Safety and tolerability of available urate-lowering drugs: a critical review

References

• Roddy E, Doherty M. Epidemiology of gout. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12:223–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghi C, Cicero AF. Serum uric acid and cardiometabolic disease: another brick in the wall? Hypertension. 2017;69(6):1011–1013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith EUR, Diaz-Torne C, Perez-Ruiz F, et al. Epidemiology of gout: an update. Best Pract Res. 2010;24(6):811–827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittman JR, Bross MH. Diagnosis and management of gout. Am Fam Phys. 1999;599(7):1799–1806.
   Google Scholar
• Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, et al. American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res. 2012;64:1431–1446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees F, Hui M, Doherty M. Optimizing current treatment of gout. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014;10:271–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundy JS, Ganson NJ, Kelly SJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous PEGylated recombinant mammalian urate oxidase in patients with refractory gout. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:1021–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamp LK, Chapman PT, Barclay ML, et al. How much allopurinol does it take to get to target urate? Comparison of actual dose with creatinine clearance-based dose. Arthritis Res Ther. 2018;20:255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu KH, Lai JH, Hsu PN, et al. Safety and efficacy of oral febuxostat for treatment of HLA-B*5801-negative gout: a randomized, open-label, multicentre, allopurinol-controlled study. Scand J Rheumatol. 2016;45(4):304–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosoya T, Ohno I, Nomura S, et al. Effects of topiroxostat on the serum urate levels and urinary albumin excretion in hyperuricemic stage 3 chronic kidney disease patients with or without gout. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2014;18:876–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pui K, Gow PJ, Dalbeth N. Efficacy of probenecid as urate-lowering therapy in gout; clinical experience in high-prevalence population. J Rheumatol. 2013;40(6):872–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Ruiz F, Alonso-Ruiz A, Calabozo M, et al. Efficacy of allopurinol and benzbromarone for the control of hyperuricaemia. A pathogenic approach to the treatment of primary chronic gout. Ann Rheum Dis. 1998;57(9):545–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinders MK, van Roon EN, Jansen TLTA, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of urate-lowering drugs in gout: a randomised controlled trial of benzbromarone versus probenecid after failure of allopurinol. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(1):51–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgartner S, Yeh LT, Shen Z, et al. The effect of lesinurad in combination with allopurinol on serum uric acid levels in patients with gout. J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;58(9):1164–1170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neogi T, Choi HK. Pursuit of a dual-benefit antigout drug: a first look at arhalofenate. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(8):1793–1796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundy J, Kitt M. Tranilast, a novel, potential treatment for the chronic management of hyperuricemia in patients with gout, reduces serum uric acid in healthy subjects. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:607.
   Google Scholar
• Trifilio S, Evens A, Gordon L, et al. Low-dose recombinant urate oxidase (rasburicase) is effective in treating hyperuricemia in patients with hematologic malignancies. Blood. 2005;106:3123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue CS, Huang W, Alton M, et al. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of pegloticase in subjects with hyperuricemia and treatment-failure gout. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;48:708–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day RO, Graham GG, Hicks M, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of allopurinol and oxypurinol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2007;46:623–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamp LK, Taylor WJ, Jones PB, et al. Starting dose is a risk factor for allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: a proposed safe starting dose of allopurinol. Arthritis Rheumatism. 2012;64:2529–2536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghislain PD, Roujeau JC. Treatment of severe drug reactions: stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and hypersensitivity syndrome. Dermatol Online J. 2008;8:5.
   Google Scholar
• Stamp LK, Barclay ML. How to prevent allopurinol hypersensitivity reactions? Rheumatology. 2018;57(suppl.1):i35–i41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramasamy SN, Korb-Wells CS, Kannangara DR, et al. Allopurinol hypersensitivity: a systematic review of all published cases, 1950–2012. Drug Saf. 2013;36:953–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang CH, Chu MP, Chen WW. Examining the use of allopurinol: perspectives from recent drug injury relief applications. J Formos Med Assoc. 2019;118(1 Pt 2):371–377. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2018.06.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung SI, Chung WH, Liou LB, et al. HLA-B*5801 allele as a genetic marker for severe cutaneous adverse reactions caused by allopurinol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:4134–4139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko TM, Tsai CY, Chen SY, et al. Use of HLA-B*58:01 genotyping to prevent allopurinol induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions in Taiwan: national prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2015;351:h4848.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perez-Pereda S, Lage-Martinez C, Paredes MJ, et al. Recurrent meningoencephalitis due to allopurinol. Neurologia. 2018;33(8):557–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waseem H, Inayat F, Abduraimova M, et al. Allopurinol-induced drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome: a cause of acalculous cholecystitis? Cureus. 2017;9(8):e1569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menter T, Tzankov A. Drug Reaction, Eosinophilia, and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) syndrome associated with allopurinol leading to acute necrotizing eosinophilic myocarditis and death due to papillary muscle rupture. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4(6):1262–1264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igbal U, Sidduqui HU, Anwar H, et al. Allopurinol-induced granulomatous hepatitis: a case report and review of literature. J Invest Med High Impact Case Rep. 2017;5(3):2324709617728302. doi: 10.1177/2324709617728302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheah CK, Singham VN, Gun SC. A case report on allopurinol induced crystalline maculopathy. Int J Rheum Dis. 2017;20(12):2253–2255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polimeni G, Cardillo R, Garaffo E, et al. Allopurinol-induced Sweet’s syndrome. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2016;29(2):329–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai H, Kamei H, Onishi Y, et al. Successful living-donor liver transplantation for cholestatic liver failure induced by allopurinol: case report. Transplant Proc. 2015;47(9):2778–2781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allopurinol oral tablets (package insert). Memphis, TN: Northstar Rx LLC; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services. [ cited 2017 Apr 14]. Available from http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chao J, Terkeltaub R. A critical reappraisal of allopurinol dosing, safety, and efficacy for hyperuricemia in gout. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2009;11:135–140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elion GB, Kovensky A, Hitchings GH. Metabolic studies of allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Biochem Pharmacol. 1966;15(7):863–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundles RW. The development of allopurinol. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145(8):1492–1503.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simsek M, Opperman RCM, Mulder CJJ, et al. The teratogenicity of allopurinol: A comprehensive review of animal and human studies. Reprod Toxicol. 2018;81:180–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American academy of pediatrics committee on transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics. 2001;108:776–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascual E, Sivera F, Yasothan U, et al. Febuxostat. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2009;8:191–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uloric Full Prescribing Information 2009. [cited 2018 Nov 21]. Available from: http://general.takedapharm.com/content/file/pi.pdf?applicationcode=6C7C39D8-5D09-453B-BF30-696A4AB88E62&FileTypeCode=ULORICPI
   Google Scholar
• Becker MA, Schumacher HR, Espinoza L, et al. A phase 3 randomized, controlled, multicenter, double-blind trial (RCT) comparing efficacy and safety of daily febuxostat (FEB) and allopurinol (ALLO) in subjects with gout. Presented at the 2008 Annual Scientific Meeting of the American College of Rheumatology; October 24–29,2008; San Francisco. Available from: http://acr.confex.com/acr/2008/webprogram/Paper3414.html
   Google Scholar
• Schumacher HR, Becker MA, Wortmann RL, et al. Effects of febuxostat versus allopurinol and placebo in reducing serum urate in subjects with hyperuricemia and gout: A 28-week, phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel group trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59(11):1540–1548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White WB, Saag KG, Becker MA, et al. Cardiovascular safety of febuxostat or allopurinol in patients with gout. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(13):1200–1210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsiki N, Borghi C. The future of febuxostat after the cardiovascular safety of febuzostat and allopurinol in patients with gout and cardiovascular morbidities (CARES) trial: who CARES? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018;4:1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan A, Gresser U. Side effects and interactions of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat. Pharmaceuticals. 2018;11(2):51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghi C, Perez-Ruiz F. Urate lowering therapies in the treatment of gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016;20:983–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaczmorski S, Doares W, Winfrey S, et al. Gout and transplantation: new treatment option–same old drug interaction. Transplantation. 2011;92:e13–e14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce SP. Febuxostat: A selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40:2187–2194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosoya T, Sasaki T, Ohashi T. Clinical efficacy and safety of topiroxostat in Japanese hyperuricemic patients with or without gout: a randomized, double-blinded, controlled phase 2b study. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(3):649–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagaoka Y, Tanaka Y, Yoshimoto H, et al. The effect of small dose of topiroxostat on serum uric acid in patients receiving hemodialysis. Hemodial Int. 2018;22(3):388–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greig D, Alcaino H, Castro PF, et al. Xanthine-oxidase inhibitors and statins in chronic heart failure: effects on vascular and functional parameters. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2011;30(4):408–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizukoshi T, Kato S, Ando M, et al. Renoprotective effects of topiroxostat for hyperuremic patients with overt diabetic nephropathy study (ETUDE Study): A prospective, randomized, multicenter clinical trial. Nephrology. 2018;23(11):1023–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sezai A, Obata K, Abe K, et al. Cross-over trial of febuxostat and topiroxostat for hyperuricemia with cardiovascular disease (TROFEO Trial). Circ J. 2017;81(11):1707–1712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman W, Locovei S, Dahl G. Probenecid, a gout remedy, inhibits pannexin 1 channels. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2008;295(3):761–767.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung Y, Stocker SL, Graham GG, et al. Optimizing therapy with allopurinol: factors limiting hypouricemic efficacy. Am J Med Sci. 2008;335(3):219–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Geriatrics Society. Beers criteria update expert panel. American Geriatrics Society 2015 updated beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63:2227–2246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Probenecid Oral. [cited 2018 Nov 21]. Available from: http://www.medscape.com/druginfo/dosage?drugid=8697&drugname=probenecid+Oral&monotype=default
   Google Scholar
• Boger WP, Strickland SC. PROBENECID (BENEMID) its uses and side-effects in 2,502 patients. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1955;95:83–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dubchak N, Falasca GF. New and improved strategies for the treatment of gout. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2010;3:145–166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marks PA, Banks J. Drug induced hemolytic anemias associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a genetically heterogenous trait. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1965;123:198–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kickler T, Buck S, Ness P, et al. Probenecid induced immune hemolytic anemia. J Rheumatol. 1986;13:208–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzedine H, Brocheriou I, Becart J, et al. Probenecid-induced membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:2405–2406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillecke N. Acute anaphylactoid reaction to probenecid. JAMA. 1965;193:116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutman J, Kachur SP, Slutsker L, et al. Combination of probenecid-sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine for intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy. Malar J. 2012;11:39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawaguchi A, Sugimoto K, Ohmori M, et al. Furosemide-probenecid interaction as a laboratory exercise for undergraduate education in clinical pharmacology. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;69(4):232–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li K-Y, Qiu Y, Jiang Y, et al. Effect of probenecid on pharmacokinetics and tolerability of olmesartan in healthy Chinese volunteers. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2014;76:7–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nzila A, Mberu E, Bray P, et al. Chemosensitization of plasmodium falciparum by probenecid in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:2108–2112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Probenecid oral tablets (package insert). New Castle, DE: Marlex Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Cavenee MR, Farris JR, Spalding TR, et al. Treatment of gonorrhea in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;81:33–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mount DB. The kidney in hyperuricemia and gout. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2013;22:216–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee MH, Graham GG, Williams KM, et al. A benefit-risk assessment of benzbromarone in the treatment of gout. Was its withdrawal from the market in the best interest of patients? Drug Saf. 2008;31:643–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichida K, Hosoyamada M, Kimura H, et al. Urate transport via human PAH transporter hOAT1 and its gene structure. Kidney Int. 2003;63:143–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heel RC, Brogden RN, Speight TM, et al. Benzbromarone: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in gout and hyperuricaemia. Drugs. 1977;14(5):349–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tausche AK, Jansen TL, Schröder HE, et al. Gout-current diagnosis and treatment. Deutsches Ärzteblatt Int. 2009;106(34–35):549–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu H, Liu X, Song Y, et al. Safety and efficacy of benzbromarone and febuxostat in hyperuricemia patients with chronic kidney disease: a prospective pilot study. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2018 May 14. Epub ahead of print.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hautekeete M, Henrion J, Naegels S, et al. Severe hepatotoxicity related to benzarone: a report of three cases with two fatalities. Liver. 1995;15:25–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kydd A, Seth R, Buchbinder R, et al. Uricosuric medications for chronic gout. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(11):CD010457. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010457.pub2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Dogerty M, Bardin T, et al. EULAR evidence based recommendations for gout. Part II: management. Report of a task force of the EULAR standing committee for international clinical studies including therapeutics (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:1312–1324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azevedo VF, Grachinski Buiar P, Giovanella LH, et al. Allopurinol, benzbromarone, or a combination in treating patients with gout: analysis of a series of outpatients. Int J Rheumatol. 2014;2014:263720. doi: 10.1155/2014/263720.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson PC, Dalbeth N. Lesinurad for the treatment of hyperuricaemia in people with gout. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2017;18(17):1875–1881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miner JN, Tan PK, Hyndman D, et al. Lesinurad, a novel, oral compound for gout, acts to decrease serum uric acid through inhibition of urate transporters in the kidney. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016;18:214–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillen M, Yang C, Wilson D, et al. Evaluation of pharmacokinetic interactions between lesinurad, a new selective urate reabsorption inhibitor, and cyp enzyme substrates sildenafil, amlodipine, tolbutamide, and repaglinide. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2017;6(4):363–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen Z, Tieu K, Wilson D, et al. Evaluation of pharmacokinetic interactions between lesinurad, a new selective urate reabsorption inhibitor, and commonly used drugs for gout treatment. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2017;6(4):377–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tausche AK, Alten R, Dalbeth N, et al. Lesinurad monotherapy in gout patients intolerant to a xanthine oxidase inhibitor: a 6 month phase 3 clinical trial and extension study. Rheumatology. 2017;56(12):2170–2178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zurampic (lesinurad) prescribing information. Wilmington (DE): AstraZeneca; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Bardin T, Richette P. Novel uricosurics. Rheumatology. 2018;57(suppl. 1):i42–i46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haber SL, Fente G, Fenton SN, et al. Lesinurad: a novel agent for management of chronic gout. Ann Pharmacother. 2018;1:1060028018762103.
   Google Scholar
• Pfister B, Imhof P, Wirz H. Effect of sulphinpyrazone (Anturan) on uric acid excretion and plasma uric acid concentration in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1978;13:263–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He M, Kunze KL, Trager WF. Inhibition of (S)-warfarin metabolism by sulfinpyrazone and its metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos. 1995;23(6):659–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caforio AL, Gambino A, Tona F, et al. Sulfinpyrazone reduces cyclosporine levels: a new drug interaction in heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2000;19(12):1205–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miners JO, Attwood J, Wing LM, et al. Influence of cimetidine, sulfinpyrazone, and cigarette smoking on theobromine metabolism in man. Drug Metab Dispos. 1985;13(5):598–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin RA, Lyness WH. Potentiation of morphine analgesia after pretreatment with probenecid or sulfinpyrazone. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1983;18(6):885–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walls M, Goral S, Stone W. Acute renal failure due to sulfinpyrazone. Am J Med Sci. 1998;315(5):319–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prior C, Kirchmair H. Acute interstitial nephritis and kidney failure requiring dialysis after sulfinpyrazone therapy. Acta Med Austriaca. 1984;11(2):55–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wyse DG. Dose-related cardiac electrophysiologic effects of sulfinpyrazone. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1985;37(2):166–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acland KM, Healy C, Calonje E, et al. Comparison of positron emission tomography scanning and sentinel node biopsy in the detection of micrometastases of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:2674–2678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pui CH. Rasburicase: a potent uricolytic agent. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2002;3:433–442.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheuk DK, Chiang AK, Chan GC, et al. Urate oxidase for the prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome in children with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;8(8):CD006945.
   Google Scholar
• Hochberg J, Cairo MS. Rasburicase: future directions in tumor lysis management. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2008;8(10):1595–1604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan M, Paul S, Farooq S, et al. Rasburicase-induced methemoglobinemia in a patient with glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Curr Drug Saf. 2017;12(1):13–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA/Center for Drug Evaluation and Research OoC. Highlights of prescribing information.[Jan;2018]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/103946s5083lbl.pdf.2009
   Google Scholar
• Alakel N, Middeke JM, Schetelig J, et al. Prevention and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome, and the efficacy and role of rasburicase. Onco Targets Ther. 2017;10:597–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middeke JM, Bruck N, Parmentier S, et al. Use of rasburicase in a pregnant woman with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and imminent tumour lysis syndrome. Ann Hematol. 2014;93(3):531–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen KC, Champlain AH, Cotliar JA, et al. Risk of anaphylaxis with repeated courses of rasburicase: a research on adverse drug events and reports (RADAR) project. Drug Saf. 2015;38(2):183–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pea F. Pharmacology of drugs for hyperuricemia. Mechanisms, kinetics and interactions. Contrib Nephrol. 2005;147:35–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baraf HS, Becker MA, Gutierrez-Urena SR, et al. Tophus burden reduction with pegloticase: results from phase 3 randomized trials and open-label extension in patients with chronic gout refractory to conventional therapy. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15:R137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker MA, Baraf HS, Yood RA, et al. Long-term safety of pegloticase in chronic gout refractory to conventional treatment. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:1469–1474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baraf H, Yood R, Ottery F, et al. Infusion-related reactions with pegloticase, a recombinant uricase for the treatment of chronic gout refractory to conventional therapy. J Clin Rheumatol. 2014;20:427–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese LH, Kavanaugh A, Yeo AE, et al. Frequency, distribution and immunologic nature of infusion reactions in subjects receiving pegloticase for chronic refractory gout. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19(1):191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bahrt KM, Yeo AE, Howson TL, et al. Post-marketing safety surveillance data reveals patterns of use for pegloticase in refractory gout. ACR/ARHP Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, 2012; Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• Lipsky PE, Calabrese LH, Kavanaugh A, et al. Pegloticase immunogenicity: the relationship between efficacy and antibody development in patients treated for refractory chronic gout. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16:R60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krystexxa [package insert]. Glendale, WI: Crealta Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Shannon JA, Cole SW. Pegloticase: a novel agent for treatment-refractory gout. Ann Pharmacother. 2012;46:368–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ea HK, Chales G, Liote F. Pegloticase and chronic gout. JAMA. 2011;306:1979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ea HK, Richette P. Critical appraisal of the role of pegloticase in the management of gout. Open Access Rheumatol. 2012;4:63–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shen Z, Gillen M, Miner JN, et al. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of verinurad, a selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor, in healthy adult male subjects. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;11:2077–2086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitz-Patrick D, Roberson K, Niwa K, et al. Safety and efficacy of verinurad, a selective URAT1 inhibitor, for the treatment of patients with gout and/or asymptomatic hyperuricemia in the United States and Japan: findings from two Phase II trials. Mod Rheumatol. 2018;18:1–27. Epub ahead of print.
   Google Scholar
• Smith WB, Hall J, Berg JK, et al. Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of verinurad, a selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor. Clin Drug Investig. 2018;38(8):703–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kankam M, Hall J, Gillen M, et al. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of concomitant multiple dose administration of verinurad (RDEA3170) and allopurinol in adult male subjects with gout. J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;58(9):1214–1222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmann R, Winkle P, Hall J, et al. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects and safety of verinurad in combination with febuxostat in adults with gout: a phase IIa, open-label study. RMD Open. 2018;4(1):e000647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall J, Gillen M, Yang X, et al. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of concomitant administration of verinurad and febuxostat in healthy male volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2019;8(2):179–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattui SE, Gaffo AL. Treatment of hyperuricemia in gout: current therapeutic options, latest developments and clinical implications. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2016;8(4):145–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poiley J, Steinberg AS, Choi YJ, et al. A randomized, double-blind, active- and placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study of arhalofenate for reducing flare in patients with gout. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(8):2027–2034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg AS, Vince BD, Choi YJ, et al. The pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of arhalofenate in combination with febuxostat when treating hyperuricemia associated with gout. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(3):374–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandal AK, Mercado A, Foster A, et al. Uricosuric targets of tranilast. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2017;5(2):e00291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimbo R, Yoshioka A, Takahashi Y, et al. Five cases of drug-induced liver injury by tranilast. [Article in Japanese]. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi. 2005;102(8):1051–1054.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagae S, Hori Y. Immune thrombocytopenia due to Tranilast (Rizaben): detection of drug-dependent platelet-associated IgG. J Dermatol. 1998;25(11):706–709.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sakai N, Yamada T, Murayama T. Eosinophilic cystitis induced by tranilast: a case report. [Article in Japanese]. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1998;44(1): 45–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arase S, Kato S, Nakanishi H, et al. Eosinophilic polymyositis induced by tranilast. J Dermatol. 1990;17(3):182–186.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar