References
- Kohn KT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS. To err is human: building a safer health system. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 1999.
- Levey AS, de Jong PE, Coresh J, et al. The definition, classification, and prognosis of chronic kidney disease: a KDIGO controversies conference report. Kidney Int. 2011;80:17–28.
- 2013 atlas of end-stage renal disease. Accessed at United States Renal Data System. [Cited 2014 Nov 24]. Availabe from: www.usrds.org/2013/pdf/v2_ch1_13.pdf
- Chapin E, Zhan M, Hsu VD, et al. Adverse safety events in chronic kidney disease: the frequency of “multiple hits”. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(1):95–101.
- Fink JC, Brown J, Hsu VD, et al. CKD as an underrecognized threat to patient safety. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53(4):681–688.
- Moen MF, Zhan M, Hsu VD, et al. Frequency of hypoglycemia and its significance in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(6):1121–1127.
- Weir M, Fink JC. Safety of medical therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014;23(23):306–313.
- National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(Suppl 1):S1–S266.
- Levey AS, Perrone RD, Madias NE. Serum creatinine and renal function. Annu Rev Med. 1988;39:465–490.
- Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3:1–150.
- National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Chronic kidney disease. National clinical guideline for early identification and management in adults in primary and secondary care [internet]. London: Royal College of Physicians. 2008. [Cited 2013 Mar 6]. Available from: hhtp://nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/12069/42116/42116.pdf
- Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, et al. ; CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration). A new equation to estimate glomeruler filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:604–612.
- Matsushita K, Mahomoodi BK, Woodward M, et al. Chronic kidney disease prognosis consortium. Comparison of risk prediction using CKD-EPI equation and the MDRD study equation for estimated glomeruler filtration rate. JAMA. 2012;307:1941–1951.
- Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, et al. A more accurate method to estimate glomeruler filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of diet in renal disease study group. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:461–470.
- Siddiqi L, Hoogduin H, Visser F, et al. Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system affects kidney tissue oxygenation evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Clin Hypertens. 2014;16:214–218.
- Bakris G, Weir M. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated elevations in serum creatinine: is this a cause for concern? Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(5):685–693.
- Sica D. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors side effects-physiologic and non-physiologic considerations. J Clin Hypertens. 2004;6(7):410–416.
- Izzo JL. Weir MR angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. J Clin Hypertens. 2011;13(9):667–675.
- Sidorenkov G, Navis G. Safety of ACE inhibitor therapies in patients with chronic kidney disease. Expert Opin. 2014;13(10):1383–1395.
- Mangrum A, Bakris G. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in chronic renal disease: safety issues. Semin Nephrol. 2004;24(2):168–175.
- Atlas S. The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system: pathophysiological role and pharmacologic inhibition. J Manag Care Pharm. 2007;13(S8):S9–S20.
- Hou F, Zhang X, Zhang G, et al. Efficacy and safety of benazepril for advanced chronic renal insufficiency. New England J Med. 2006;354(2):131–140.
- Humphreys M. Potassium disturbances and associated electrocardiogram changes. Emerg Nurse. 2007;15(5):28–34.
- Lazzari M. A harmful banana? Med Lab Observer. 2009;41(4):50–52.
- Palmer B. Managing hyperkalemia caused by inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. New Engl J Med. 2004;351(6):585–592.
- Textor S, Bravo E, Fouad F, et al. Hyperkalemia in azotemic patients during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and aldosterone reduction with captopril. Am J Med. 1982;73(5):719–725.
- Crawford A. Hyperkalemia: recognition and management of a critical electrolyte disturbance. J Infusion Nurs. 2014;37(3):167–175.
- Chen S, Seliger S, Fried L. Complete inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; where do we stand? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014;23:449–455.
- Sarafidis P, Georgianos P, Bakris G. Advances in treatment of hyperkalemia in chronic kidney disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2015;16(14):2205–2215.
- Espinel E, Joven J, Gil I, et al. Risk of hyperkalemia in patients with moderate chronic kidney disease initiating angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers: a randomized study. BioMed Cent Res Notes. 2013;6(306):1–9.
- Perazella MA. Drug-induced hyperkalemia. Am J Med. 2002;112:334.
- Israili Z, Hall W. Cough and angioneurotic edema associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. A review of the literature and pathophysiology. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117(3):234–242.
- Oyvin I, Gaponyuk P, Volodin V, et al. Mechanisms of blood vessel permeability derangement under the influence of permeability factors (histamine, serotonin, kinins) and inflammatory agents. Biochem Pharmacol. 1972;21(1):89–95.
- Dicpinigaitis P. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced cough: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006;129(1(suppl)):169S–173S.
- Warner K, Visconti J, Tschampel M. Angiotensin II receptor blockers in patients with ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema. Ann Pharmacother. 2000;34(4):526–528.
- Soo Hoo G, Dao H, Klaustermeyer W. Severe angioedema and respiratory distress associated with lisinopril use. West J Med. 1993;158(4):412–417.
- Pitts D. NonDiabetic kidney disease. New England J Med. 2003;348(8):762–763.
- Haymore B, Yoon J, Mikita C, et al. Risk of angioedema with angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with prior angioedema associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008 Nov;101(5):495–499.
- Douros A, Kauffmann W, Bronder E, et al. Ramipril-induced liver injury: case report and review of the literature. Am J Hypertens. 2013 Sep;26(9):1070–1075.
- Hagley M, Hulisz D, Burns C. Hepatotoxicity associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother. 1993 Feb;27(2):228–231.
- Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI). K/DOQI clinical practice guideline on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43:S1–290.
- Nasser M, McCullough PA. Management of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. In: M. Arici, editor. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2014. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54637-2_13.pdf
- Manunta P, Bianchi G. Low-salt diet and diuretic effect on blood pressure and organ damage. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:S43–S46.
- Rybak LP. Ototoxicity of loop diuretics. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1993;26:829–844.
- Wollam GL, Tarazi RC, Bravo EL, et al. Diuretics potency of combined hydrochloro-thiazide and furosemide therapy in patients with azotemia. Am J Med. 1982;72:929–938.
- Oh SW, Han SY. Loop diuretics in clinical practice. In: The Korean society of electrolyte metabolism. Vol. 13. Goyang, Korea: Electrolyte Blood Press; 2015. p. 17–21.
- Tamargo J, Segura J, Ruilope LM. Diuretics in the treatment of hypertension. Part 2: loop diuretics and potassium-sparing agents. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014;15:605–621.
- Gerich JE, Meyer C, Woerle HJ, et al. Renal gluconeogenesis: its importance in human glucose homeostasis. Diabetes Care. 2001 Feb;24(2):382–391.
- Fischer KF, Lees JA, Newman JH. Hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients. Causes and outcomes. New Engl J Med. 1986;315:1245–1250.
- McCoy RG1, Van Houten HK, Ziegenfuss JY, et al. Increased mortality of patients with diabetes reporting severe hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care. 2012 Sep;35(9):1897–1901.
- Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al. The action in diabetes and vascular disease: preterax and diamicron modified release controlled evaluation (advance) collaborative group: intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2560–2571.
- Gerstein C, Miller M, Byington R, et al. Action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes (ACCORD) study group: effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545–2559.
- Iglesias P, Diez JJ. Insulin therapy in renal disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008 Sep;10(10):811–823.
- Reilly JB, Berns JS. Selection and dosing of medications for management of diabetes in patients with advanced kidney disease. Semin Dial. 2010 Mar–Apr;23(2):163–168.
- Baldwin D, Zander J, Munoz C, et al. A randomized trial of two weight-based doses of insulin glargine and glulisine in hospitalized subjects with type 2 diabetes and renal insufficiency. Diabetes Care. 2012 Oct;35(10):1970–1974.
- Lipska KJ, Bailey CJ, Inzucchi SE. Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jun;34(6):1431–1437.
- Salpeter SR, Greyber E, Pasternak GA, et al. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Apr;14(4).
- Molitch ME, Adler AI, Flyvbjerg A, et al. Diabetic kidney disease: a clinical update from kidney disease: improving global outcomes. Kidney Int. 2015 Jan;87(1):20–30.
- Ioannidis I. Diabetes treatment in patients with renal disease: is the landscape clear enough? World J Diabetes. 2014 Oct 15;5(5):651–658.
- Dicker D. DPP-4 inhibitors: impact on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors. Diabetes Care. 2011 May;34(Suppl 2):S276–S278.
- Arjona Ferreira JC1, Marre M, Barzilai N, et al. Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin versus glipizide in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate-to-severe chronic renal insufficiency. Diabetes Care. 2013 May;36(5):1067–1073. Epub 2012 Dec 17. doi:10.2337/dc12-1365
- Chan JC, Scott R, Arjona Ferreira JC, et al. Safety and efficacy of sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic renal insufficiency. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008 Jul;10(7):545–555.
- Haas B, Eckstein N, Pfeifer V, et al. Efficacy, safety and regulatory status of SGLT2 inhibitors: focus on canagliflozin. Nutr Diabetes. 2014;4:e143.
- Weise WJ, Sivanandy MS, Block CA, et al. Exenatide associated ischemic renal failure. Diabetes Care. 2009 Feb;32(2):e22–e23.
- National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for diabetes and CKD: 2012 updat e. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60(5):850–886.
- Kalantar-Zadeh K, Derose SF, Nicholas S, et al. Burnt-out diabetes: impact of chronic kidney disease progression on the natural course of diabetes mellitus. J Ren Nutr. 2009;19(1):33–37.
- Gosmanov AR, Gosmanova EO, Kovesdy CP. Evaluation and management of diabetic and non-diabetic hypoglycemia in end-stage renal disease Nephrol. Dial Transpl. first published online July 6, 2015. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfv258
- Kazempour-Ardebili S, Lecamwasam V, Dassanyake T, et al. Assessing glycemic control in maintenance hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jul;32(7):1137–1142. Epub 2009 Feb 5. doi:10.2337/dc08-1688
- Eschbach JW, Kelly MR, Haley NR, et al. Treatment of the anemia of progressive renal failure with recombinant human erythropoietin. N Engl J Med. 1989 Jul 20;321(3):158–163.
- United States renal data system. [ cited 2015 Jan 4]. Available from: http://www.usrds.org/2014/view/v2_01.aspx?zoom_highlight=esa
- Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, et al. Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(20):2085–2098.
- Pfeffer MA, Burdmann EA, Chen CY, et al. A trial of darbepoetin alfa in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(21):2019–2032.
- Bello NA, Lewis EF, Desai AS, et al. Increased risk of stroke with darbepoetin alfa in anaemic heart failure patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015 Oct 1;17. 1201–1207. [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1002/ejhf.412
- Seliger SL, Zhang AD, Weir MR, et al. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents increase the risk of acute stroke in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2011 Aug;80(3):288–294.
- Henke M, Laszig R, Rübe C, et al. Erythropoietin to treat head and neck cancer patients with anaemia undergoing radiotherapy: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003 Oct 18;362(9392):1255–1260.
- Overgaard J, Hoff CM, Hansen HS, et al. Randomized study of darbepoetin alfa as modifier of radiotherapy in patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC): final outcome of the DAHANCA 10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:15s.
- Du XL, Zhang Y. Risks of venous thromboembolism, stroke, heart disease, and myelodysplastic syndrome associated with hematopoietic growth factors in a large population-based cohort of patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2015 Dec;14(4):e21–e31.
- Macdougall IC, Bock AH, Carrera F, et al. FIND-CKD: a randomized trial of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose versus oral iron in patients with chronic kidney disease and iron deficiency anaemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014 Nov;29(11):2075–2084.
- Agarwal R, Kusek JW, Pappas MK. A randomized trial of intravenous and oral iron in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2015;88:905–914.
- Wattanakit K, Cushman M, Stehman-Breen C, et al. Chronic kidney disease increases risk for venous thromboembolism. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:135–140.
- Lutz J, Menke J, Sollinger D, et al. Haemostasis in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29:29–40.
- Hughes S, Szeki I, Nash M, et al. Anticoagulation I chronic kidney disease patients – the practical aspects. Clin Kidney J. 2014;7:442–449.
- Ageno W, Gallus AS, Wittkowsky A, et al. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed. American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(Suppl):e44s–e88s.
- Wafarin sodium. Indications. Micromedex 2.0. [cited 2016 May 10]. Available from: http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/ND_T/evidencexpert/ND_PR/evidencexpert/CS/862C3E/ND_AppProduct/evidencexpert/DUPLICATIONSHEILDSYNC/E9A476/ND_PG/evidencexpert/ND_B/evidincexpert/ND_P/evidencexpert/PFActionId/evidencexpert.DisplayDrugpointDocument?docId=671285&contentSetId=100&title=Warfarin+Sodium&servicesTitle=Warfarin+Sodium&topicId=dosingAndIndicationsSection&subtopicID=fdaSection
- Douketis JD. Pharmacologic properties of the new oral anticoagulants: a clinician-oriented review with a focus on perioperative management. Curr Pharm Dis. 2010;16:3436–3441.
- Limdi NA, Limdi MA, Cavallari L, et al. Warfarin dosing in patients with impaired kidney function. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;56:823–831.
- Gresham C, Levine M, Ruha AM. Case files of the medical toxicology fellowship at banner good samaritan medical center in Phoenix, AZ: a non-warfarin anticoagulant overdose. J Med Toxicol. 2009;5:242–249.
- Pautas E, Gouin I, Bellot O, et al. Safety profile of tinzaparin administered once daily at a standard curative dose in two hundred very elderly patients. Drug Safety. 2002;25:725–733.
- Montalescot G, Collet J, Tanguy M, et al. Anti-Xa activity relates to survival and efficacy in unselected acute coronary syndrome patients treated with enoxaparin. Circulation. 2004;110:392–398.
- Wagner L, Tata A, Fink JC. Patient safety issues in CKD: core curriculum 2015. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66(1):159–169.
- Kubitza D, Becka M, Roth A, et al. Dose-escalation study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban in health elderly subjects. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24:2757–2765.
- Harter K, Levine M, Henderson S. Anticoagulation drug therapy: A review. Western J Em Med. 2015;16(1):11–17.
- Harel Z, Sholzberg M, Shah P, et al. comparisons between novel oral anticoagulants and vitamin K antogonists in patients with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25:431–442.
- Summary of product characteristics – Pradaxa (Dagibatran). Boehringer Ingelheim Limited. Available from: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/20760/SPC
- Fellner C. Pharmaceutical approval update. P&T. 2015;40:12.
- Mantyselka P, Kumpusalo E, Ahonen R, et al. Pain as a reason to visit the doctor: a study in Finnish primary health care. Pain. 2001;89(2–3):175–180.
- Perlman RL, Finkelstein FO, Liu L, et al. Quality of life in chronic kidney disease (CKD): A cross-sectional analysis in the renal research institute – CKD study. Am J of Kidney Dis. 2005;45(4):658–666.
- Barakzoy A, Moss A. Efficacy of the World Health Organization analgesic ladder to treat pain in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:3198–3203.
- Pham PC, Toscano E, Pham PM, et al. Pain management in patients with chronic kidney disease. NDT Plus. 2009;2:111–118.
- Barrett BJ. Acetaminophen and adverse chronic renal outcomes: an appraisal of the epidemiologic evidence. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996;28(1):S14–S19.
- Clive DM, Stoff JS. Renal syndromes associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:563–572. doi:10.1056/NEJM198403013100905.
- Palmer BF, Henrich WL. Clinical acute renal failure with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Semin Nephrol. 1995;15(3):214–227.
- Welton A, Hamilton C. Nonsterodial anti-inflammatory drugs: effects on kidney function. J Pharmacol. 1991;31(7):588–598.
- Henry D, Page J, Whyte I, et al. Consuption of non-sterodial anti-inflammatory drugs and the development of functional renal impairment in elderly subjects. Results of a case-control study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;44:85–90.
- Harris R, Breyer M. Update on cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Am Soc of Nephrol. 2006;1:236–245.
- Gillman PK. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, opioid analgesics and serotonin toxicity. Br Anaesth. 2005;95(4):434–441.
- Murtagh F, Chai MO, Donahoe P. The use of opioid analygesic in end-stage renal disease patients managed without dialysis. J Pain Palliative Care Pharmaco. 2007;21(2):5–16.
- Long WS. Management of renal failure. In: Berger AM, Shuster JL, Roenn Von JH, editors. Principals and practice of palliative care and supportive oncology. 3rd ed. Lippincott: Williams & Wilkins; 2006. p. 371–382.
- Kreek MJ, Schecter AJ, Gutjahr CL, et al. Methadone use in patients with chronic renal disease. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1980;5:197–205.
- Duragesic boxed warning; 2008. Available from: www.duragesic.com/duragesic
- Hoste EA, Kellum JA. Acute kidney injury: epidemiology and diagnosis criteria. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2006;12(6):531–537.
- Waikar SS, Lui KD, Chertow GM. Diagnosis, epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3:844–861.
- Parhayattel GS, Shirali AC. Drug-induced impairment of renal function. Int J of Nephrol Reno Dis. 2014;7:457–468.
- Whelton A. Nephrotoxicity of nonsterodial anti-inflammatory drugs: physiologic foundations and clinical implications. Am J Med. 1999;106(5B):13S–24S.
- Lopez-Novoa JM, Quiros Y, Vicente L, et al. New insights into the mechanism of aminogycoside nephrotoxicity: an integrative point of view. Kidney Int. 2011;79(1):33–45.
- Perazella MA. Drug induced nephropathy: an update. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2005;4(4):689–706.
- Markowitz GS, Perazella MA. Drug-induced renal failure: a focus on tubulointerstitial disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2005;351(1–2):31–47.
- Markowitz GS, Fine PL, Stack JI, et al. Toxic acute tubular necrosis following treatment with zoledromate (ZOMETA). Kidney Int. 2003;64(1):281–289.
- Levin ML. Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity: keys to prevention. J Crit Illn. 1994;9(10):911–12, 15.
- Chow AW, Azar RM. Glycopeptides and nephrotoxicity. Intensive Care Med. 1994;20(Suppl 4):S23–S29.
- Murphy SW, Barrett BJ, Parfrey PS. Contrast nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11(1):177–182.
- Naughton C. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Am Family Physician. 2008;78(6):743–750.
- IV. NKF-K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for anemia of chronic kidney disease: update 2000. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37:S182–S238.
- National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease. AM J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:S1–S201.
- Murphree DD, Thelen SM. Chronic kidney disease in primary care. JABFM. 2010;23(4):542–550.
- Schwappach D, Wernli M. Predictors of chemotherapy patients’ intentions to engage in medical error prevention. Oncologist. 2010;15:903–912.
- McLeod MC Medication administration processes and systems—exploring the effects of systems-based variation on the safety of medication administration in UK National Health Service [ PHD thesis]. London, UK: UCL School of Pharmacy; 2013 Mar.
- Portnoy DB, Scott-Sheldon LAJ, Johnson BT, et al. Computer-delivered interventions for health promotion and behavioral risk reduction: a meta-analysis of 75 randomized controlled trials, 1988-2007. Prev Med. 2008;47:3–16.
- Wagner EH. The role of patient care teams in chronic disease management. BMJ. 2000;320:569–572.
- Von Korff M, Gruman J, Schaefer J, et al. Collaborative management of chronic illness. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127(12):1097–1102.
- Aubert RE, Herman WH, Waters J, et al. Nurse case management to improve glycemic control in diabetic patients in a health maintenance organization: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1988;129(8):605–612.