review. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2018;160(7):1439–1449. doi: 10.1007/s00701-018-3566-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauden AJ, Khurana VG, Tsui AE, et al. Intracranial neuroenteric cysts: a concise review including an illustrative patient. J Clin Neurosci. 2012;19(3):352–359. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phadke RV, Naik S, Udiya A, et al. Role of MR spectroscopy in diagnosis of intracranial neuroenteric cyst. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018;34(9):1791–1794. doi: 10.1007/s00381-018-3802-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braga VL, da Costa MDS, Riera R, et al. Schizencephaly: a review of 734 patients. Pediatr Neurol. 2018;87:23–29. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkovich AJ, Kjos BO. Schizencephaly: correlation of clinical findings with MR Characteristics. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1992;13(1):85–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stambolliu E, Ioakeim-Ioannidou M, Kontokostas K, et al. The most common comorbidities in Dandy-Walker syndrome patients: a systematic review of case reports. J Child Neurol. 2017;32(10):886–902. doi: 10.1177/0883073817712589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spennato P, Mirone G, Nastro A, et al. Hydrocephalus in Dandy–Walker malformation. Childs Nerv Syst. 2011;27(10):1665–1681. doi: 10.1007/s00381-011-1544-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shekdar K. Posterior Fossa Malformations. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2011;32(3):228–241. doi: 10.1053/j.sult.2011.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azab W, Shohoud S, Elmansoury T, et al. Blake′s pouch cyst. Surg Neurol Int. 2014;5(1):112. doi: 10.4103/2152-7806.137533
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mukherjee JJ, Islam N, Kaltsas G, et al. Clinical, radiological and pathological features of patients with Rathke’s cleft cysts: tumors that May Recur. 1997;82:6. doi:10.1210/jc.82.7.2357
   Google Scholar
• Trifanescu R, Ansorge O, Wass JAH, et al. Rathke’s cleft cysts: Rathke’s cleft cysts. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012;76(2):151–160. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04235.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byun WM, Kim OL. MR imaging findings of Rathke’s cleft cysts: significance of intracystic nodules. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21(3): 485–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherry EH, Hahn JS. Disorders of Forebrain Development. Swaiman’s Pediatr Neurol. 6th ed. Edinburgh ; (NY): Elsevier; 2018. p. 145–148.
   Google Scholar
• Winter TC, Kennedy AM, Woodward PJ. Holoprosencephaly: a survey of the entity, with embryology and fetal imaging. Radiographics. 2015;35(1):275–290. doi: 10.1148/rg.351140040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matlung SE, Bilo RAC, Kubat B, et al. Multicystic encephalomalacia as an end-stage finding in abusive head trauma. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2011;7(4):355–363. doi: 10.1007/s12024-011-9236-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sie LTL, van der Knaap MS, Oosting J, et al. MR patterns of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage after prenatal, perinatal or postnatal Asphyxia*. Neuropediatrics. 2000;31(3):128–136. doi: 10.1055/s-2000-7496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roosendaal SD, van de Brug T, Alves C, et al. Imaging patterns characterizing mitochondrial leukodystrophies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2021;42(7):1334–1340. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A7097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao CP, Zaleski CG, Patton AC. Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: multimodality imaging findings. Radiographics. 2006;26(suppl_1):S159–S172. doi: 10.1148/rg.26si065504
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deng W, Pleasure J, Pleasure D. Progress in periventricular leukomalacia. Arch Neurol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2020 Aug 27];65(10). Available from: http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx? doi:10.1001/archneur.65.10.1291
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Husain T, Langlois PH, Sever LE, et al. Descriptive epidemiologic features shared by birth defects thought to be related to vascular disruption in Texas, 1996–2002. Birt Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2008;82(6):435–440. doi: 10.1002/bdra.20449
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramsey RG, Huckman MS. Computed tomography of Porencephaly and other cerebrospinal fluid-containing lesions. Radiology. 1977;123(1):73–77. doi: 10.1148/123.1.73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho SS, Kuzniecky RI, Gilliam F, et al. Congenital porencephaly: MR features and relationship to hippocampal sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19(1):135–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca C, Crow YJ, Rodero M, et al. Expanding the clinical spectrum of fowler syndrome: three siblings with survival into adulthood and systematic review of the literature. Clin Genet. 2020;98(5):423–432. cge. doi: 10.1111/cge.13761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh PS, Reid JR, Patno D, et al. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging in hydranencephaly. J Paediatr Child Health. 2013;49(4):335–336. doi: 10.1111/jpc.12142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayward R. VOMIT (victims of modern imaging technology)–an acronym for our times. BMJ. 2003;326(7401):1273–1273. doi: 10.1136/bmj.326.7401.1273
   Google Scholar
• Lenski M, Biczok A, Tonn J-C, et al.Stereotactic internal shunt placement in congenital intracranial cysts. World Neurosurg. 2019;123:e670–e677. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.11.250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeaton-Massey A, Monteagudo A. Intracranial cysts. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(6):B42–B46. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.08.185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaliaperumal C, Ndoro S, Mandiwanza T, et al. Holoprosencephaly: antenatal and postnatal diagnosis and outcome. Childs Nerv Syst. 2016;32(5):801–809. doi: 10.1007/s00381-016-3015-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans TE, Knol MJ, Schwingenschuh P, et al. Determinants of perivascular spaces in the general population: a pooled cohort analysis of individual participant data. Neurology. 2023;100(2):e107–e122. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000201349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch M, Pham W, Sinclair B, et al.Perivascular spaces as a potential biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease. Front Neurosci. 2022;16:1021131. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1021131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libecap TJ, Zachariou V, Bauer CE, et al.Enlarged perivascular spaces are negatively associated with montreal cognitive assessment scores in older adults. Front Neurol. 2022;13:888511. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.888511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertje EC, van Westen D, Panizo C, et al. Association of Enlarged perivascular spaces and measures of small vessel and alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2021;96(2):e193–e202. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinalli G, Spennato P, Columbano L, et al. Neuroendoscopic treatment of arachnoid cysts of the quadrigeminal cistern: a series of 14 cases: clinical article. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010;6(5):489–497. doi: 10.3171/2010.8.PEDS08491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soul J. Ment. Injury to the developing preterm brain: intraventricular hemorrhage and white matter injury. Swaimans Pediatr Neurol Sixth Ed. 2017;161–170.
   Google Scholar
• Locke A, Kanekar S. Imaging of premature infants. Clin Perinatol. 2022;49(3):641–655. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2022.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar