An update of safety of clinically used atypical antipsychotics

References

• Laricchia R, Sanguinetti I. Chlorpromazine in mental disorders; indications for its use and limits of its therapeutic efficacy. Encephale. 1956;45(4):1197–1203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHO. International monitoring of adverse reactions to drugs: adverse reaction terminology. Uppsala (Sweden): WHO Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Addonizio G, Susman VL, Roth SD. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: review and analysis if 115 cases. Biol Psychiatry. 1987;22(8):1004–1020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muench J, Hamer AM. Adverse effects of antipsychotic medications. American Family Physician. 2010;81(5):617–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolder CR, Lacro JP, Dunn LB, et al. Antipsychotic medication adherence: is there a difference between typical and atypical agents? Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(1):103–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleakley S, Taylor D. The clozapine handbook. London: Lloyd-Reinhold Communications LLP; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Idänpään-Heikkilä J, Alhava E, Olkinuora M, et al. Agranulocytosis during treatment with clozapine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;11:193–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marder SR, Meibach RC. Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:825–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beasley CM, Tollefson F, Tran P, et al. Olanzapine versus placebo and haloperidol: acute phase results of the North American double-blind olanzapine trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1996;14:111–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arvantis LA, Miller LA, Seroquel Trial 13 Study Group. Multiple fixed doses of “Seroquel” (quetiapine) in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: a comparison with haloperidol and placebo. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42:233–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash C, Kamel A, Anderson W, et al. Metabolism and excretion of the novel antipsychotic drug ziprasidone in rats after oral administration of a mixture of lac- and 3H-labeled ziprasidone. Drug Metab Dispos. 1997;25:206–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein JM. The new generation of antipsychotic drugs: how atypical are they? Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000;3(4):339–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozdemir V, Fourie J, Ozdener F. Aripiprazole (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co). Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002;3(1):113–120.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang LP, Plosker GL. Paliperidone extended release. CNS Drugs. 2007;21(5):417–425; discussion 426-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahid M, Walker GB, Zorn SH, et al. Asenapine: a novel psychopharmacologic agent with a unique human receptor signature. J Psychopharmacol. 2009;23(1):65–73. doi:10.1177/0269881107082944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agid O, Foussias G, Remington G. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: their role in relapse prevention. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010;11:2301–2317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thyssen A, Rusch S, Herben V, et al. Risperidone long-acting injection: pharmacokinetics following administration in deltoid versus gluteal muscle in schizophrenic patients. J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;50:1011–1021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilday E, Nasrallah H. Clinical pharmacology of paliperidone palmitate a parenteral long-acting formulation for the treatment of schizophrenia. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2012;7:2–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brissos S, Veguilla MR, Taylor D, et al. The role of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a critical appraisal. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2014;4(5):198–219. doi:10.1177/2045125314540297.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scatton B, Perrault G, Sanger DJ, et al. Pharmacological profile of amisulpride, an atypical neuroleptic which preferentially blocks presynaptic D2/D3 receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1994;10:242S.
   Google Scholar
• Mφller HJ. Amisulpride: limbic specificity and the mechanism of antipsychotic atypicality. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2003;27:1101–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas AI, Hedlund PB, Huang XP, et al. Amisulpride is a potent 5-HT7 antagonist: relevance for antidepressant actions in vivo. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009;205:119–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran MP, Perry CM. Amisulpride: a review of its use in the management of schizophrenia. Drugs. 2001;61(14):2123–2150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad PM, Wieck A. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: mechanisms, clinical features and management. Drugs. 2004;64(20):2291–2314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isbister GK, Balit CR, Macleod D, et al. Amisulpride overdose is frequently associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;30(4):391–395. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181e5c14c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloechliger M, Rüegg S, Jick SS, et al. Antipsychotic drug use and the risk of seizures: follow-up study with a nested case-control analysis. CNS Drugs. 2015;29(7):591–603. doi:10.1007/s40263-015-0262-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenzweig P, Canal M, Patat A, et al. A review of the pharmacokinetics, tolerability and pharmacodynamics of amisulpiride in healthy volunteers. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2002;17(1):1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendhekar DN, Lohia D, Kataria P. Tardive oculogyric crisis associated with amisulpride monotherapy. J Postgrad Med. 2010;56(4):305–306. doi:10.4103/0022-3859.70947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musshoff F, Doberentz E, Madea B. Lethal neuroleptic malignant syndrome due to amisulpride. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2013;9(2):218–220. doi:10.1007/s12024-013-9410-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro DA, Renock S, Arrington E, et al. Aripiprazole, a novel atypical antipsychotic drug with a unique and robust pharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;28:1400–1411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman-Tancredi A, Kleven MS. Comparative pharmacology of antipsychotics possessing combined dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor properties. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001;216:451–473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bartolomeis A, Tomasetti C, Iasevoli F. Update on the mechanism of action of aripiprazole: translational insights into antipsychotic strategies beyond dopamine receptor antagonism. CNS Drugs. 2015;29:773–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamamura T, Harada T. Unique pharmacological profile of aripiprazole as the phasic component buster. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007;191:741–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mailman RB, Murthy V. Third generation antipsychotic drugs: partial agonism or receptor functional selectivity? Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16:488–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLeon A, Patel NC, Crismon ML. Aripiprazole: a comprehensive review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and tolerability. Clin Ther. 2004;26:649–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane JM, Assuncao-Talbott S, Eudicone JM, et al. The efficacy of aripiprazole in the treatment of multiple symptom domains in patients with acute schizophrenia: a pooled analysis of data from the pivotal trials. Schizophr Res. 2008;105:208–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pigott TA, Carson WH, Saha AR, et al. Aripiprazole for the prevention of relapse in stabilized patients with chronic schizophrenia: a placebo-controlled 26-week study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64:1048–1056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citrome L, Kalsekar I, Baker RA, et al. A review of real-world data on the effects of aripiprazole on weight and metabolic outcomes in adults. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;30:1629–1641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamo D, Graff A, Mizrahi R, et al. Differential effects of aripiprazole on D(2), 5-HT(2), and 5-HT(1A) receptor occupancy in patients with schizophrenia: a triple tracer PET study. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1411–1417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaemi SN, Hsu DJ, Rosenquist KJ, et al. Extrapyramidal side effects with atypical neuroleptics in bipolar disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30:209–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmoiraghi A, Odiyoor M. A case of aripiprazole and extra pyramidal side effects. J Psychopharmacol. 2006;20:592–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim JC, You YS, Kelly DL. Aripiprazole treatment causes extrapyramidal side effects but not prolactin elevation: a disconnect of the striatal D2 occupancy story: case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28:353–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polcwiartek C, Sneider B, Graff C, et al. The cardiac safety of aripiprazole treatment in patients at high risk for torsade: a systematic review with a meta-analytic approach. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2015;232:3297–3308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ries R, Sayadipour A. Management of psychosis and agitation in medical-surgical patients who have or are at risk for prolonged QT interval. J Psychiatr Pract. 2014;20:338–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013;382:951–962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Berardis D, Fornaro M, Serroni N, et al. Treatment of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: an update on the role of the dopaminergic receptors D2 partial agonist aripiprazole. Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov. 2014;8:30–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Physician Assistants Prescribing R. New drug information. Saphris. JAAPA. 2010;23:16.
   Google Scholar
• Shahid M, Walker GB, Zorn SH, et al. Asenapine: a novel psychopharmacologic agent with a unique human receptor signature. J Psychopharmacol. 2009;23:65–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tauscher J, Hussain T, Agid O, et al. Equivalent occupancy of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors with clozapine: differentiation from other atypical antipsychotics. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:1620–1625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franberg O, Marcus MM, Ivanov V, et al. Asenapine elevates cortical dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin release. Evidence for activation of cortical and subcortical dopamine systems by different mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009;204:251–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jardemark K, Marcus MM, Shahid M, et al. Effects of asenapine on prefrontal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated transmission: involvement of dopamine D1 receptors. Synapse. 2010;64:870–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarazi FI, Moran-Gates T, Wong EH, et al. Asenapine induces differential regional effects on serotonin receptor subtypes. J Psychopharmacol. 2010;24:341–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marston HM, Young JW, Martin FD, et al. Asenapine effects in animal models of psychosis and cognitive function. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009;206:699–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snigdha S, Idris N, Grayson B, et al. Asenapine improves phencyclidine-induced object recognition deficits in the rat: evidence for engagement of a dopamine D1 receptor mechanism. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011;214:843–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolaczkowski M, Mierzejewski P, Bienkowski P, et al. Antipsychotic, antidepressant, and cognitive-impairment properties of antipsychotics: rat profile and implications for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2014;387:545–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane JM, Cohen M, Zhao J, et al. Efficacy and safety of asenapine in a placebo- and haloperidol-controlled trial in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;30:106–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citrome L. Iloperidone, asenapine, and lurasidone: a brief overview of 3 new second-generation antipsychotics. Postgrad Med. 2011;123:153–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishara D, Taylor D. Asenapine monotherapy in the acute treatment of both schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2009;5:483–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre RS, Cohen M, Zhao J, et al. Asenapine for long-term treatment of bipolar disorder: a double-blind 40-week extension study. J Affect Disord. 2010;126:358–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musil R, Obermeier M, Russ P, et al. Weight gain and antipsychotics: a drug safety review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14:73–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citrome L. Asenapine for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved sublingually absorbed second-generation antipsychotic. Int J Clin Pract. 2009;63:1762–1784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer HY. An overview of the mechanism of action of clozapine. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(Suppl B):47–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman P. Clozapine, a fast-off-D2 antipsychotic. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2014;5(1):24–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer HY, Bastani B, Ramirez L, et al. Clozapine: new research on efficacy and mechanism of action. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 1989;238(5–6):332–339.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fitzsimons J, Berk M, Lambert T, et al. A review of clozapine safety. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2005;4(4):731–744.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stroup TS, Gerhard T, Crystal S, et al. Comparative effectiveness of clozapine and standard antipsychotic treatment in adults with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(2):166–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Fazio P, Gaetano R, Caroleo M, et al. Rare and very rare adverse effects of clozapine. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:1995–2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishara D, Taylor D. Adverse effects of clozapine in older patients: epidemiology, prevention and management. Drugs Aging. 2014;31(1):11–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja M, Raja S. Clozapine safety, 40 years later. Curr Drug Saf. 2014;9(3):163–195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams AM, Park SH. Seizure associated with clozapine: incidence, etiology, and management. CNS Drugs. 2015;29(2):101–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark A, Scott J. A review of the use of clozapine levels to guide treatment and determine cause of death. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012;46(9):816–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma S, Bishara D, Besag FM, et al. Clozapine-related EEG changes and seizures: dose and plasma-level relationships. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2011;1(2):47–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caetano D. Use of anticonvulsants as prophylaxis for seizures in patients on clozapine. Aust Psychiatry. 2014;22(1):78–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musil R, Obermeier M, Russ P, et al. Weight gain and antipsychotics: a drug safety review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14(1):73–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamberti JS, Olson D, Crilly JF, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among patients receiving clozapine. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(7):1273–1276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojo LE, Gaspar PA, Silva H, et al. Metabolic syndrome and obesity among users of second generation antipsychotics: A global challenge for modern psychopharmacology. Pharmacol Res. 2015;101:74–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitney Z, Procyshyn RM, Fredrikson DH, et al. Treatment of clozapine-associated weight gain: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;71(4):389–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly AC, Sheitman BB, Hamer RM, et al. A naturalistic comparison of the long-term metabolic adverse effects of clozapine versus other antipsychotics for patients with psychotic illnesses. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;34(4):441–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner FM, Coveñas R. Safety of antipsychotic drugs: focus on therapeutic and adverse effects. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014;13(8):1031–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belvederi Murri M, Guaglianone A, Bugliani M, et al. Second-generation antipsychotics and neuroleptic malignant syndrome: systematic review and case report analysis. Drugs R D. 2015;15(1):45–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demler TL, Morabito NE, Meyer CE, et al. Maximizing clozapine utilization while minimizing blood dyscrasias: evaluation of patient demographics and severity of events. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016;31(2):76–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkin K, Kendall F, Gould D, et al. Neutropenia and agranulocytosis in patients receiving clozapine in the UK and Ireland. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;169(4):483–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrasekaran PK. Agranulocytosis monitoring with clozapine patients: to follow guidelines or to attempt therapeutic controversies? Singapore Med J. 2008;49(2):96–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demler TL, Trigoboff E. Are clozapine blood dyscrasias associated with concomitant medications? Innov Clin Neurosci. 2011;8(4):35–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clozapine REMS program. 2015 [cited 2015 Dec 20]. Available from: https://www.clozapinerems.com
   Google Scholar
• Young CR, Bowers MB, Mazure CM. Management of the adverse effects of clozapine. Schizophr Bull. 1998;24(3):381–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Berardis D, Serroni N, Campanella D, et al. Update on the adverse effects of clozapine: focus on myocarditis. Curr Drug Saf. 2012;7(1):55–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alawami M, Wasywich C, Cicovic A, et al. A systematic review of clozapine induced cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2014;176(2):315–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronaldson KJ, Fitzgerald PB, McNeil JJ. Clozapine-induced myocarditis, a widely overlooked adverse reaction. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015;132(4):231–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronaldson KJ, Fitzgerald PB, Taylor AJ, et al. Clozapine-induced myocarditis and baseline echocardiography. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012;46(10):1006–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina Martín De Nicolás J, Parra Fuertes JJ, Gómez Mariscal E, et al. Clozapine-associated myocarditis. Med Clin (Barc). 2015;145(9):e19–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cook SC, Ferguson BA, Cotes RO, et al. Clozapine-induced myocarditis: prevention and considerations in rechallenge. Psychosomatics. 2015;56(6):685–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulter DM, Bate A, Meyboom RH, et al. Antipsychotic drugs and heart muscle disorder in international pharmacovigilance: data mining study. Bmj. 2001;322(7296):1207–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronaldson KJ, Fitzgerald PB, Taylor AJ, et al. A new monitoring protocol for clozapine-related myocarditis based on an analysis of 75 cases and 94 controls. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011;45(6):458–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Berardis D, Campanella D, Serroni N, et al. Clozapine-related pericarditis during titration phase in a patient with resistant schizophrenia and concomitant valproate treatment: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;34(5):649–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imon Paul MD, Basavaraju V, Narayanaswamy JC, et al. Clozapine induced pericarditis. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2014;1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paciullo CA. Evaluating the association between clozapine and venous thromboembolism. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008;65(19):1825–1829. doi:10.2146/ajhp070638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cam B, Tanircan MZ. Clozapine-induced paralytic ileus: a case report. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2014;4(4):170–172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• John JP, Chengappa KN, Baker RW, et al. Assessment of changes in both weight and frequency of use of medications for the treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms among clozapine-treated patients. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1995;7(3):119–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flanagan RJ, Ball RY. Gastrointestinal hypomotility: an under-recognised life-threatening adverse effect of clozapine. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;206(1–3):e31–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen J, Meyer JM. Risk factors for ileus in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38(3):592–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galappathie N, Khan S. Clozapine-associated pneumonia and respiratory arrest secondary to severe constipation. Med Sci Law. 2014;54(2):105–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trollor JN, Chen X, Sachdev PS. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with atypical antipsychotic drugs. CNS Drugs. 2009;23(6):477–492. doi:10.2165/00023210-200923060-00003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szeczak MR, Corbett R, Rush DK, et al. The pharmacological profile of iloperidone, a novel atypical antipsychotic agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995;274(3):1404–1413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kongsamut S, Roehr JE, Cai J, et al. Iloperidone binding to human and rat dopamine and 5-HT receptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996;317(2–3):417–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiden PJ, Cutler AJ, Polymeropoulos MH, et al. Safety profile of iloperidone: a pooled analysis of 6-week acute-phase pivotal trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28(2Suppl 1):S12–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanda Pharmaceuticals. Fanapt (iloperidone) Tablets [cited 2010 Aug 7]. Available from: http://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/product/pi/pdf/fanapt.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sainati SM, Hubbard JW, Chi E, et al. Safety, tolerability, and effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of iloperidone (HP 873), a potential atypical antipsychotic. J Clin Pharmacol. 1995;35(7):713–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guanci N, Aggarwal R, Schleifer S. Atypical neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with iloperidone administration. Psychosomatics. 2012;53(6):603–605. doi:10.1016/j.psym.2012.06.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caccia S, Pasina L, Nobili A. New atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia: iloperidone. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2010;4:33–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potkin SG, Preskorn S, Hochfeld M, et al. A thorough QTc study of 3 doses of iloperidone including metabolic inhibition via CYP2D6 and/or CYP3A4 and a comparison to quetiapine and ziprasidone. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33(1):3–10. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e31827c0314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer JM, Loebel AD, Schweizer E. Lurasidone: a new drug in development for schizophrenia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009;18:1715–1726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citrome L, Weiden PJ, McEvoy JP, et al. Effectiveness of lurasidone in schizophrenia or schizoaffective patients switched from other antipsychotics: a 6-month, open-label, extension study. CNS Spectr. 2014;19:330–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry AV Jr, Buccafusco JJ, Wilson C. Cognitive dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders: selected serotonin receptor subtypes as therapeutic targets. Behav Brain Res. 2008;195:30–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citrome L, Cucchiaro J, Sarma K, et al. Long-term safety and tolerability of lurasidone in schizophrenia: a 12-month, double-blind, active-controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;27:165–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caccia S, Pasina L, Nobili A. Critical appraisal of lurasidone in the management of schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2012;8:155–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo YS, Wang HR, Bahk WM. Lurasidone as a potential therapy for bipolar disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:1521–1529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loebel A, Cucchiaro J, Sarma K, et al. Efficacy and safety of lurasidone 80 mg/day and 160 mg/day in the treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled trial. Schizophr Res. 2013;145:101–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potkin SG, Ogasa M, Cucchiaro J, et al. Double-blind comparison of the safety and efficacy of lurasidone and ziprasidone in clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Schizophr Res. 2011;132:101–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samalin L, Garnier M, Llorca PM. Clinical potential of lurasidone in the management of schizophrenia. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2011;7:239–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer HY, Cucchiaro J, Silva R, et al. Lurasidone in the treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and olanzapine-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:957–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bymaster FP, Rasmussen K, Calligaro DO, et al. In vitro and in vivo biochemistry of olanzapine: a novel, atypical antipsychotic drug. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(Suppl 10):28–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bymaster FP, Nelson DL, DeLapp NW, et al. Antagonism by olanzapine of dopamine D1, serotonin2, muscarinic, histamine H1 and alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in vitro. Schizophr Res. 1999;37(1):107–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernø J, Ersland KM, Duus IH, et al. Olanzapine depot exposure in male rats: dose-dependent lipogenic effects without concomitant weight gain. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25(6):923–932. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.03.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meatherall R, Younes J. Fatality from olanzapine induced hyperglycemia. J Forensic Sci. 2002 Jul;47(4):893–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Z, Wang X. Case report of refractory tardive dystonia induced by olanzapine. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2014;26(1):51–53. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2014.01.008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao Z, Zhang H, Wang S, et al. Sudden discontinuation and reinstitution of olanzapine-associated atypical neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a patient undergoing lung surgery. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(7):11639–11641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Praharaj SK, Jana AK, Sarkar S, et al. Olanzapine-induced tardive oculogyric crisis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29(6):604–606. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181c00b08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal A, Jain M, Khandelwal A, et al. Tardive Meige’s syndrome associated with olanzapine. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2011;14(2):133–134. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.82808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh GP, Kumar R, Bharti P. Tardive dystonia with olanzapine: a rare case report. Indian J Psychol Med. 2012;34(2):187–189. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.101795.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malhotra K, Vu P, Wang DH, et al. Olanzapine-induced neutropenia. Ment Illn. 2015;7(1):5871. doi:10.4081/mi.2015.5871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marder SR, Sorsaburu S, Dunayevich E, et al. Case reports of postmarketing adverse event experiences with olanzapine intramuscular treatment in patients with agitation. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2010;71(4):433–441. doi:10.4088/jcp.08m04411gry.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushe CJ, Falk D, Anand E, et al. Olanzapine long-acting injection: a review of first experiences of post-injection delirium/sedation syndrome in routine clinical practice. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Łukasik-Głębocka M, Sommerfeld K, Teżyk A, et al. Post-injection delirium/sedation syndrome after olanzapine long-acting intramuscular injection – who is at risk? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2015;117(3):213–214. doi:10.1111/bcpt.12394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke WP, Chavera TA, Silva M, et al. Signalling profile differences: paliperidone versus risperidone. Br J Pharmacol. 2013;170(3):532–545. doi:10.1111/bph.12295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arakawa R, Ito H, Takano A, et al. Dose-finding study of paliperidone ER based on striatal and extrastriatal dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008;197(2):229–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Álamo C, López-Muñoz F. The pharmacological role and clinical applications of antipsychotics’ active metabolites: paliperidone versus risperidone. Clin Exp Pharmacol. 2013;3:117. doi:10.4172/2161-1459.1000117.
   Google Scholar
• Nussbaum AM, Stroup TS. Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38(6):1124–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Rodriguez A, Catalan R, Penadés R, et al. Profile of paliperidone palmitate once-monthly long-acting injectable in the management of schizophrenia: long-term safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability – a review. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2015;9:695–706.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spina E, Crupi R. Safety and efficacy of paliperidone extended-release in acute and maintenance treatment of schizophrenia. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis. 2011;3:27–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gopal S, Liu Y, Alphs L, et al. Incidence and time course of extrapyramidal symptoms with oral and long-acting injectable paliperidone: a posthoc pooled analysis of seven randomized controlled studies. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:1381–1392. doi:10.2147/NDT.S49944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montalvo I, Ortega L, López X, et al. Changes in prolactin levels and sexual function in young psychotic patients after switching from long-acting injectable risperidone to paliperidone palmitate. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;28(1):46–49. doi:10.1097/YIC.0b013e32835ba832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Martínez A, Quilo CG. Paliperidone extended-release: safety and tolerability from a metabolic profile perspective. Clin Drug Investig. 2013;33(12):867–876. doi:10.1007/s40261-013-0100-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Once-monthly Invega® Sustenna™ (paliperidone palmitate) extended-release injectable suspension [package insert]. Titusville (NJ): Janssen Pharmaceuticals; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Pandina GJ, Lindenmayer JP, Lull J, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy and safety of three doses of paliperidone palmitate in adults with acutely exacerbated schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;30(3):235–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopal S, Vijapurkar U, Lim P, et al. A 52-week open-label study of the safety and tolerability of paliperidone palmitate in patients with schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol. 2011;25(5):685–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saller CF, Salama AI. Seroquel: biochemical profile of a potential atypical antipsychotic. Psychopharmacology. 1993;112:285–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey DE. ‘Seroquel’ (quetiapine): preclinical and clinical findings of a new atypical antipsychotic. Exp Opin Invest Drugs. 1996;5:939–957.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein JM. Preclinical profile of ‘Seroquel’ (quetiapine): an atypical antipsychotic with clozapine-like pharmacology. In: Holliday SG, Ancill RJ, MacEwan GW, editors. Schizophrenia: breaking down the barriers. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 1996. p. 177–208.
   Google Scholar
• Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff C. The American psychiatric publishing textbook of psychopharmacology. 4th ed. Washington (DC): American Psychoiatric Publishing; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Degner D. Severe adverse reactions associated with quetiapine. Bmj. 2015;24(350):h1575. doi:10.1136/bmj.h1575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller DD, Caroff SN, Davis SM, et al. Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Investigators. Extrapyramidal side-effects of antipsychotics in a randomised trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;193(4):279–288. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.050088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah R, Grover S, Maheshwari U, et al. Acute akathisia with quetiapine: A case report and review of literature. Indian J Pharmacol. 2010;42(6):416–417. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.71896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brecher M, Leong RW, Stening G, et al. Quetiapine and long-term weight change: a comprehensive data review of patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:597–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leysen JE, Janssen PMF, Gommeren W, et al. In vitro and in vivo receptor-binding and effects on monoamine turnover in rat-brain regions of the novel antipsychotics risperidone and ocaperidone. Mol Pharmacol. 1992;41(3):494–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leysen JE, Janssen PM, Megens AA, et al. Risperidone: a novel antipsychotic balanced serotonin-dopamine antagonism, receptor occupancy profile, and pharmacologic activity. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(Suppl 5):12.
   Google Scholar
• McEvoy JP, Byerly M, Hamer RM, et al. Effectiveness of paliperidone palmitate vs haloperidol decanoate for maintenance treatment of schizophrenia. A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;311(19):1978–1986. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.4310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Rodríguez A, Catalán R, Penadés R, et al. Profile of paliperidone palmitate once-monthly long-acting injectable in the management of schizophrenia: long-term safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability – a review. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2015;9:695–706. doi:10.2147/PPA.S63948.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, Schwarz S, et al. Risperidone versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(1):CD006626. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006626.pub2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao K, Mackle M, Cazorla P, et al. Comparison of somnolence associated with asenapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol relative to placebo in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:1145–1157. doi:10.2147/NDT.S41333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YF, Tsai CK, Liang CS. High-dose risperidone induced latent syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion with seizure presentation. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2015;38(4):154–155. doi:10.1097/WNF.0000000000000095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glinka A, Polak S. QTc modification after risperidone administration – insight into the mechanism of action with use of the modeling and simulation at the population level approach. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2015;25(4):279–286. doi:10.3109/15376516.2015.1025346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong-Anuchit C. Clinical management of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2015. doi:10.1111/ppc.12111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dos Santos Júnior A, Henriques TB, De Mello MP, et al. Hyperprolactinemia in children and adolescents with use of risperidone: clinical and molecular genetics aspects. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25(10):738–748. doi:10.1089/cap.2015.0094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel F, Gansmüller R, Leiblein T, et al. The use of ziprasidone in clinical practice: analysis of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects from data of a drug monitoring survey. Eur Psychiatry. 2009;24(3):143–148. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.09.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman P. All roads to schizophrenia lead to dopamine supersensitivity and elevated dopamine D2(high) receptors. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2011;17:118–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citrome L. Using oral ziprasidone effectively: the food effect and dose-response. Adv Ther. 2009;26:739–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly DL, Love RC. Ziprasidone and the QTc interval: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2001;35(4):66–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordon JS, Neyman KM, Wells RD, et al. Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS syndrome). Cutis. 2012;89(4):180–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breier A, Berg PH, Thakore JH, et al. Olanzapine versus ziprasidone: results of a 28-week double-blind study in patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(10):1879–1887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C-H, Shi L, Zhan G-L, et al. A twenty-four-week, open-label study on ziprasidone’s efficacy and influence on glucolipid metabolism in patients with schizophrenia and metabolic disorder. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17(16):2136–2140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell N, Boustani M, Limbil T, et al. The cognitive impact of anticholinergics: a clinical review. Clin Interv Aging. 2009;4:225–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piersanti M, Capannolo M, Turchetti M, et al. Increase in mortality rate in patients with dementia treated with atypical antipsychotics: a cohort study in outpatients in Central Italy. Riv Psichiatr. 2014;49(1):34–40. doi:10.1708/1407.15623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar