Thromboembolic and bleeding risks in patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation: oral anticoagulation perspectives

References

• Writing Group Members, Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;133:e38–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin EJ, Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1998;98:946–952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidaillet H, Granada JF, Chyou P, et al. A population-based study of mortality among patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter. Am J Med. 2002;113:365–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odutayo A, Wong CX, Hsiao AJ, et al. Atrial fibrillation and risks of cardiovascular disease, renal disease, and death: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016;354:i4482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2014;130:2071–2104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappato R, Calkins H, Chen SA, et al. Prevalence and causes of fatal outcome in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1798–1803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherr D, Sharma K, Dalal D, et al. Incidence and predictors of periprocedural cerebrovascular accident in patients undergoing catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20:1357–1363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santangeli P, Di Biase L, Horton R, et al. Ablation of atrial fibrillation under therapeutic warfarin reduces periprocedural complications: evidence from a meta-analysis. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012;5:302–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briceno DF, Natale A, Di Biase L. Heparin kinetics: the ‘holy grail’ of periprocedural anticoagulation for ablation of atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2015;38:1137–1141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wazni OM, Beheiry S, Fahmy T, et al. Atrial fibrillation ablation in patients with therapeutic international normalized ratio: comparison of strategies of anticoagulation management in the periprocedural period. Circulation. 2007;116:2531–2534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Biase L, Burkhardt JD, Mohanty P, et al. Periprocedural stroke and management of major bleeding complications in patients undergoing catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: the impact of periprocedural therapeutic international normalized ratio. Circulation. 2010;121:2550–2556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Biase L, Burkhardt JD, Santangeli P, et al. Periprocedural stroke and bleeding complications in patients undergoing catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation with different anticoagulation management: results from the role of coumadin in preventing thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients undergoing catheter ablation (COMPARE) randomized trial. Circulation. 2014;129:2638–2644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddox W, Kay GN, Yamada T, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin therapy for uninterrupted oral anticoagulation during atrial fibrillation ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2013;24:861–865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calkins H, Willems S, Gerstenfeld EP, et al. Uninterrupted dabigatran versus warfarin for ablation in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2017. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1701005. Epub ahead of print.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakkireddy D, Reddy YM, Di Biase L, et al. Feasibility and safety of uninterrupted rivaroxaban for periprocedural anticoagulation in patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation: results from a multicenter prospective registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:982–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappato R, Marchlinski FE, Hohnloser SH, et al. Uninterrupted rivaroxaban vs. uninterrupted vitamin K antagonists for catheter ablation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1805–1811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Biase L, Lakkireddy D, Trivedi C, et al. Feasibility and safety of uninterrupted periprocedural apixaban administration in patients undergoing radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: results from a multicenter study. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12:1162–1168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkle RA, Mead RH, Engel G, et al. The use of dabigatran immediately after atrial fibrillation ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012;23:264–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JS, She F, Jongnarangsin K, et al. Dabigatran vs warfarin for radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2013;10:483–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakkireddy D, Reddy YM, Di Biase L, et al. Feasibility and safety of dabigatran versus warfarin for periprocedural anticoagulation in patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation: results from a multicenter prospective registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1168–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haines DE, Mead-Salley M, Salazar M, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin anticoagulation before and after catheter ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2013;37:233–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:883–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel MR, Hellkamp AS, Lokhnygina Y, et al. Outcomes of discontinuing rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: analysis from the ROCKET AF trial (rivaroxaban once-daily, oral, direct factor Xa inhibition compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention of stroke and embolism trial in atrial fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:651–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Providencia R, Marijon E, Albenque JP, et al. Rivaroxaban and dabigatran in patients undergoing catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Europace. 2014;16:1137–1144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:981–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu D, Liu Q, Wang K, et al. Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of apixaban in patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2016;39:54–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nairooz R, Ayoub K, Sardar P, et al. Uninterrupted new oral anticoagulants compared with uninterrupted vitamin k antagonists in ablation of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32:814–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potpara TS, Lenarczyk R, Larsen TB, et al. Management of atrial fibrillation in patients with chronic kidney disease in Europe results of the European Heart Rhythm Association Survey. Europace. 2015;17:1862–1867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley JP. Warfarin reversal. J Clin Pathol. 2004;57:1132–1139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlu R, Hodaj E, Paris A, et al. Effect of non-specific reversal agents on anticoagulant activity of dabigatran and rivaroxaban: a randomised crossover ex vivo study in healthy volunteers. Thromb Haemost. 2012;108:217–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollack CV Jr., Reilly PA, Eikelboom J, et al. Idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:511–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glund S, Stangier J, Schmohl M, et al. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of idarucizumab for the reversal of the anticoagulant effect of dabigatran in healthy male volunteers: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 1 trial. Lancet. 2015;386:680–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegal DM, Curnutte JT, Connolly SJ, et al. Andexanet alfa for the reversal of factor Xa inhibitor activity. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2413–2424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan DW Jr., Gad SC, Laulicht B, et al. Nonclinical safety assessment of PER977: a small molecule reversal agent for new oral anticoagulants and heparins. Int J Toxicol. 2015;34:308–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansell JE, Bakhru SH, Laulicht BE, et al. Use of PER977 to reverse the anticoagulant effect of edoxaban. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2141–2142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enriquez A, Lip GY, Baranchuk A. Anticoagulation reversal in the era of the non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants. Europace. 2016;18:955–964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianni C, Dib L, Mohanty S, et al. Management of periprocedural and early pericardial effusions with tamponade following ablation of atrial fibrillation with uninterrupted factor Xa inhibitors: a case series. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2016;27:399–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wazni OM, Rossillo A, Marrouche NF, et al. Embolic events and char formation during pulmonary vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation: impact of different anticoagulation regimens and importance of intracardiac echo imaging. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005;16:576–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calkins H, Kuck KH, Cappato R, et al. HRS/EHRA/ECAS expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: recommendations for patient selection, procedural techniques, patient management and follow-up, definitions, endpoints, and research trial design. Heart Rhythm. 2012;2012(9):632–696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren JF, Marchlinski FE, Callans DJ, et al. Increased intensity of anticoagulation may reduce risk of thrombus during atrial fibrillation ablation procedures in patients with spontaneous echo contrast. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005;16:474–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim T-S, Kim S-H, Kim B-K, et al. Randomized comparison of continuous versus intermittent heparin infusion during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology. 2016;2:319–326.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Biase L, Gaita F, Toso E, et al. Does periprocedural anticoagulation management of atrial fibrillation affect the prevalence of silent thromboembolic lesion detected by diffusion cerebral magnetic resonance imaging in patients undergoing radiofrequency atrial fibrillation ablation with open irrigated catheters? Results from a prospective multicenter study. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:791–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briceno DF, Villablanca PA, Lupercio F, et al. Clinical impact of heparin kinetics during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2016;27:683–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konduru SV, Cheema AA, Jones P, et al. Differences in intraprocedural ACTs with standardized heparin dosing during catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients treated with dabigatran vs. patients on uninterrupted warfarin. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2012;35:277–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo N, Mont L, Vidal B, et al. Usefulness of transoesophageal echocardiography before circumferential pulmonary vein ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation: is it really mandatory? Europace. 2011;13:486–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puwanant S, Varr BC, Shrestha K, et al. Role of the CHADS2 score in the evaluation of thromboembolic risk in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing transesophageal echocardiography before pulmonary vein isolation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:2032–2039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherr D, Dalal D, Chilukuri K, et al. Incidence and predictors of left atrial thrombus prior to catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20:379–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCready JW, Nunn L, Lambiase PD, et al. Incidence of left atrial thrombus prior to atrial fibrillation ablation: is pre-procedural transoesophageal echocardiography mandatory? Europace. 2010;12:927–932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein AL, Murray RD, Grimm RA. Role of transesophageal echocardiography-guided cardioversion of patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:691–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anter E, Silverstein J, Tschabrunn CM, et al. Comparison of intracardiac echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography for imaging of the right and left atrial appendages. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:1890–1897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero J, Cao JJ, Garcia MJ, et al. Cardiac imaging for assessment of left atrial appendage stasis and thrombosis. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2014;11:470–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero J, Husain SA, Kelesidis I, et al. Detection of left atrial appendage thrombus by cardiac computed tomography in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:185–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Biase L, Briceno DF, Trivedi C, et al. Is transesophageal echocardiogram mandatory in patients undergoing ablation of atrial fibrillation with uninterrupted novel oral anticoagulants? Results from a prospective multicenter registry. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13:1197–1202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornej J, Dinov B, Blann AD, et al. Effects of radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation on soluble P-selectin, von Willebrand factor and IL-6 in the peripheral and cardiac circulation. Plos One. 2014;9:e111760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurses KM, Kocyigit D, Yalcin MU, et al. Safety and efficacy outcomes of protamine administration for heparin reversal following cryoballoon-based pulmonary vein isolation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2015;43:161–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar