2,194
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Risks and benefits of medications for panic disorder: a comparison of SSRIs and benzodiazepines

, ORCID Icon &
Pages 315-324 | Received 12 Oct 2017, Accepted 16 Jan 2018, Published online: 22 Jan 2018

References

  • Freire RC, Hallak JE, Crippa JA, et al. New treatment options for panic disorder: clinical trials from 2000 to 2010. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011;12(9):1419–1428.
  • Gorman JM, Kent JM, Sullivan GM, et al. Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(4):493–505.
  • Lucki I. The spectrum of behaviors influenced by serotonin. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;44:151–162.
  • Maron E, Shlik J. Serotonin function in panic disorder: important, but why? Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31(1):1–11.
  • Goddard AW, Almai A, Rothman DL, et al. Reductions in occipital cortex GABA levels in panic disorder detected with 1h-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(6):556–561.
  • Bremner JD, Innis R, White T, et al. SPECT [I-123]iomazenil measurement of the benzodiazepine receptor in panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;47(2):96–106.
  • Nardi AE. Some notes on a historical perspective of panic disorder. J Bras Psiquiatr. 2006;55(2):154–160.
  • Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine. 2009;6(7):e1000097.
  • Association WGOPDAP. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(5 Suppl):1–34.
  • Ballenger JC, Wheadon DE, Steiner M, et al. Double-blind, fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study of paroxetine in the treatment of panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(1):36–42.
  • Sheehan DV, Burnham DB, Iyengar MK, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of controlled-release paroxetine in the treatment of panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(1):34–40.
  • Michelson D, Lydiard RB, Pollack MH, et al. Outcome assessment and clinical improvement in panic disorder: evidence from a randomized controlled trial of fluoxetine and placebo. The Fluoxetine Panic Disorder Study Group. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(11):1570–1577.
  • Michelson D, Pollack M, Lydiard RB, et al. Continuing treatment of panic disorder after acute response: randomised, placebo-controlled trial with fluoxetine. The Fluoxetine Panic Disorder Study Group. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;174:213–218.
  • Michelson D, Allgulander C, Dantendorfer K, et al. Efficacy of usual antidepressant dosing regimens of fluoxetine in panic disorder: randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;179:514–518.
  • Londborg PD, Wolkow R, Smith WT, et al. Sertraline in the treatment of panic disorder. A multi-site, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose investigation. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;173:54–60.
  • Pohl RB, Wolkow RM, Clary CM. Sertraline in the treatment of panic disorder: a double-blind multicenter trial. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(9):1189–1195.
  • Pollack MH, Otto MW, Worthington JJ, et al. Sertraline in the treatment of panic disorder: a flexible-dose multicenter trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55(11):1010–1016.
  • Kamijima K, Kuboki T, Kumano H, et al. A placebo-controlled, randomized withdrawal study of sertraline for panic disorder in Japan. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;20(5):265–273.
  • Sandmann J, Lörch B, Bandelow B, et al. Fluvoxamine or placebo in the treatment of panic disorder and relationship to blood concentrations of fluvoxamine. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1998;31(4):117–121.
  • Asnis GM, Hameedi FA, Goddard AW, et al. Fluvoxamine in the treatment of panic disorder: a multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in outpatients. Psychiatry Res. 2001;103(1):1–14.
  • Choi K-W, Woo J-M, Kim Y-R, et al. Long-term escitalopram treatment in Korean patients with panic disorder: a prospective, naturalistic, open-label, multicenter trial. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2012;10(1):44–48.
  • Bertani A, Caldirola D, Bussi R, et al. The 35% CO2 hyperreactivity and clinical symptomatology in patients with panic disorder after 1 week of treatment with citalopram: an open study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21(3):262–267.
  • Stahl SM, Gergel I, Li D. Escitalopram in the treatment of panic disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(11):1322–1327.
  • Bruce SE, Vasile RG, Goisman RM, et al. Are benzodiazepines still the medication of choice for patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia? Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(8):1432–1438.
  • Pecknold J, Luthe L, Munjack D, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study: with alprazolam and extended-release alprazolam in: the treatment of panic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1994;14(5):314–321.
  • Nardi AE, Lopes FL, Freire RC, et al. Panic disorder and social anxiety disorder subtypes in a caffeine challenge test. Psychiatr Res. 2009;169(2):149–153.
  • Nardi AE, Lopes FL, Valença AM, et al. Caffeine challenge test in panic disorder and depression with panic attacks. Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(3):257–263.
  • Nardi AE, Nascimento I, Valença AM, et al. Panic disorder in a breath-holding challenge test: a simple tool for a better diagnosis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2003;61(3B):718–722.
  • Nardi A, Valença AM, Lopes FL, et al. Clinical features of panic patients sensitive to hyperventilation or breath-holding methods for inducing panic attacks. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2004;37(2):251–257.
  • Nardi AE, Valença AM, Mezzasalma MA, et al. Comparison between hyperventilation and breath-holding in panic disorder: patients responsive and non-responsive to both tests. Psychiatr Res. 2006;142(2–3):201–208.
  • Nardi AE, Valença AM, Nascimento I, et al. Hyperventilation challenge test in panic disorder and depression with panic attacks. Psychiatry Res. 2001;105(1–2):57–65.
  • Nardi AE, Valença AM, Nascimento I, et al. Panic disorder and hyperventilation. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1999;57(4):932–936.
  • Nardi A, Valença AM, Nascimento I, et al. Hyperventilation in panic disorder patients and healthy first-degree relatives. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2000;33(11):1317–1323.
  • Nardi AE, Lopes FL, Valença AM, et al. Psychopathological description of hyperventilation-induced panic attacks: a comparison with spontaneous panic attacks. Psychopathology. 2004;37(1):29–35.
  • Nardi AE, Valença AM, Nascimento I, et al. Hyperventilation in panic disorder and social phobia. Psychopathology. 2001;34(3):123–127.
  • Nardi AE, Valença AM, Nascimento I, et al. Panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder in a hyperventilation challenge test. J Affect Disord. 2002;68(2–3):335–340.
  • Valença AM, Nardi AE, Nascimento I, et al. Carbon dioxide test as an additional clinical measure of treatment response in panic disorder. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2002;60(2–B):358–361.
  • Amaral JMXD, Spadaro PTM, Pereira VM, et al. The carbon dioxide challenge test in panic disorder: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical research. Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria. 2013;35(3):318–331.
  • Lopes FL, Oliveira MM, Freire RC, et al. Carbon dioxide-induced panic attacks and quantitative electroencephalogram in panic disorder patients. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2010;11(2 Pt 2):357–363.
  • Nardi AE, Valença AM, Mezzasalma MA, et al. 35% Carbon dioxide and breath‐holding challenge tests in panic disorder: a comparison with spontaneous panic attacks. Depress Anxiety. 2006;23(4):236–244.
  • Valença AM, Nardi AE, Nascimento I, et al. Early carbon dioxide challenge test may predict clinical response in panic disorder. Psychiatr Res. 2002;112(3):269–272.
  • Nardi AE, Valença AM, Nascimento I, et al. Double-blind acute clonazepam vs. placebo in carbon dioxide-induced panic attacks. Psychiatry Res. 2000;94(2):179–184.
  • Nardi AE, Valença AM, Zin W, et al. Carbon dioxide induced panic attacks and short term clonazepam treatment: preliminary study. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1999;57:361–365.
  • Freire RC, Lopes FL, Valença AM, et al. Panic disorder respiratory subtype: a comparison between responses to hyperventilation and CO 2 challenge tests. Psychiatry Res. 2008;157(1–3):307–310.
  • Freire RC, Perna G, Nardi AE. Panic disorder respiratory subtype: psychopathology, laboratory challenge tests, and response to treatment. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2010;18(4):220–229.
  • Valença AM, Nardi AE, Mezzasalma MA, et al. Therapeutic response to benzodiazepine in panic disorder subtypes. Sao Paulo Med J. 2003;121(2):77–80.
  • Nardi AE, Valença AM, Nascimento I, et al. A three-year follow-up study of patients with the respiratory subtype of panic disorder after treatment with clonazepam. Psychiatry Res. 2005;137(1–2):61–70.
  • Moroz G, Rosenbaum JF. Efficacy, safety, and gradual discontinuation of clonazepam in panic disorder: a placebo-controlled, multicenter study using optimized dosages. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(9):604–612.
  • Rosenbaum JF, Moroz G, Bowden CL. Clonazepam in the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: a dose-response study of efficacy, safety, and discontinuance. Clonazepam Panic Disorder Dose-Response Study Group.. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;17(5):390–400.
  • Valença AM, Nardi AE, Nascimento I, et al. Double-blind clonazepam vs placebo in panic disorder treatment. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2000;58(4):1025–1029.
  • Black, K., Shea C, Dursun S, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation syndrome: proposed diagnostic criteria. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2000;25(3):255.
  • Stahl SM. Mechanism of action of serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. Serotonin receptors and pathways mediate therapeutic effects and side effects.. J Affect Disord. 1998;51(3):215–235.
  • Nardi AE, Machado S, Almada LF, et al. Clonazepam for the treatment of panic disorder. Curr Drug Targets. 2013;14(3):353–364.
  • Tan KR, Rudolph U, Lüscher C. Hooked on benzodiazepines: GABA A receptor subtypes and addiction. Trends Neurosci. 2011;34(4):188–197.
  • Longo LP, Johnson B. Addiction: part I. Benzodiazepines-side effects, abuse risk and alternatives. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61(7):2121–2128.
  • Nardi AE, Valença AM, Freire RC, et al. Psychopharmacotherapy of panic disorder: 8-week randomized trial with clonazepam and paroxetine. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2011;44(4):366–373.
  • Nardi AE, Freire RC, Mochcovitch MD, et al. A randomized, naturalistic, parallel-group study for the long-term treatment of panic disorder with clonazepam or paroxetine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(1):120–126.
  • Offidani E, Guidi J, Tomba E, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of benzodiazepines versus antidepressants in anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychother Psychosom. 2013;82(6):355–362.
  • Nardi AE, Valença AM, Freire RC, et al. Randomized, open naturalistic, acute treatment of panic disorder with clonazepam or paroxetine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31(2):259–261.
  • Bighelli I, Trespidi C, Castellazzi M, et al. Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults. Cochrane Lib. 2016 Sep12;9:CD 011567.
  • Freire RC, Amrein R, Mochcovitch MD, et al. A 6-year posttreatment follow-up of panic disorder patients: treatment with clonazepam predicts lower recurrence than treatment with paroxetine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;37(4):429–434.
  • Nardi AE, Perna G. Clonazepam in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: an update. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;21(3):131–142.
  • Klein E, Colin J, Stolk RH, et al. Alprazolam withdrawal in patients with panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder: vulnerability and effect of carbamazepine. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(12):1760–1766.
  • Nardi AE, Freire RC, Valença AM, et al. Tapering clonazepam in patients with panic disorder after at least 3 years of treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;30(3):290–293.
  • Kiliç C, Curran HV, Noshirvani H, et al. Long-term effects of alprazolam on memory: a 3.5 year follow-up of agoraphobia/panic patients. Psychol Med. 1999;29(1):225–231.
  • Le Melledo JM, Mailo K, Lara N, et al. Paroxetine-induced increase in LDL cholesterol levels. J Psychopharmacol. 2009;23(7):826–830.
  • Herrán A, Ramírez ML, Carrera M, et al. Panic disorder, treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and cholesterol levels. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;26(5):538–540.
  • Andrade C, Sandarsh S, Chethan KB, et al. Serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and abnormal bleeding: a review for clinicians and a reconsideration of mechanisms. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(12):1565–1575.
  • Liu, B.A., Mittmann N, Knowles SR, et al.Hyponatremia and the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a review of spontaneous reports. Can Med Assoc J. 1996;155(5):519.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.