Imaging protocols for non-traumatic spinal cord injury: current state of the art and future directions

References

• New PW, Cripps RA, Bonne Lee B. Global maps of non-traumatic spinal cord injury epidemiology: towards a living data repository. Spinal Cord. 2014;52(2):97–109. doi: 10.1038/sc.2012.165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson DM, Potts F. Acute nontraumatic myelopathies. Neurol Clin. 1991;9(3):585–603. doi: 10.1016/S0733-8619(18)30269-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams RD, Salam-Adams M. Chronic nontraumatic diseases of the spinal cord. Neurol Clin. 1991;9(3):605–623. doi: 10.1016/S0733-8619(18)30270-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noonan VK, Fingas M, Farry A, et al. Incidence and prevalence of spinal cord injury in Canada: a national perspective. Neuroepidemiology. 2012;38(4):219–226. doi: 10.1159/000336014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New PW, Wayne New P, Eriks-Hoogland I, et al. Important clinical rehabilitation principles unique to people with non-traumatic spinal cord dysfunction [Internet]. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehab. 2017;23(4):299–312. doi: 10.1310/sci2304-299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New PW, Marshall R. International spinal cord injury data sets for non-traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2014;52(2):123–132. doi: 10.1038/sc.2012.160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest J, Datta N, Jimsheleishvili G, et al. Pathophysiology, classification and comorbidities after traumatic spinal cord injury. JPM. 2022;12(7):1126. doi: 10.3390/jpm12071126
   Google Scholar
• Sacks D, Baxter B, Campbell BCV, et al. Multisociety consensus quality improvement revised consensus statement for endovascular therapy of acute ischemic stroke [Internet]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2018;39(6):E61–E76. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.a5638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahuja CS, Wilson JR, Nori S, et al. Traumatic spinal cord injury. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3(1):17018. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehlings MG, Tetreault LA, Riew KD, et al. A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy: recommendations for patients with mild, moderate, and severe disease and nonmyelopathic patients with evidence of cord compression. Global Spine J. 2017;7(3_suppl):70S–83S. doi: 10.1177/2192568217701914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehlings MG, Martin AR, Tetreault LA, et al. A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with acute spinal cord injury: recommendations on the role of baseline magnetic resonance imaging in clinical decision making and outcome prediction. Global Spine J. 2017;7(3_suppl):221S–230S. doi: 10.1177/2192568217703089
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tetreault L, Goldstein CL, Arnold P, et al. Degenerative cervical myelopathy: a spectrum of related disorders affecting the aging spine. Neurosurgery. 2015;77(Suppl 4):S51–S67. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000000951
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nouri A, Tetreault L, Singh A, et al. Degenerative cervical myelopathy: epidemiology, genetics, and pathogenesis. Spine. 2015;40(12):E675–E693. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tetreault L, Kalsi-Ryan S, Davies B, et al. Degenerative cervical myelopathy: a practical approach to diagnosis. Global Spine J. 2022;12(8):1881–1893. doi: 10.1177/21925682211072847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin AR, Tadokoro N, Tetreault L, et al. Imaging evaluation of degenerative cervical myelopathy: current state of the art and future directions. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2018;29(1):33–45. doi: 10.1016/j.nec.2017.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiyoshi T, Yamazaki M, Kawabe J, et al. A new concept for making decisions regarding the surgical approach for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: the K-line. Spine. 2008;33(26):E990–E993. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318188b300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng CW, Chou BT, Bendo JA, et al. Vertebral artery injury in cervical spine surgery: anatomical considerations, management, and preventive measures. Spine J. 2009;9(1):70–76. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2008.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagata K, Kiyonaga K, Ohashi T, et al. Clinical value of magnetic resonance imaging for cervical myelopathy. Spine. 1990;15(11):1088–1096. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199011010-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Q, Hu H, Zhang Y, et al. Do intramedullary spinal cord changes in signal intensity on MRI affect surgical opportunity and approach for cervical myelopathy due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament? Eur Spine J. 2011;20(9):1466–1473. doi: 10.1007/s00586-011-1813-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracy JA, Bartleson JD. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Neurologist. 2010;16(3):176–187. doi: 10.1097/NRL.0b013e3181da3a29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutmann L. AAEM minimonograph #37: facial and limb myokymia. Muscle Nerve. 1991;14(11):1043–1049. doi: 10.1002/mus.880141102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki A, Daubs MD, Hayashi T, et al. Magnetic resonance classification system of cervical intervertebral disk degeneration. Clin Spine Surg. 2017;30(5):E547–E553. doi: 10.1097/BSD.0000000000000172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modic MT, Masaryk TJ, Ross JS, et al. Imaging of degenerative disk disease [Internet]. Radiology. 1988;168(1):177–186. doi: 10.1148/radiology.168.1.3289089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modic MT, Steinberg PM, Ross JS, et al. Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging. Radiology. 1988;166(1):193–199. doi: 10.1148/radiology.166.1.3336678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallik A, Weir AI. Nerve conduction studies: essentials and pitfalls in practice. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(Suppl 2):ii23–ii31. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2005.069138
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Restuccia D, Di Lazzaro V, Valeriani M, et al. Segmental dysfunction of the cervical cord revealed by abnormalities of the spinal N13 potential in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Neurology. 1992;42(5):1054–1054. doi: 10.1212/WNL.42.5.1054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroman PW, Wheeler-Kingshott C, Bacon M, et al. The current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging: methods [Internet]. Neuroimage. 2014:1070–1081. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler-Kingshott CA, Stroman PW, Schwab JM, et al. The current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging: applications [Internet]. Neuroimage. 2014;84:1082–1093. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin AR, Aleksanderek I, Cohen-Adad J, et al. Translating state-of-the-art spinal cord MRI techniques to clinical use: a systematic review of clinical studies utilizing DTI, MT, MWF, MRS, and fMRI. NeuroImage Clin. 2016;10:192–238. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.11.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demir A, Ries M, Moonen CTW, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging with apparent diffusion coefficient and apparent diffusion tensor maps in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Radiology. 2003;229(1):37–43. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2291020658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facon D, Ozanne A, Fillard P, et al. MR diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tracking in spinal cord compression. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26(6):1587–1594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamata H, Jolesz FA, Maier SE. Apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy in spinal cord: age and cervical spondylosis–related changes. Magn Reson Imaging. 2005;22(1):38–43. doi: 10.1002/jmri.20357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uda T, Takami T, Tsuyuguchi N, et al. Assessment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging parameter at 3.0 tesla. Spine. 2013;38(5):407–414. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31826f25a3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holly LT, Freitas B, McArthur DL, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to evaluate spinal cord axonal injury in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine. 2009;10(3):194–200. doi: 10.3171/2008.12.SPINE08367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiangshui M, Xiangjun C, Xiaoming Z, et al. 3 T magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging and fibre tracking in cervical myelopathy. Clin Radiol. 2010;65(6):465–473. doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2010.01.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budzik J-F, Balbi V, Le Thuc V, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging and fibre tracking in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Eur Radiol. 2011;21(2):426–433. doi: 10.1007/s00330-010-1927-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song T, Chen W-J, Yang B, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in the cervical spinal cord. Eur Spine J. 2011;20(3):422–428. doi: 10.1007/s00586-010-1587-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hori M, Fukunaga I, Masutani Y, et al. Visualizing non-Gaussian diffusion: clinical application of q-space imaging and diffusional kurtosis imaging of the brain and spine. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2012;11(4):221–233. doi: 10.2463/mrms.11.221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerkovský M, Bednarík J, Dušek L, et al. Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging in patients with cervical spondylotic spinal cord compression [Internet]. Spine. 2012;37(1):48–56. doi: 10.1097/brs.0b013e31820e6c35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindberg PG, Feydy A, Sanchez K, et al. Measures of spinal canal stenosis and relationship to spinal cord structure in patients with cervical spondylosis. J Neuroradiol. 2012;39(4):236–242. doi: 10.1016/j.neurad.2011.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura M, Fujiyoshi K, Tsuji O, et al. Clinical significance of diffusion tensor tractography as a predictor of functional recovery after laminoplasty in patients with cervical compressive myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine. 2012;17(2):147–152. doi: 10.3171/2012.5.SPINE1196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao S-J, Yuan X, Jiang X-Y, et al. Correlation study of 3T-MR-DTI measurements and clinical symptoms of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82(11):1940–1945. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones JGA, Cen SY, Lebel RM, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging correlates with the clinical assessment of disease severity in cervical spondylotic myelopathy and predicts outcome following surgery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013;34(2):471–478. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A3199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salamon N, Ellingson BM, Nagarajan R, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human cervical spondylosis at 3T. Spinal Cord. 2013;51(7):558–563. doi: 10.1038/sc.2013.31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banaszek A, Bladowska J, Szewczyk P, et al. Usefulness of diffusion tensor MR imaging in the assessment of intramedullary changes of the cervical spinal cord in different stages of degenerative spine disease. Eur Spine J. 2014;23(7):1523–1530. doi: 10.1007/s00586-014-3323-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali TFT, Taha Ali TF, Badawy AE. Feasibility of 1H-MR Spectroscopy in evaluation of cervical spondylotic myelopathy [Internet]. Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med. 2013;44(1):93–99. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrnm.2012.11.001
   Google Scholar
• Ellingson BM, Salamon N, Grinstead JW, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging predicts functional impairment in mild-to-moderate cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine J. 2014;14(11):2589–2597. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2014.02.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Cui J-L, Mak K-C, et al. Potential use of diffusion tensor imaging in level diagnosis of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine. 2014;39(10):E615–E622. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen CY, Cui JL, Liu HS, et al. Is diffusion anisotropy a biomarker for disease severity and surgical prognosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy? Radiology. 2014;270(1):197–204. doi: 10.1148/radiol.13121885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen C-Y, Cui J-L, Mak K-C, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of somatosensory tract in cervical spondylotic myelopathy and its link with electrophysiological evaluation [Internet]. Spine J. 2014;14(8):1493–1500. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.08.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou F, Gong H, Liu X, et al. Increased low-frequency oscillation amplitude of sensorimotor cortex associated with the severity of structural impairment in cervical myelopathy [Internet]. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(8):e104442. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui J-L, Li X, Chan T-Y, et al. Quantitative assessment of column-specific degeneration in cervical spondylotic myelopathy based on diffusion tensor tractography. Eur Spine J. 2015;24(1):41–47. doi: 10.1007/s00586-014-3522-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki S, Koda M, Ota M, et al. Reduced field-of-view diffusion tensor imaging of the spinal cord shows motor dysfunction of the lower extremities in patients with cervical compression myelopathy. Spine. 2018;43(2):89–96. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin AR, De Leener B, Cohen-Adad J, et al. A novel MRI biomarker of spinal cord white matter injury: T2*-weighted white matter to gray matter signal intensity ratio. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2017;38(6):1266–1273. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A5162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen-Adad J. What can we learn from T2* maps of the cortex? Neuroimage. 2014;93(Pt 2):189–200. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.023
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen-Adad J, Gauthier CJ, Brooks JCW, et al. BOLD signal responses to controlled hypercapnia in human spinal cord. Neuroimage. 2010;50(3):1074–1084. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin AR, De Leener B, Cohen-Adad J, et al. Can microstructural MRI detect subclinical tissue injury in subjects with asymptomatic cervical spinal cord compression? A prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(4):e019809. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin AR, De Leener B, Cohen-Adad J, et al. Monitoring for myelopathic progression with multiparametric quantitative MRI. PLOS ONE. 2018;13(4):e0195733. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin AR, Tetreault L, Nouri A, et al. Imaging and electrophysiology for degenerative cervical myelopathy [AO Spine RECODE-DCM Research Priority Number 9]. Global Spine J. 2022;12(1_suppl):130S–146S. doi: 10.1177/21925682211057484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Qian W, Jin R, et al. Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuation (ALFF) in the cervical spinal cord with stenosis: a resting state fMRI study. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(12):e0167279. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus ML, Heistad DD, Ehrhardt JC, et al. Regulation of total and regional spinal cord blood flow. Circ Res. 1977;41(1):128–134. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.41.1.128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellingson BM, Woodworth DC, Leu K, et al. Spinal cord perfusion MR imaging implicates both ischemia and hypoxia in the pathogenesis of cervical spondylosis. World Neurosurg. 2019;128:e773–e781. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.04.253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uemura K, Matsumura A, Isobe T, et al. Perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the spinal cord in cervical spondylotic myelopathy [Internet]. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2006;46(12):581–588. doi: 10.2176/nmc.46.581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurst RW, Kenyon LC, Lavi E, et al. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: the pathology of venous hypertensive myelopathy. Neurology. 1995;45(7):1309–1313. doi: 10.1212/WNL.45.7.1309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Küker W, Weller M, Klose U, et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI of spinal cord infarction–high resolution imaging and time course of diffusion abnormality. J Neurol. 2004;251:818–824. doi: 10.1007/s00415-004-0434-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krings T, Lasjaunias PL, Hans FJ, et al. Imaging in spinal vascular disease. Neuro Clinical N Am. 2007;17(1):57–72. doi: 10.1016/j.nic.2007.01.001
   Google Scholar
• Pattany PM, Saraf-Lavi E, Bowen BC. MR angiography of the spine and spinal cord. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;14(6):444–460. doi: 10.1097/00002142-200312000-00003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mull M, Nijenhuis RJ, Backes WH, et al. Value and limitations of contrast-enhanced MR angiography in spinal arteriovenous malformations and dural arteriovenous fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28(7):1249–1258. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A0612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen YW, Thomsen HS. Contrast-enhanced peripheral MRA: technique and contrast agents. Acta Radiol. 2012;53(7):769–777. doi: 10.1258/ar.2012.120008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenholz A, TerBrugge KG, van Dijk JMC, et al. The accuracy and utility of contrast-enhanced MR angiography for localization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: the Toronto experience. Eur Radiol. 2014;24(11):2885–2894. doi: 10.1007/s00330-014-3307-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargas MI, Barnaure I, Gariani J, et al. Vascular imaging techniques of the spinal cord. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2017;38(2):143–152. doi: 10.1053/j.sult.2016.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krings T, Thron AK, Geibprasert S, et al. Endovascular management of spinal vascular malformations. Neurosurg Rev. 2010;33(1):1–9. doi: 10.1007/s10143-009-0204-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heary RF, Bono CM. Metastatic spinal tumors. Neurosurg Focus. 2001;11(6):1–9. doi: 10.3171/foc.2001.11.6.2
   Google Scholar
• Smith AB, Soderlund KA, Rushing EJ, et al. Radiologic-pathologic correlation of pediatric and adolescent spinal neoplasms: part 1, intramedullary spinal neoplasms. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;198(1):34–43. doi: 10.2214/AJR.10.7311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koeller KK, Shih RY. Intradural extramedullary spinal neoplasms: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2019;39(2):468–490. doi: 10.1148/rg.2019180200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs WN, Rasouli JJ. Advances in spine tumor imaging and intervention. Adv Clin Radiol. 2020;2:325–339. doi: 10.1016/j.yacr.2020.06.005
   Google Scholar
• Stradiotti P, Curti A, Castellazzi G, et al. Metal-related artifacts in instrumented spine. Techniques for reducing artifacts in CT and MRI: state of the art. Eur Spine J. 2009;Suppl 18(S1):102–108. doi: 10.1007/s00586-009-0998-5
   Google Scholar
• Tofts PS. Modeling tracer kinetics in dynamic Gd-DTPA MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1997;7(1):91–101. doi: 10.1002/jmri.1880070113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu S, Karimi S, Peck KK, et al. Measurement of blood perfusion in spinal metastases with dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: evaluation of tumor response to radiation therapy. Spine. 2013;38(22):E1418–E1424. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182a40838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha A, Peck KK, Lis E, et al. Magnetic resonance perfusion characteristics of hypervascular renal and hypovascular prostate spinal metastases: clinical utilities and implications. Spine. 2014;39(24):E1433–E1440. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar KA, Peck KK, Karimi S, et al. A Pilot study evaluating the use of dynamic contrast-enhanced perfusion MRI to predict local recurrence after radiosurgery on spinal metastases. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2017;16(6):857–865. doi: 10.1177/1533034617705715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baur A, Stäbler A, Brüning R, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of bone marrow: differentiation of benign versus pathologic compression fractures. Radiology. 1998;207(2):349–356. doi: 10.1148/radiology.207.2.9577479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo M, Arbelaez A, Smith JK, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging offers no advantage over routine noncontrast MR imaging in the detection of vertebral metastases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21(5):948–953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baur A, Huber A, Ertl-Wagner B, et al. Diagnostic value of increased diffusion weighting of a steady-state free precession sequence for differentiating acute benign osteoporotic fractures from pathologic vertebral compression fractures. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22(2):366–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thawait SK, Marcus MA, Morrison WB, et al. Research synthesis: what is the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging to discriminate benign from malignant vertebral compression fractures? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine. 2012;37(12):E736–E744. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182458cac
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanenbaum LN. Clinical applications of diffusion imaging in the spine. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2013;21(2):299–320. doi: 10.1016/j.mric.2012.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung JK, Jee W-H, Jung J-Y, et al. Differentiation of acute osteoporotic and malignant compression fractures of the spine: use of additive qualitative and quantitative axial diffusion-weighted MR imaging to conventional MR imaging at 3.0 T. Radiology. 2014;271(2):488–498. doi: 10.1148/radiol.13130399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herneth AM, Philipp MO, Naude J, et al. Vertebral metastases: assessment with apparent diffusion coefficient. Radiology. 2002;225(3):889–894. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2253011707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhri AF, Whitehead MT, Klimo P Jr, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging to guide surgical planning in intramedullary spinal cord tumors in children. Neuroradiology. 2014;56:169–174. doi: 10.1007/s00234-013-1316-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosmala A, Weng AM, Heidemeier A, et al. Multiple myeloma and dual-energy CT: diagnostic accuracy of virtual noncalcium technique for detection of bone marrow infiltration of the spine and Pelvis. Radiology. 2018;286(1):205–213. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2017170281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs WN, Nael K, Doshi AH, et al. Spine oncology: imaging and intervention. Radiol Clin North Am. 2019;57(2):377–395. doi: 10.1016/j.rcl.2018.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan AM, Daniel S, Corcuera-Solano I, et al. Optimized imaging of the postoperative spine. Neuro Clinical N Am. 2014;24(2):349–364. doi: 10.1016/j.nic.2014.01.005
   Google Scholar
• Cho W-I, Chang U-K. Comparison of MR imaging and FDG-PET/CT in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant vertebral compression fractures: clinical article. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;14(2):177–183. doi: 10.3171/2010.10.SPINE10175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baur-Melnyk A. Malignant versus benign vertebral collapse: are new imaging techniques useful? Cancer Imaging. 2009;9 Spec No A:S49–S51. doi: 10.1102/1470-7330.2009.9013
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahajan A, Azad GK, Cook GJ. PET imaging of skeletal metastases and its role in personalizing further management. PET Clin. 2016;11(3):305–318. doi: 10.1016/j.cpet.2016.02.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Even-Sapir E, Metser U, Mishani E, et al. The detection of bone metastases in patients with high-risk prostate cancer: 99mTc-MDP Planar bone scintigraphy, single- and multi-field-of-view SPECT, 18F-fluoride PET, and 18F-fluoride PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2006;47(2):287–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mick CG, James T, Hill JD, et al. Molecular imaging in oncology: 18F-sodium fluoride PET imaging of osseous metastatic disease. Am J Roentgenol. 2014;203(2):263–271. doi: 10.2214/AJR.13.12158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayerhoefer ME, Materka A, Langs G, et al. Introduction to Radiomics. J Nucl Med. 2020;61(4):488–495. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.118.222893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzo S, Botta F, Raimondi S, et al. Radiomics: the facts and the challenges of image analysis. Eur Radiol Exp. 2018;2(1):36. doi: 10.1186/s41747-018-0068-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gillies RJ, Kinahan PE, Hricak H. Radiomics: images are more than pictures, they are data. Radiology. 2016;278(2):563–577. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2015151169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chianca V, Cuocolo R, Gitto S, et al. Radiomic machine learning classifiers in spine bone tumors: a multi-software, multi-scanner study. Eur J Radiol. 2021;137:109586. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gitto S, Bologna M, Corino VDA, et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI radiomics of spine bone tumors: feature stability and machine learning-based classification performance. Radiol Med. 2022;127(5):518–525. doi: 10.1007/s11547-022-01468-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung J-Y, Wei WI, Luk K-K. Cervical spine complications after treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur Spine J. 2013;22(3):584–592. doi: 10.1007/s00586-012-2600-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khorsandi AS, Su HK, Mourad WF, et al. Osteoradionecrosis of the subaxial cervical spine following treatment for head and neck carcinomas. Br J Radiol. 2015;88(1045):20140436. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20140436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King AD, Griffith JF, Abrigo JM, et al. Osteoradionecrosis of the upper cervical spine: MR imaging following radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur J Radiol. 2010;73(3):629–635. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.12.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong X, Li L, Jiang H, et al. Cervical spine osteoradionecrosis or bone metastasis after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma? The MRI-based radiomics for characterization. BMC Med Imaging. 2020;20(1):104. doi: 10.1186/s12880-020-00502-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myrehaug S, Sahgal A, Hayashi M, et al. Reirradiation spine stereotactic body radiation therapy for spinal metastases: systematic review. J Neurosurg Spine. 2017;27(4):428–435. doi: 10.3171/2017.2.SPINE16976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husain ZA, Sahgal A, De Salles A, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for de novo spinal metastases: systematic review. J Neurosurg Spine. 2017;27(3):295–302. doi: 10.3171/2017.1.SPINE16684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Omair A, Smith R, Kiehl T-R, et al. Radiation-induced vertebral compression fracture following spine stereotactic radiosurgery: clinicopathological correlation. J Neurosurg Spine. 2013;18(5):430–435. doi: 10.3171/2013.2.SPINE12739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan S, McDermott R, Keys M, et al. Imaging response assessment following stereotactic body radiotherapy for solid tumour metastases of the spine: current challenges and future directions. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2020;64(3):385–397. doi: 10.1111/1754-9485.13032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoda T, Maki S, Furuya T, et al. Automated differentiation between osteoporotic vertebral fracture and malignant vertebral fracture on MRI Using a Deep Convolutional Neural Network. Spine. 2022;47(8):E347–E352. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000004307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amini B, Beaman CB, Madewell JE, et al. Osseous pseudoprogression in vertebral bodies treated with stereotactic radiosurgery: a secondary analysis of prospective phase I/II clinical trials. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016;37(2):387–392. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahig H, Simard D, Létourneau L, et al. A study of pseudoprogression after spine stereotactic body radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016;96(4):848–856. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.07.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor DR, Weaver JA. Tumor pseudoprogression of spinal metastasis after radiosurgery: a novel concept and case reports. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015;22(5):534–539. doi: 10.3171/2014.10.SPINE14444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JY, Park JE, Jo Y, et al. Incorporating diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI into a radiomics model improves diagnostic performance for pseudoprogression in glioblastoma patients. Neuro Oncol. 2019;21(3):404–414. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noy133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang B-S, Jeon SH, Kim IH, et al. Prediction of pseudoprogression versus progression using machine learning algorithm in glioblastoma. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):12516. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31007-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laufer I, Rubin DG, Lis E, et al. The NOMS framework: approach to the treatment of spinal metastatic tumors. Oncology. 2013;18(6):744–751. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0293
   Google Scholar
• Bilsky MH, Laufer I, Fourney DR, et al. Reliability analysis of the epidural spinal cord compression scale. J Neurosurg Spine. 2010;13(3):324–328. doi: 10.3171/2010.3.SPINE09459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickerson EK, Sinha R. Vertebral osteomyelitis in adults: an update. Br Med Bull. 2016;117(1):121–138. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldw003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun JH, Manring MM. Adult osteomyelitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005;19(4):765–786. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2005.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouliouris T, Aliyu SH, Brown NM. Spondylodiscitis: update on diagnosis and management. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65(Suppl 3):iii11–iii24. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkq303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratcliffe JF. Anatomic basis for the pathogenesis and radiologic features of vertebral osteomyelitis and its differentiation from childhood discitis. A microarteriographic investigation. Acta Radiol Diagn. 1985;26(2):137–143. doi: 10.1177/028418518502600204
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Babinchak TJ, Riley DK, Eb R Jr. Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis of the posterior elements. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25(2):221–224. doi: 10.1086/514529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silber JS, Anderson DG, Vaccaro AR, et al. Management of postprocedural discitis. Spine J. 2002;2(4):279–287. doi: 10.1016/S1529-9430(02)00203-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jevtic V. Vertebral infection. Eur Radiol. 2004;14(Suppl 3):E43–E52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waldvogel FA, Papageorgiou PS. Osteomyelitis: the past decade. N Engl J Med. 1980;303(7):360–370. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198008143030703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marco de Lucas, de Lucas Em A, Gutiérrez A, et al. CT-guided fine-needle aspiration in vertebral osteomyelitis: true usefulness of a common practice. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28(3):315–320. doi: 10.1007/s10067-008-1051-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte RM, Vaccaro AR. Spinal infection: state of the art and management algorithm. Eur Spine J. 2013;22(12):2787–2799. doi: 10.1007/s00586-013-2850-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gemmel F, Rijk PC, Collins JMP, et al. Expanding role of 18F-fluoro-D-deoxyglucose PET and PET/CT in spinal infections. Eur Spine J. 2010;19(4):540–551. doi: 10.1007/s00586-009-1251-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond A, Manian FA. Spinal epidural abscess: a review with special emphasis on earlier diagnosis. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:1614328. doi: 10.1155/2016/1614328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis DP, Wold RM, Patel RJ, et al. The clinical presentation and impact of diagnostic delays on emergency department patients with spinal epidural abscess. J Emerg Med. 2004;26(3):285–291. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2003.11.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alerhand S, Wood S, Long B, et al. The time-sensitive challenge of diagnosing spinal epidural abscess in the emergency department. Intern Emerg Med. 2017;12(8):1179–1183. doi: 10.1007/s11739-017-1718-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Goethem JWM, van den Hauwe L, Parizel PM. Spinal Imaging: diagnostic imaging of the spine and spinal cord. Springer Science & Business Media; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Sendi P, Bregenzer T, Zimmerli W. Spinal epidural abscess in clinical practice. QJM. 2008;101(1):1–12. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcm100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palestro CJ. Radionuclide imaging of osteomyelitis. Semin Nucl Med. 2015;45(1):32–46. doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2014.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzeri E, Erba P, Perri M, et al. Scintigraphic imaging of vertebral osteomyelitis with 111in-biotin. Spine. 2008;33(7):E198–E204. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31816960c9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stumpe KDM, Zanetti M, Weishaupt D, et al. FDG positron emission tomography for differentiation of degenerative and infectious endplate abnormalities in the lumbar spine detected on MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179(5):1151–1157. doi: 10.2214/ajr.179.5.1791151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuster D, Solà O, Soriano A, et al. A prospective study comparing whole-body FDG PET/CT to combined planar bone scan with 67Ga SPECT/CT in the diagnosis of Spondylodiskitis. Clin Nucl Med. 2012;37(9):827–832. doi: 10.1097/RLU.0b013e318262ae6c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui H, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Trial-to-trial latency variability of somatosensory evoked potentials as a prognostic indicator for surgical management of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2015;12(1):49. doi: 10.1186/s12984-015-0042-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santamaria AJ, Benavides FD, Saraiva PM, et al. Neurophysiological changes in the first year after cell transplantation in sub-acute complete paraplegia. Front Neurol. 2020;11:514181. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.514181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quraishi NA, Lewis SJ, Kelleher MO, et al. Intraoperative multimodality monitoring in adult spinal deformity: analysis of a prospective series of one hundred two cases with independent evaluation. Spine. 2009;34(14):1504–1512. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181a87b66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerkovský M, Bednarík J, Dušek L, et al. Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging in patients with cervical spondylotic spinal cord compression: correlations between clinical and electrophysiological findings. Spine. 2012;37(1):48–56. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31820e6c35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyu RK, Tang LM, Chen CJ, et al. The use of evoked potentials for clinical correlation and surgical outcome in cervical spondylotic myelopathy with intramedullary high signal intensity on MRI. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:256–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vine R. Google Scholar. J Med Libr Assoc. 2006;94:97.
   Google Scholar
• Mazur MD, White A, McEvoy S, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex correlates with objective clinical measures in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine. 2014;39(14):1113–1120. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicotra A, King NKK, Catley M, et al. Evaluation of corticospinal excitability in cervical myelopathy, before and after surgery, with transcranial magnetic stimulation: a pilot study. Eur Spine J. 2013;22(1):189–196. doi: 10.1007/s00586-012-2554-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deftereos SN, Kechagias E, Ioakeimidou C, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation but not MRI predicts long-term clinical status in cervical spondylosis: a case series. Spinal Cord. 2015;53(Suppl 1):S16–S18. doi: 10.1038/sc.2014.220
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ulrich A, Haefeli J, Blum J, et al. Improved diagnosis of spinal cord disorders with contact heat evoked potentials. Neurology. 2013;80(15):1393–1399. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31828c2ed1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jutzeler CR, Ulrich A, Huber B, et al. Improved diagnosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy with contact heat evoked potentials. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34(12):2045–2053. doi: 10.1089/neu.2016.4891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumiya S, Kawabata S, Hoshino Y, et al. Magnetospinography visualizes electrophysiological activity in the cervical spinal cord. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):2192. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02406-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ushio S, Hoshino Y, Kawabata S, et al. Visualization of the electrical activity of the cauda equina using a magnetospinography system in healthy subjects. Clin Neurophysiol. 2019;130(1):1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn H, Fehlings MG. Prevention, identification, and treatment of perioperative spinal cord injury. Neurosurg Focus. 2008;25(5):E15. doi: 10.3171/FOC.2008.25.11.E15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilibrand AS, Schwartz DM, Sethuraman V, et al. Comparison of transcranial electric motor and somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during cervical spine surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86(6):1248–1253. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200406000-00018
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacDonald DB, Al Zayed Z, Khoudeir I, et al. Monitoring scoliosis surgery with combined multiple pulse transcranial electric motor and cortical somatosensory-evoked potentials from the lower and upper extremities. Spine. 2003;28(2):194–203. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200301150-00018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnarsson T, Krassioukov AV, Sarjeant R, et al. Real-time continuous intraoperative electromyographic and somatosensory evoked potential recordings in spinal surgery: correlation of clinical and electrophysiologic findings in a prospective, consecutive series of 213 cases. Spine. 2004;29(6):677–684. doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000115144.30607.E9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehlings MG, Brodke DS, Norvell DC, et al. The evidence for intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in spine surgery: does it make a difference? Spine. 2010;35(Supplement):S37. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181d8338e
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nuwer MR, Dawson EG, Carlson LG, et al. Somatosensory evoked potential spinal cord monitoring reduces neurologic deficits after scoliosis surgery: results of a large multicenter survey. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1995;96(1):6–11. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(94)00235-D
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Minahan RE, Sepkuty JP, Lesser RP, et al. Anterior spinal cord injury with preserved neurogenic ‘motor’ evoked potentials. Clin Neurophysiol. 2001;112(8):1442–1450. doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00567-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan TB, Janik D, Jameson L. Multimodality monitoring of the central nervous system using motor-evoked potentials. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2008;21(5):560–564. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0b013e32830f1fbd
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu B, Cree AK, Lagopoulos J, et al. Transcranial motor-evoked potentials combined with response recording through compound muscle action potential as the sole modality of spinal cord monitoring in spinal deformity surgery. Spine. 2008;33(10):1100–1106. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31816f5f09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park P, Wang AC, Sangala JR, et al. Impact of multimodal intraoperative monitoring during correction of symptomatic cervical or cervicothoracic kyphosis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;14(1):99–105. doi: 10.3171/2010.9.SPINE1085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen JH. The application of intraoperative monitoring during surgery for spinal deformity. Spine. 1999;24(24):2649–2662. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199912150-00012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan TB, Heyer EJ. Anesthesia for intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring of the spinal cord. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2002;19(5):430–443. doi: 10.1097/00004691-200210000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton DK, Smith JS, Sansur CA, et al. Rates of new neurological deficit associated with spine surgery based on 108,419 procedures: a report of the scoliosis research society morbidity and mortality committee. Spine. 2011;36(15):1218–1228. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181ec5fd9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padberg AM, Thuet ED. Intraoperative electrophysiologic monitoring: considerations for complex spinal surgery. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2006;17(v. 3):205–226. doi: 10.1016/j.nec.2006.05.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calancie B, Madsen P, Lebwohl N. Stimulus-evoked EMG monitoring during transpedicular lumbosacral spine instrumentation. Initial clinical results. Spine. 1994;19(24):2780–2785. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199412150-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devlin VJ, Schwartz DM. Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring during spinal surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007;15(9):549–560. doi: 10.5435/00124635-200709000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deletis V, Sala F. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring of the spinal cord during spinal cord and spine surgery: a review focus on the corticospinal tracts. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008;119(2):248–264. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.09.135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plata Bello J, Pérez-Lorensu PJ, Roldán-Delgado H, et al. Role of multimodal intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during positioning of patient prior to cervical spine surgery. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(6):1264–1270. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.09.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou H, Miller D, Schulte DM, et al. Intraoperative ultrasound assistance in treatment of intradural spinal tumours. Clin Neurol Neurosur. 2011;113(7):531–537. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2011.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman JA, Wetjen NM, Atkinson JLD. Utility of intraoperative ultrasound for tumors of the cauda equina. Spine. 2003;28(3):288–290; discussion 291. doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000042271.75392.E4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quencer RM, Montalvo BM, Green BA, et al. Intraoperative spinal sonography of soft-tissue masses of the spinal cord and spinal canal. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984;143(6):1307–1315. doi: 10.2214/ajr.143.6.1307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toktas ZO, Sahin S, Koban O, et al. Is intraoperative ultrasound required in cervical spinal tumors? A prospective study. Turk Neurosurg. 2013;23:600–606. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.7199-12.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quencer RM, Montalvo BM, Eismont FJ, et al. Intraoperative spinal sonography in thoracic and lumbar fractures: evaluation of Harrington rod instrumentation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985;145(2):343–349. doi: 10.2214/ajr.145.2.343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soloukey S, Verhoef L, Generowicz BS, et al. Case report: High-resolution, intra-operative µDoppler-imaging of spinal cord hemangioblastoma. Front Surg. 2023;10:1153605. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1153605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeys L, Matharu GS, Nandra RS, et al. Can computer navigation-assisted surgery reduce the risk of an intralesional margin and reduce the rate of local recurrence in patients with a tumour of the pelvis or sacrum? Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B(10):1417–1424. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.95B10.31734
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barzilai O, Laufer I, Robin A, et al. Hybrid therapy for metastatic epidural spinal cord compression: technique for separation surgery and spine radiosurgery. Oper Neurosurg. 2019;16(3):310–318. doi: 10.1093/ons/opy137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasser R, Drazin D, Nakhla J, et al. Resection of spinal column tumors utilizing image-guided navigation: a multicenter analysis. Neurosurg Focus. 2016;41(2):E15. doi: 10.3171/2016.5.FOCUS16136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tat J, Tat J, Yoon S, et al. Intraoperative ultrasound in spine decompression surgery: a systematic review. Spine. 2022;47(2):E73–E85. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000004111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund PJ, Fajardo LL. Lumbar disk herniation and canal stenosis value of intraoperative sonography in diagnosis and surgical management. Invest Radiol. 1991;26(7):696–697. doi: 10.1097/00004424-199107000-00017
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ganau M, Syrmos N, Martin AR, et al. Intraoperative ultrasound in spine surgery: history, current applications, future developments. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2018 Apr;8(3):261–267. PMID: 29774179; PMCID: PMC5941206. doi: 10.21037/qims.2018.04.02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar