Adverse neuropsychiatric effects of antimalarial drugs

References

• WHO. World malaria report 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Pulcini S, Staines HM, Lee AH, et al. Mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter, PfCRT, enlarge the parasite’s food vacuole and alter drug sensitivities. Sci Rep. 2015;5:14552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241549127/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Yi P, et al. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jul 30;361(5):455–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor SM, Parobek CM, DeConti DK, et al. Absence of putative artemisinin resistance mutations among Plasmodium falciparum in Sub-Saharan Africa: a molecular epidemiologic study. J Infect Dis. 2015 Mar 1;211(5):680–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen KA, Arguin PM. Malaria surveillance - United States, 2012. Morbid Mortal Week Rep Surveill Summ. 2014 Dec 5;63(12):1–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landman KZ, Tan KR, Arguin PM, Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antimalarial chemoprophylaxis in U.S. peace corps volunteers–Africa, 2013. MMWR Morbid Mortal Week Rep. 2014 Jun 13;63(23):516–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlagenhauf P, Adamcova M, Regep L, et al. The position of mefloquine as a 21st century malaria chemoprophylaxis. Malar J. 2010;9:357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mergani A, Khamis AH, Fatih Hashim EL, et al. Pattern and predictors of neurological morbidities among childhood cerebral malaria survivors in central Sudan. J Vector Borne Dis. 2015 Jul-Sep;52(3):239–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindner SE, Miller JL, Kappe SH. Malaria parasite pre-erythrocytic infection: preparation meets opportunity. Cell Microbiol. 2012 Mar;14(3):316–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowman AF, Berry D, Baum J. The cellular and molecular basis for malaria parasite invasion of the human red blood cell. J Cell Biol. 2012 Sep 17;198(6):961–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannister LH, Mitchell GH. The malaria merozoite, forty years on. Parasitology. 2009 Oct;136(12):1435–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White NJ. Determinants of relapse periodicity in Plasmodium vivax malaria. Malar J. 2011;10:297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beier JC. Malaria parasite development in mosquitoes. Annu Rev Entomol. 1998;43:519–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC Information on Malaria Disease [Internet]. [updated 2015 Jul 10]. [cited 2016 Feb 18]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html
   Google Scholar
• Wassmer SC, Taylor TE, Rathod PK, et al. Investigating the pathogenesis of severe Malaria: a multidisciplinary and cross-geographical approach. . Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015 Sep;93(3 Suppl):42–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maitland K. Management of severe paediatric malaria in resource-limited settings. BMC Med. 2015;13:42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nacer A, Movila A, Sohet F, et al. Experimental cerebral malaria pathogenesis-hemodynamics at the blood brain barrier. PLoS Pathogens. 2014 Dec;10(12):e1004528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo TW, Lampah DA, Kenangalem E, et al. Decreased endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability, impaired microvascular function, and increased tissue oxygen consumption in children with falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 2014 Nov 15;210(10):1627–1632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Miranda AS, Brant F, Campos AC, et al. Evidence for the contribution of adult neurogenesis and hippocampal cell death in experimental cerebral malaria cognitive outcome. Neuroscience. 2015 Jan 22;284:920–933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen TH, Day NP, Ly VC, et al. Post-malaria neurological syndrome. Lancet. 1996 Oct 5;348(9032):917–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangirana P, Opoka RO, Boivin MJ, et al. Severe malarial anemia is associated with long-term neurocognitive impairment. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Aug;59(3):336–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernando SD, Rodrigo C, Rajapakse S. The ‘hidden’ burden of malaria: cognitive impairment following infection. Malar J. 2010;9:366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeb RF, Clark EM, Coatney GR, et al. ACTIVITY of a new antimalarial agent, chloroquine (SN 7618). J Am Med Assoc. 1946 Apr 20;130:1069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellems TE, Panton LJ, Gluzman IY, et al. Chloroquine resistance not linked to mdr-like genes in a Plasmodium falciparum cross. Nature. 1990 May 17;345(6272):253–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djimdé A, Doumbo OK, Steketee RW, et al. Application of a molecular marker for surveillance of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. Lancet. 2001 Sep 15;358(9285):890–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frosch AE, Venkatesan M, Laufer MK. Patterns of chloroquine use and resistance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of household survey and molecular data. Malar J. 2011;10:116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arfeen M, Patel DS, Abbat S, et al. Importance of cytochromes in cyclization reactions: quantum chemical study on a model reaction of proguanil to cycloguanil. J Comput Chem. 2014 Oct 30;35(28):2047–2055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olafson KN, Ketchum MA, Rimer JD, et al. Mechanisms of hematin crystallization and inhibition by the antimalarial drug chloroquine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Apr 21;112(16):4946–4951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osifo NG. Drug-related transient dyskinesias. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1979 Jun;25(6):767–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dondo F, Mubagwa K. Chloroquine interacts with muscarinic receptors and inhibits cholinergic effects in the heart. Afr J Med Med Sci. 1990 Dec;19(4):237–243.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vezmar M, Georges E. Direct binding of chloroquine to the multidrug resistance protein (MRP): possible role for MRP in chloroquine drug transport and resistance in tumor cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998 Sep 15;56(6):733–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett PJ, Emmins PD, Clarke PD, et al. Comparison of adverse events associated with use of mefloquine and combination of chloroquine and proguanil as antimalarial prophylaxis: postal and telephone survey of travellers. Bmj. 1996 Aug 31;313(7056):525–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phyo AP, Lwin KM, Price RN, et al. Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine versus chloroquine in the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Thailand: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Nov;53(10):977–984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel R, Bardot S, Queyriaux B, et al. Doxycycline-chloroquine vs. doxycycline-placebo for malaria prophylaxis in nonimmune soldiers: a double-blind randomized field trial in sub-Saharan Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2010 Apr;104(4):290–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combrinck JM, Mabotha TE, Ncokazi KK, et al. Insights into the role of heme in the mechanism of action of antimalarials. ACS Chem Biol. 2013 Jan 18;8(1):133–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijpma SR, Van Den Heuvel JJ, Van Der Velden M, et al. Atovaquone and quinine antimalarials inhibit ATP binding cassette transporter activity. Malar J. 2014;13:359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC Health Information for International Travel. 2016. Available from: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/yellowbook-home-2014
   Google Scholar
• AlKadi HO. Antimalarial drug toxicity: a review. Chemotherapy. 2007;53(6):385–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennequin C, Bourée P, Bazin N, et al. Severe psychiatric side effects observed during prophylaxis and treatment with mefloquine. Arch Intern Med. 1994 Oct 24;154(20):2360–2362.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kollaritsch H, Stemberger H, Mailer H, et al. Tolerability of long-term malaria prophylaxis with the combination mefloquine + sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine (Fansimef): results of a double blind field trial versus chloroquine in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1988;82(4):524–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caillon E, Schmitt L, Moron P. Acute depressive symptoms after mefloquine treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 1992 May;149(5):712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier CR, Wilcock K, Jick SS. The risk of severe depression, psychosis or panic attacks with prophylactic antimalarials. Drug Saf. 2004;27(3):203–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McArdle JJ, Sellin LC, Coakley KM, et al. Mefloquine inhibits cholinesterases at the mouse neuromuscular junction. Neuropharmacology. 2005 Dec;49(8):1132–1139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow GS, Hudson TH, Vahey M, et al. The acute neurotoxicity of mefloquine may be mediated through a disruption of calcium homeostasis and ER function in vitro. Malar J. 2003 Jun 12;2:14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gribble FM, Davis TM, Higham CE, et al. The antimalarial agent mefloquine inhibits ATP-sensitive K-channels. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Oct;131(4):756–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruikshank SJ, Hopperstad M, Younger M, et al. Potent block of Cx36 and Cx50 gap junction channels by mefloquine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 17;101(33):12364–12369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepard RDF. Use of (+)-mefloquine for the treatment of malaria with reduced side-effects. Int Patent Appl WO. 1998;9839003.
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro JA, Sebastião AM, deMendonça A. Adenosine receptors in the nervous system: pathophysiological implications. Prog Neurobiol. 2002 Dec;68(6):377–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohnmacht CJ, Patel AR, Lutz RE. Antimalarials. 7. Bis(trifluoromethyl)- -(2-piperidyl)-4-quinolinemethanols. J Med Chem. 1971 Oct;14(10):926–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Held T, Trautmann M, Weinke T, et al. Clinical experiences with mefloquine in tropical malaria–a prospective study. Immunitat Und Infektion. 1991 Jun;19(3):83–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stuiver PC, Ligthelm RJ, Goud TJ. Acute psychosis after mefloquine. Lancet. 1989 Jul 29;2(8657):282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nevin RL. Limbic encephalopathy and central vestibulopathy caused by mefloquine: a case report. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2012 May;10(3):144–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loken AC, Haymaker W. Pamaquine poisoning in man, with a clinicopathologic study of one case. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1949 May;29(3):341–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipe JC, Vick NA, Schulman S, et al. Plasmocid encephalopathy in the rhesus monkey: a study of selective vulnerability. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1973 Jul;32(3):446–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiraki H. The neuropathology of subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy, “SMON”, in the humans: –with special reference to the quinoform intoxication. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1975;28 Suppl:101–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mullie C, Jonet A, Desgrouas C, et al. Differences in antimalarial activity of 4-aminoalcohol quinoline enantiomers and investigation of the presumed underlying mechanism of action. Malar J. 2012;11:65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tansley R, Lotharius J, Priestley A, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to investigate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single enantiomer (+)-mefloquine compared with racemic mefloquine in healthy persons. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010 Dec;83(6):1195–1201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croft A, Garner P. Mefloquine to prevent malaria: a systematic review of trials. Bmj. 1997 Nov 29;315(7120):1412–1416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tine RC, Faye B, Sylla K, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a new formulation of artesunate-mefloquine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in adult in Senegal: open randomized trial. Malar J. 2012;11:416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider C, Adamcova M, Jick SS, et al. Antimalarial chemoprophylaxis and the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2013 Mar-Apr;11(2):71–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise M, Toovey S. Reversible hearing loss in temporal association with chemoprophylactic mefloquine use. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2007 Nov;5(6):385–388.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dow G, Bauman R, Caridha D, et al. Mefloquine induces dose-related neurological effects in a rat model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Mar;50(3):1045–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauch S, Jantratid E, Dressman JB, et al. Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: mefloquine hydrochloride. J Pharm Sci. 2011 Jan;100(1):11–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drug Safety Communications. U.S. FDA. 2013. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm362227.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Stoney RJ, Jentes ES, Sotir MJ, et al. Pre-travel preparation of US travelers going abroad to provide humanitarian service, Global TravEpiNet 2009-2011. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014 Mar;90(3):553–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford DB, Nath A, Cinque P, et al. A study of mefloquine treatment for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: results and exploration of predictors of PML outcomes. J Neurovirol. 2013 Aug;19(4):351–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beppu M, Kawamoto M, Nukuzuma S, et al. Mefloquine improved progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Intern Med. 2012;51(10):1245–1247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J-H, Choi A-R, Kim YK, et al. Co-treatment with the antimalarial drugs mefloquine and primaquine highly sensitizes drug-resistant cancer cells by increasing P-gp inhibition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013 Nov 22;441(3):655–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birth D, Kao WC, Hunte C. Structural analysis of atovaquone-inhibited cytochrome bc1 complex reveals the molecular basis of antimalarial drug action. Nat Commun. 2014;5:4029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeage K, Scott L. Atovaquone/proguanil: a review of its use for the prophylaxis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Drugs. 2003;63(6):597–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvine M-H, Einarson A, Bozzo P. Prophylactic use of antimalarials during pregnancy. Canadian Family Physician Médecin De Famille Canadien. 2011 Nov;57(11):1279–1281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan JP. Cost considerations of malaria chemoprophylaxis including use of primaquine for primary or terminal chemoprophylaxis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006 Sep;75(3):416–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overbosch D, Schilthuis H, Bienzle U, et al. Atovaquone-proguanil versus mefloquine for malaria prophylaxis in nonimmune travelers: results from a randomized, double-blind study. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Oct 1;33(7):1015–1021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Riemsdijk MM, Sturkenboom MC, Ditters JM, et al. Atovaquone plus chloroguanide versus mefloquine for malaria prophylaxis: a focus on neuropsychiatric adverse events. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Sep;72(3):294–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordel H, Cailhol J, Matheron S, et al. Atovaquone-proguanil in the treatment of imported uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a prospective observational study of 553 cases. Malar J. 2013;12:399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchaud O, Muhlberger N, Parola P, et al. Therapy of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Europe: MALTHER - a prospective observational multicentre study. Malar J. 2012;11:212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchaud O, Monlun E, Muanza K, et al. Atovaquone plus proguanil versus halofantrine for the treatment of imported acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in non-immune adults: a randomized comparative trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000 Nov-Dec;63(5–6):274–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osei-Akoto A, Orton L, Owusu-Ofori SP. Atovaquone-proguanil for treating uncomplicated malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;4:CD004529.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giao PT, De Vries PJ, Hung Le Q, et al. CV8, a new combination of dihydroartemisinin, piperaquine, trimethoprim and primaquine, compared with atovaquone-proguanil against falciparum malaria in Vietnam. Trop Med Int Health: TM IH. 2004 Feb;9(2):209–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sehgal SC, Sugunan AP, Murhekar MV, et al. Randomized controlled trial of doxycycline prophylaxis against leptospirosis in an endemic area. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2000 Feb;13(4):249–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twartz JC, Shirai A, Selvaraju G, et al. Doxycycline propylaxis for human scrub typhus. J Infect Dis. 1982 Dec;146(6):811–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diemert DJ. Prevention and self-treatment of traveler’s diarrhea. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006 Jul;19(3):583–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zomerdijk I, Ruiter R, Houweling L, et al. Dispensing of potentially teratogenic drugs before conception and during pregnancy: a population-based study. BJOG. 2014 Jul;122(8):1119–1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan KR, Magill AJ, Parise ME, et al., Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Doxycycline for malaria chemoprophylaxis and treatment: report from the CDC expert meeting on malaria chemoprophylaxis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011 Apr; 84(4):517–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layton AM, Cunliffe WJ. Phototoxic eruptions due to doxycycline–a dose-related phenomenon. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1993 Sep;18(5):425–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlagenhauf P, Tschopp A, Johnson R, et al. Tolerability of malaria chemoprophylaxis in non-immune travellers to sub-Saharan Africa: multicentre, randomised, double blind, four arm study. Bmj. 2003 Nov 8;327(7423):1078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu Y. The discovery of artemisinin (qinghaosu) and gifts from Chinese medicine. Nat Med. 2011 Oct;17(10):1217–1220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cumming JN, Ploypradith P, Posner GH. Antimalarial activity of artemisinin (qinghaosu) and related trioxanes: mechanism(s) of action. Adv Pharmacol. 1997;37:253–297.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bousema T, Okell L, Shekalaghe S, et al. Revisiting the circulation time of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: molecular detection methods to estimate the duration of gametocyte carriage and the effect of gametocytocidal drugs. Malar J. 2010;9:136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navaratnam V, Mansor SM, Sit NW, et al. Pharmacokinetics of artemisinin-type compounds. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000 Oct;39(4):255–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Hickman M. Toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic (TK/TD) evaluation to determine and predict the neurotoxicity of artemisinins. Toxicology. 2011 Jan 11;279(1–3):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Si Y, Li Q, Xie L, et al. Neurotoxicity and toxicokinetics of artelinic acid following repeated oral administration in rats. Int J Toxicol. 2007 Sep-Oct;26(5):401–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meshnick SR, Taylor TE, Kamchonwongpaisan S. Artemisinin and the antimalarial endoperoxides: from herbal remedy to targeted chemotherapy. Microbiol Rev. 1996 Jun;60(2):301–315.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramos-Martin V, Gonzalez-Martinez C, Mackenzie I, et al. Neuroauditory toxicity of artemisinin combination therapies-have safety concerns been addressed? Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014 Jul;91(1):62–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toovey S, Jamieson A. Audiometric changes associated with the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria with co-artemether. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004 May;98(5):261–269. discussion 68-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrasquilla G, Barón C, Monsell EM, et al. Randomized, prospective, three-arm study to confirm the auditory safety and efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine in Colombian patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Jan;86(1):75–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurkov R, Eshetu T, Miranda IB, et al. Ototoxicity of artemether/lumefantrine in the treatment of falciparum malaria: a randomized trial. Malar J. 2008;7:179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton PN, Day NP, White NJ. Misattribution of central nervous system dysfunction to artesunate. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Dec 1;41(11):1687–1688. author reply 88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmutzhard J, Lackner P, Helbok R, et al. Severe malaria in children leads to a significant impairment of transitory otoacoustic emissions–a prospective multicenter cohort study. BMC Med. 2015;13:125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kheng S, Muth S, Taylor WR, et al. Tolerability and safety of weekly primaquine against relapse of Plasmodium vivax in Cambodians with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. BMC Med. 2015;13:203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spillman NJ, Allen RJ, McNamara CW, et al. Na(+) regulation in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum involves the cation ATPase PfATP4 and is a target of the spiroindolone antimalarials. Cell Host Microbe. 2013 Feb 13;13(2):227–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong CR, Chen X, Shi L, et al. A clinical drug library screen identifies astemizole as an antimalarial agent. Nature Chem Biol. 2006 Aug;2(8):415–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy SC, Harrison T, Hamm HE, et al. Erythrocyte G protein as a novel target for malarial chemotherapy. PLoS Med. 2006 Dec;3(12):e528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauterwasser EM, Fontaine SD, Li H, et al. Trioxolane-mediated delivery of mefloquine limits brain exposure in a mouse model of malaria. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2015 Oct 2;6(11):1145–1149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Plessis LH, Helena C, Van Huysteen E, et al. Formulation and evaluation of Pheroid vesicles containing mefloquine for the treatment of malaria. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2014 Jan;66(1):14–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar