398
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Adverse effects of oral second-line antituberculosis drugs in children

, , , &
Pages 1369-1381 | Received 29 Apr 2016, Accepted 20 Jul 2016, Published online: 05 Aug 2016

References

  • Dodd PJ, Sismanidis C, Seddon JA. Global burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis in children: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016. Epub Jun 21. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30132-3.
  • World Health Organisation. WHO treatment guidelines for drug-resistant tuberculosis 2016 update. Geneva: WHO; 2016. WHO/HTM/TB/2016.04.
  • Nachman S, Ahmed A, Amanullah F, et al. Towards early inclusion of children in tuberculosis drugs trials: a consensus statement. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:711–720.
  • Suárez PG, Floyd K, Portocarrero J, et al. Feasibility and cost-effectiveness of standardised second-line drug treatment for chronic tuberculosis patients: a national cohort study in Peru. Lancet. 2002;359:1980–1989.
  • Seddon JA, Furin JJ, Gale M, et al. Caring for children with drug-resistant tuberculosis: practice-based recommendations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186:953–964.
  • Ettehad D, Schaaf HS, Seddon JA, et al. Treatment outcomes for children with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12:449–456.
  • Seddon JA, Hesseling AC, Godfrey-Faussett P, et al. High treatment success in children treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an observational cohort study. Thorax. 2014;69:458–464.
  • Division of AIDS (DAIDS) table for grading the severity of adult and pediatric adverse events. Version 2.0. 2014 Nov. [cited 2016 Apr 11]. Available from: http://rsc.tech-res.com/Document/safetyandpharmacovigilance/DAIDS_AE_Grading_Table_v2_NOV2014.pdf
  • Drobac PC, Mukherjee JS, Joseph JK, et al. Community-based therapy for children with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Pediatrics. 2006;117:2022–2029.
  • Schaaf HS, Gie RP, Kennedy M, et al. Evaluation of young children in contact with adult multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis: a 30-month follow-up. Pediatrics. 2002;109:765–771.
  • Isaakidis P, Paryani R, Khan S, et al. Poor outcomes in a cohort of HIV-infected adolescents undergoing treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Mumbai, India. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e68869. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068869.
  • Isaakidis P, Casas EC, Das M, et al. Treatment outcomes for HIV and MDR-TB co-infected adults and children: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19:969–978.
  • Thee S, Zöllner EW, Willemse M, et al. Abnormal thyroid function tests in children on ethionamide therapy. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15:1191–1193.
  • Seddon JA, Thee S, Jacobs K, et al. Hearing loss in children treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Infect. 2013;66:320–329.
  • Hooper DC. Mechanisms of action of antimicrobials: focus on fluoroquinolones. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32(Suppl 1):S9–S15.
  • Johnson JL, Hadad DJ, Boom WH, et al. Early and extended early bactericidal activity of levofloxacin, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin in pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10:605–612.
  • Kubendiran G, Paramasivan CN, Sulochana S, et al. Moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin in an acid model of persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Chemother. 2006;18:617–623.
  • Seddon JA, Hesseling AC, Finlayson H, et al. Preventive therapy for child contacts of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a prospective cohort. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:1676–1684.
  • Thee S, Garcia-Prats AJ, Donald PR, et al. Fluoroquinolones for the treatment of tuberculosis in children. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2015;pii:S1472-9792(14)20678-0. Epub Feb 14 .doi:10.1016/j.tube.2015.02.037.
  • Brown KA, Khanafer N, Daneman N, et al. Meta-analysis of antibiotics and the risk of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:2326–2332.
  • Christ W, Esch B. Adverse reactions to fluoroquinolones in adults and children. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 1994;3(Suppl 3):168–176.
  • Carbon C. Comparison of side effects of levofloxacin versus other fluoroquinolones. Chemotherapy. 2001;47(Suppl 3):9-14; discussion 44-48.
  • Tome AM, Filipe A. Quinolones: review of psychiatric and neurological adverse reactions. Drug Safety. 2011;34:465–488.
  • Ali AK. Peripheral neuropathy and Guillain-Barre syndrome risks associated with exposure to systemic fluoroquinolones: a pharmacovigilance analysis. Ann Epidemiol. 2014;24:279–285.
  • Van Der Laan LE, Schaaf HS, Solomons R, et al. Probable levofloxacin-associated secondary intracranial hypertension in a child with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a case report. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016;35:706–708.
  • Sousa J, Alves G, Fortuna A, et al. Third and fourth generation fluoroquinolone antibacterials: a systematic review of safety and toxicity profiles. Curr Drug Saf. 2014;9:89–105.
  • Kulthanan K, Chularojanamontri L, Manapajon A, et al. Cutaneous adverse reactions to fluoroquinolones. Dermatitis. 2011;22:155–160.
  • Varma SK, Sutradhar S, Misra AK. Levofloxacin and furazolidone induced toxic epidermal necrosis. Indian J Pharmacol. 2013;45:625–626.
  • Howard-Thompson A, Cartmell B, Suda KJ. Toxic epidermal necrolysis reaction associated with the use of moxifloxacin. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;44:178–179.
  • Ramani YR, Mishra SK, Rath B, et al. Ofloxacin induced cutaneous reactions in children. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9:FD01–FD02.
  • Burkhardt JE, Walterspiel JN, Schaad UB. Quinolone arthropathy in animals versus children. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25:1196–1204.
  • Bradley JS, Kauffman RE, Balis DA, et al. Assessment of musculoskeletal toxicity 5 years after therapy with levofloxacin. Pediatrics. 2014;134:e146–e153.
  • Noel GJ, Bradley JS, Kauffman RE, et al. Comparative safety profile of levofloxacin in 2523 children with a focus on four specific musculoskeletal disorders. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007;26:879–891.
  • Garcia-Prats AJ, Draper HR, Thee S, et al. The pharmacokinetics and safety of ofloxacin in children with drug-resistant tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:6073–6079.
  • Chauny JV, Lorrot M, Prot-Labarthe S, et al. Treatment of tuberculosis with levofloxacin or moxifloxacin: report of 6 pediatric cases. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31:1309–1311.
  • Thee S, Garcia-Prats AJ, Draper HR, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of moxifloxacin in children with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:549–556.
  • Garazzino S, Scolfaro C, Raffaldi I, et al. Moxifloxacin for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in children: a single center experience. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014;49:372–376.
  • Thee S, Garcia-Prats AJ, McIlleron HM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin and levofloxacin for prevention and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:2948–2951.
  • Banerjee A, Dubnau E, Quemard A, et al. InhA, a gene encoding a target for isoniazid and ethionamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science. 1994;263:227–230.
  • Vale N, Gomes P, Santos HA. Metabolism of the antituberculosis drug ethionamide. Curr Drug Metab. 2013;14:151–158.
  • Heifets LB, Lindholm-Levy PJ, Flory M. Comparison of bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of isoniazid and ethionamide against Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;143:268–270.
  • Thee S, Garcia-Prats AJ, Donald PR, et al. A review of the use of ethionamide and prothionamide in childhood tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2016;97:126–136.
  • Donald PR, Schoeman JF, O’Kennedy A. Hepatic toxicity during chemotherapy for severe tuberculosis meningitis. Am J Dis Child. 1987;141:741–743.
  • Saukkonen JJ, Cohn DL, Jasmer RM, et al. On behalf of the ATS Hepatotoxicity of Antituberculosis Therapy Subcommittee. An official ATS statement: hepatotoxicity of antituberculosis therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:935–952.
  • Van Toorn R, Schaaf HS, Laubscher JA, et al. Short intensified treatment in children with drug-susceptible tuberculous meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33:248–252.
  • Dutta BS, Hassan G, Waseem Q, et al. Ethionamide-induced hypothyroidism. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16:141.
  • Drucker D, Eggo MC, Salit IE, et al. Ethionamide-induced goitrous hypothyroidism. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100:837–839.
  • Andries A, Isaakidis P, Das M, et al. High rate of hypothyroidism in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients co-infected with HIV in Mumbai, India. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e78313. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078313.
  • Gupta Y, Shah I. Ethionamide-induced pellagra. J Trop Pediatr. 2015;61:301–303.
  • Halouska S, Fenton RJ, Zinniel DK, et al. Metabolomics analysis identifies d-alanine-d-alanine ligase as the primary lethal target of d-cycloserine in mycobacteria. J Proteome Res. 2014;13:1065–1076.
  • Zitkova L, Tousek J. Pharmacokinetics of cycloserine and terizidone. A comparative study. Chemotherapy. 1974;20:18–28.
  • Schade S, Paulus W. D-Cycloserine in neuropsychiatric diseases: a systematic review. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;pii:pyv102. Published ahead of print Sep 12. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv102.
  • Kass JS, Shandera WX. Nervous system effects of antituberculosis therapy. CNS Drugs. 2010;24:655–667.
  • Peloquin CA. Therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of tuberculosis. Drugs. 2002;62:2169–2183.
  • Holmes CX, Martin GE, Fetterhoff KI. The role of the cycloserine (seromycin) blood level in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis and the prevention and control of cycloserine (seromycin) toxicity. Dis Chest. 1959;36:591–593.
  • Donald PR. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of antituberculosis agents in adults and children. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2010;90:279–292.
  • Akula SK, Aruna AS, Johnson JE, et al. Cycloserine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome in an AIDS patient with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1997;1:187–190.
  • Hwang TJ, Wares DF, Jafarov A, et al. Safety of cycloserine and terizidone for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17:1257–1266.
  • Vega P, Sweetland A, Acha J, et al. Psychiatric issues in the management of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8:749–759.
  • Lee M, Song T, Kim Y, et al. Linezolid for XDR-TB – final study outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:290–291.
  • Tang S, Yao L, Hao X, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of linezolid for the treatment of XDR-TB: a study in China. Eur Respir J. 2015;45:161–170.
  • Li H, Lu J, Liu J, et al. Linezolid is associated with improved early outcomes of childhood tuberculous meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016;35:607–610.
  • Garazzino S, Tovo PA. Clinical experience with linezolid in infants and children. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(suppl 4):iv23–iv41.
  • De Vriese AS, van Coster R, Smet J, et al. Linezolid-induced inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1111–1117.
  • Nambiar S, Rellosa N, Wassel RT, et al. Linezolid-associated peripheral and optic neuropathy in children. Pediatrics. 2011;127:e1528–e1532. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2125.
  • Vinh DC, Rubinstein E. Linezolid: a review of safety and tolerability. J Infect. 2009;59(Suppl 1):S59–S74.
  • Spellberg B, Yoo T, Bayer AS. Reversal of linezolid-associated cytopenias, but not peripheral neuropathy, by administration of vitamin B6. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;54:832–835.
  • Gerson SL, Kaplan SL, Bruss JB, et al. Hematologic effects of linezolid: summary of clinical experience. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46:2723–2726.
  • Yogev R, Patterson LE, Kaplan SL, et al. Linezolid for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:S172–S177.
  • Su E, Crowley K, Carcillo JA, et al. Linezolid and lactic acidosis: a role for lactate monitoring with long-term linezolid use in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30:804–806.
  • Rose PC, Hallbauer UM, Seddon JA, et al. Linezolid-containing regimens for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis in South African children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16:1588–1593.
  • Carroll MW, Choi H, Min S, et al. Rhabdomyolysis in a patient treated with linezolid for extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1624–1627.
  • Thomas CR, Rosenberg M, Blythe V, et al. Serotonin syndrome and linezolid. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43:790.
  • Sotgiu G, Centis R, D’Ambrosio L, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of linezolid containing regimens in treating MDR-TB and XDR-TB: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2012;40:1430–1442.
  • Sotgiu G, Pontali E, Migliori GB. Linezolid to treat MDR-/XDR-tuberculosis: available evidence and future scenarios. Eur Respir J. 2015;45:25–29.
  • Garcia-Prats AJ, Rose PC, Hesseling AC, et al. Linezolid for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis in children: a review and recommendations. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2014;94:93–104.
  • Anger HA, Dworkin F, Sharma S, et al. Linezolid use for treatment of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, New York City, 2000-06. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:775–783.
  • Swaminathan A, du Cros P, Seddon JA, et al. Treating children for drug-resistant tuberculosis in Tajikistan with group 5 medications. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2016;20:474–478.
  • Madariaga MG, Swindells S, McKee EE. Oxazolidinones and human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:1130.
  • Lechartier B, Cole ST. Mode of action of clofazimine and combination therapy with benzothiazinones against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:4457–4463.
  • Van Deun A, Maug AK, Salim MA, et al. Short, highly effective, and inexpensive standardized treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:684–692.
  • Garcia-Prats AJ, Donald PR, Hesseling AC, et al. Second-line antituberculosis drugs in children: a commissioned review for the World Health Organization 19th Expert Committee on the Selection and Use of Essential Medicines. [cited 2016 Apr 16]. Available from: http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/19/applications/TB/en/
  • Ramu G, Iyer GG. Side effects of clofazimine therapy. Lepr India. 1976;48(4 Suppl):722–731.
  • Reddy VM, O’Sullivan JF, Gangadharam PR. Antimycobacterial activities of riminophenazines. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999;43:615–623.
  • Balakrishnan S, Desikan KV, Ramu G. Quantitative estimation of clofazimine in tissue. Lepr India. 1976;48(4 Suppl):732–738.
  • Hwang TJ, Dotsenko S, Jafarov A, et al. Safety and availability of clofazimine in the treatment of multidrug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: analysis of published guidance and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ Open. 2014;4(1):e004143.
  • Tang S, Yao L, Hao X, et al. Clofazimine for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled study in China. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:1361–1367.
  • Padayatchi N, Gopal M, Naidoo R, et al. Clofazimine in the treatment of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis with HIV coinfection in South Africa: a retrospective cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:3103–3107.
  • Bernardes-Genisson V, Deraeve C, Chollet A, et al. Isoniazid: an update on the multiple mechanisms for a singular action. Curr Med Chem. 2013;20:4370–4385.
  • Schaaf HS, Victor TC, Venter A, et al. Ethionamide cross- and co-resistance in children with isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13:1355–1359.
  • Katiyar SK, Bihari S, Prakash S, et al. A randomised controlled trial of high-dose isoniazid adjuvant therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008;12:139–145.
  • Leeb S, Buxbaum C, Fischler B. Elevated transaminases are common in children on prophylactic treatment for tuberculosis. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104:479–484.
  • Donald PR. Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity in children. Pediatr Rep. 2011;3:e16.
  • McIlleron HM. Appendix 2. Tuberculosis drug information. In: Schaaf HS, Zumla AI, editor. Tuberculosis: a comprehensive clinical reference. London: Saunders, Elsevier; 2009. p. 958–971.
  • Gler MT, Skripconoka V, Sanchez-Garavito E, et al. Delamanid for multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2151–2160.
  • Esposito S, D’Ambrosio L, Tadolini M, et al. ERS/WHO Tuberculosis Consilium assistance with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis management in a child: case study of compassionate delamanid use. Eur Respir J. 2014;44:811–815.
  • Lewis JM, Sloan DJ. The role of delamanid in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2015;11:779–791.
  • European Medicines Agency. Assessment report: Deltyba. London: European Medicines Agency; 2013.
  • Resist-TB. DR-TB Clinical Trials Progress Report. [updated 2016 Feb 29; cited 2016 Mar 19]. Available from: http://www.resisttb.org/?page_id=1602
  • Hafkin J, Frias M, Hesseling A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of delamanid in pediatric MDR-TB patients, ages 6-17 years. ICAAC 2015 Poster A-960; 2015 Sep 17-21; San Diego, California.
  • Field SK. Bedaquiline for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: great promise or disappointment? Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2015;6:170–184.
  • Cox E, Laessig K. FDA approval of bedaquiline – the benefit–risk balance for drug-resistant tuberculosis. N Eng J Med. 2014;371:689–691.
  • World Health Organization. The use of bedaquiline in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: interim policy guidance. Geneva: WHO Document Production Services; 2013. WHO/HTM/TB/2013.6.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Provisional CDC guidelines for the use and safety monitoring of bedaquiline fumarate (Sirturo) for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Mmwr. 2013;62(RR–9):1–11.
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. Pharmacokinetic study to evaluate anti-mycobacterial activity of TMC207 in combination with background regimen (BR) of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) medications for treatment of children/adolescents pulmonary MDR-TB. [cited 2016 Apr 26]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02354014
  • Diacon A, Donald P, Pym A, et al. Randomized pilot trial of eight weeks of bedaquiline (TMC207) treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: long-term outcome, tolerability, and effect on emergence of drug resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:3271–3276.
  • Pontali E, Sotgiu G, D’Ambrosio L, et al. Bedaquiline and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic and critical analysis of the evidence. Eur Respir J. 2016;47:394–402.
  • Guglielmetti L, Le Dû D, Jachym M, et al. MDR-TB Management Group of the French National Reference Center for Mycobacteria and the Physicians of the French MDR-TB Cohort. Compassionate use of bedaquiline for the treatment of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: interim analysis of a French cohort. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:188–194.
  • Diacon AH, Pym A, Grobusch MP, et al. TMC207-C208 Study Group. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and culture conversion with bedaquiline. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:723–732.
  • Sirturo (bedaquiline) product insert. Silver Spring, MD: Food and Drug Administration. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/204384s000lbl.pdf
  • Para-aminosalicylic acid. Tuberculosis. 2008;88:137–138.
  • Donald PR, Diacon AH. Para-aminosalicylic acid: the return of an old friend. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;3:1091–1099.
  • Peloquin CA, Berning SE, Huitt GA, et al. Once-daily and twice-daily dosing of p-aminosalicylic acid granules. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:932–934.
  • Sy SK, de Kock L, Diacon AH, et al. N-acetyltransferase genotypes and the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of para-aminosalicylic acid in patients with drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:4129–4138.
  • Shean K, Streicher E, Pieterson E, et al. Drug-associated adverse events and their relationship with outcomes in patients receiving treatment for extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e63057. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063057.
  • Shin SS, Pasechnikov AD, Gelmanova IY, et al. Adverse reactions among patients being treated for MDR-TB in Tomsk, Russia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007;11:1314–1320.
  • Satti H, McLaughlin MM, Omotayo DB, et al. Outcomes of comprehensive care for children empirically treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a setting of high HIV prevalence. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37114. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037114.
  • Peloquin CA. Pharmacological issues in the treatment of tuberculosis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001;953:157–164.
  • Kim JH, Jang SH, Kim DH, et al. A case of DRESS syndrome induced by the antituberculosis drugs, prothionamide, and para-aminosalycilic acid. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013;110:118–119.
  • Matsaniotis N, Jacobs J, Smith MH. Hypersensitivity reactions associated with sodium para-aminosalicylate therapy; four case reports and review of the literature. Pediatrics. 1958;21:781–792.
  • Carroll MW, Lee M, Cai Y, et al. Frequency of adverse reactions to first- and second-line anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy in a Korean cohort. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16:961–966.
  • Solapure S, Dinesh N, Shandil R, et al. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of β-lactams against replicating and slowly growing/nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:2506–2510.
  • Donald PR, Sirgel FA, Venter A, et al. Early bactericidal activity of amoxicillin in combination with clavulanic acid in patients with sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001;33:466–469.
  • Ahmed I, Jabeen K, Inayat R, et al. Susceptibility testing of extensively drug-resistant and pre-extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis against levofloxacin, linezolid, and amoxicillin-clavulanate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:2522–2525.
  • Davies Forsman L, Giske CG, Bruchfeld J, et al. Meropenem-clavulanic acid has high in vitro activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:3630–3632.
  • Tiberi S, Payen MC, Sotgiu G, et al. Effectiveness and safety of meropenem/clavulanate-containing regimens in the treatment of MDR- and XDR-TB. Eur Respir J. 2016;47:1235–1243.
  • Tortajada Girbés M, Ferrer Franco A, Gracia Antequera M, et al. Hypersensitivity to clavulanic acid in children. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2008;36:308–310.
  • Ferrer P, Amelio J, Ballarín E, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: macrolides- and amoxicillin/clavulanate-induced acute liver injury. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016l;119:3–9.
  • Hita EO, García JA, Gonzalez JC, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid hepatotoxicity in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;55:663–667.
  • Thee S, Seifart HI, Rosenkranz B, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ethionamide in children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:4594–4600.
  • Zimri K, Rose P, Garcia-Prats A, et al. The experiences of adolescents with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and participation in clinical research. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19(Suppl 2):S467.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.