References
- Geller AC, Clapp RW, Sober AJ, et al. Melanoma epidemic: an analysis of six decades of data from the Connecticut Tumor Registry. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(33):4172–4178.
- McDermott D, Lebbe C, Hodi FS, et al. Durable benefit and the potential for long-term survival with immunotherapy in advanced melanoma. Cancer Treat Rev. 2014;40(9):1056–1064.
- Hersey P, Gallagher S. Intralesional immunotherapy for melanoma. J Surg Oncol. 2014;109(4):320–326.
- Morton DL, Eilber FR, Holmes EC, et al. BCG immunotherapy of malignant melanoma: summary of a seven-year experience. Ann Surg. 1974;180(4):635–643.
- Karakousis CP, Douglass HO Jr., Yeracaris PM, et al. BCG immunotherapy in patients with malignant melanoma. Arch Surg. 1976;111(6):716–718.
- Agarwala SS, Neuberg D, Park Y, et al. Mature results of a phase III randomized trial of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) versus observation and BCG plus dacarbazine versus BCG in the adjuvant therapy of American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage i-iii melanoma (e1673): a trial of the Eastern Oncology Group. Cancer. 2004;100(8):1692–1698.
- Von Wussow P, Block B, Hartmann F, et al. Intralesional interferon-alpha therapy in advanced malignant melanoma. Cancer. 1988;61(6):1071–1074.
- Si Z, Hersey P, Coates AS. Clinical responses and lymphoid infiltrates in metastatic melanoma following treatment with intralesional GM-CSF. Melanoma Res. 1996;6(3):247–255.
- Ridolfi L, Ridolfi R, Ascari-Raccagni A, et al. Intralesional granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor followed by subcutaneous interleukin-2 in metastatic melanoma: a pilot study in elderly patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2001;15(3):218–223.
- Russell SJ, Peng KW. Viruses as anticancer drugs. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2007;28(7):326–333.
- Liu BL, Robinson M, Han ZQ, et al. ICP34.5 deleted herpes simplex virus with enhanced oncolytic, immune stimulating, and anti-tumour properties. Gene Ther. 2003;10(4):292–303.
- Kohlhapp FJ, Kaufman HL. Molecular pathways: mechanism of action for talimogene laherparepvec, a new oncolytic virus immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22(5):1048–1054.
- Hercus TR, Thomas D, Guthridge MA, et al. The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor: linking its structure to cell signaling and its role in disease. Blood. 2009;114(7):1289–1298.
- Oldham ML, Hite RK, Steffen AM, et al. A mechanism of viral immune evasion revealed by cryo-EM analysis of the TAP transporter. Nature. 2016;529(7587):537–540.
- Kaufman HL, Bines SD. OPTIM trial: a phase III trial of an oncolytic herpes virus encoding GM-CSF for unresectable stage III or IV melanoma. Future Oncol. 2010;6(6):941–949.
- Cooke K, Rottman J, Zhan J, et al. Oncovex MGM-CSF–mediated regression of contralateral (non-injected) tumors in the A20 murine lymphoma model does not involve direct viral oncolysis. J Immunother Cancer. 2015;3(2):1.
- Cooke K, Fitzgerald K, Yang B, et al. Innate and adaptive immunity contribute to the anti-tumor mechanisms of action of oncovex mGM-CSF. J Immunother Cancer. 2015;3(2):1.
- Hu JC, Coffin RS, Davis CJ, et al. A phase I study of OncoVEXGM-CSF, a second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus expressing granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(22):6737–6747.
- Kaufman HL, Kim DW, DeRaffele G, et al. Local and distant immunity induced by intralesional vaccination with an oncolytic herpes virus encoding GM-CSF in patients with stage IIIc and IV melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(3):718–730.
- Amgen. Imlygic (talimogene laherperepvec) suspension for intralesional injection: US prescribing information. http://www.fda.gov, 2015.
- Andtbacka RH, Kaufman HL, Collichio F, et al. Talimogene laherparepvec improves durable response rate in patients with advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(25):2780–2788.
- Senzer NN, Kaufman HL, Amatruda T, et al. Phase II clinical trial of a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-encoding, second-generation oncolytic herpesvirus in patients with unresectable metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(34):5763–5771.
- Johnson DB, Puzanov I, Kelley MC. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Immunotherapy. 2015;7(6):611–619.
- Andtbacka RH, Ross M, Puzanov I, et al. Patterns of clinical response with talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) in patients with melanoma treated in the OPTiM phase iii clinical trial. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(13):4169–4177.
- Spranger S, Spaapen RM, Zha Y, et al. Up-regulation of PD-L1, IDO, and T(regs) in the melanoma tumor microenvironment is driven by CD8(+) T cells. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5(200):200ra116.
- Puzanov I, Milhem MM, Minor D, et al. Talimogene laherparepvec in combination with ipilimumab in previously untreated, unresectable stage IIIB-IV melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(22):2619–2626.
- Andtbacka RH, Amatruda T, Mehnert J, et al. Interim analysis of phase 2 trial to evaluate biodistribution and shedding of talimogene laherparepvec in unresected stage IIIB-IV melanoma patients. International Meeting On Replicating Virus Therapeutics. 2016; Vancouver, British Columbia.