Safety of systemic treatments for Behçet’s syndrome

References

• Lopalco G, Cantarini L, Vitale A, et al. Interleukin-1 as a common denominator from autoinflammatory to autoimmune disorders: premises, perils, and perspectives. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:194864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gül A. Behçet’s disease as an autoinflammatory disorder. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy. 2005;4(1):81–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, et al. 2012 revised international chapel hill consensus conference nomenclature of vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(1):1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopalco G, Lucherini OM, Vitale A, et al. Putative role of serum amyloid-A and proinflammatory cytokines as biomarkers for Behçet’s disease. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(42):e1858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamzaoui K, Hamzaoui A, Guemira F, et al. Cytokine profile in Behçet’s disease patients. Relationship with disease activity. Scand J Rheumatol. 2002;31(4):205–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopalco G, Lucherini OM, Lopalco A, et al. Cytokine signatures in mucocutaneous and ocular Behçet’s disease. Front Immunol. 2017;8:200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigante D, Vitale A, Natale MF, et al. A comprehensive comparison between pediatric and adult patients with periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenopathy (PFAPA) syndrome. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36:463–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattalini M, Soliani M, Rigante D, et al. Basic characteristics of adults with periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenopathy syndrome in comparison with the typical pediatric expression of disease. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:570418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantarini L, Vitale A, Bartolomei B, et al. Diagnosis of PFAPA syndrome applied to a cohort of 17 adults with unexplained recurrent fevers. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012;30(2):269–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arida A, Sfikakis PP. Anti-cytokine biologic treatment beyond anti-TNF in Behçet’s disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2014;32(4 Suppl 84):S149‐S155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotondo C, Lopalco G, Iannone F, et al. Mucocutaneous involvement in Behçet’s disease: how systemic treatment has changed in the last decades and future perspectives. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:451675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmi G, Silvestri E, Squatrito D, et al. Tocilizumab-induced exacerbation of mucosal ulcers in a patient with multi-refractory Behçet׳s disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016;46(1):e1–e2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yazici H, Seyahi E, Hatemi G, et al. Behçet syndrome: a contemporary view. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2018;14(2):107–119. [published correction appears in Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2018 Jan 24;14 (2): 119].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpsoy E, Zouboulis CC, Ehrlich GE. Mucocutaneous lesions of Behçet’s disease. Yonsei Med J. 2007;48(4):573–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatemi G, Christensen R, Bang D, et al. update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of Behçet’s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(6):808–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazici Y, Yurdakul S, Yazici H. Behçet’s syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2010;12(6):429–435.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yazici H, Fresko I, Yurdakul S. Behçet’s syndrome: disease manifestations, management, and advances in treatment. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2007;3(3):148–155.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choi IJ, Kim JS, Cha SD, et al. Long-term clinical course and prognostic factors in intestinal Behçet’s disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43(5):692–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moral F, Hamuryudan V, Yurdakul S, et al. Inefficacy of azapropazone in the acute arthritis of Behçet’s syndrome: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995;13(4):493–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szekanecz Z, Szántó S, Szabó Z, et al. Biologics - beyond the joints. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;9(12):820–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tüzün H, Beşirli K, Sayin A, et al. Management of aneurysms in Behçet’s syndrome: an analysis of 24 patients. Surgery. 1997;121(2):150–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akman-Demir G, Serdaroglu P, Tasçi B. Clinical patterns of neurological involvement in Behçet’s disease: evaluation of 200 patients. The Neuro-Behçet Study Group. Brain. 1999;122(Pt 11):2171–2182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wee JS, Marinaki A, Smith CH. Life threatening myelotoxicity secondary to azathioprine in a patient with atopic eczema and normal thiopurine methyltransferase activity. BMJ. 2011;342:d1417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Relling MV, Gardner EE, Sandborn WJ, et al. Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guidelines for thiopurine methyltransferase genotype and thiopurine dosing: 2013 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;93(4):324–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gearry RB, Day AS, Barclay ML, et al. Azathioprine and allopurinol: A two-edged interaction. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25(4):653–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazquez SR, Rondina MT, Pendleton RC. Azathioprine-induced warfarin resistance. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42(7):1118–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazici H, Pazarli H, Barnes CG, et al. A controlled trial of azathioprine in Behçet’s syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(5):281–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamuryudan V, Ozyazgan Y, Hizli N, et al. Azathioprine in Behcet’s syndrome: effects on long-term prognosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(4):769–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evereklioglu C. Current concepts in the etiology and treatment of Behçet disease. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005;50(4):297–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatemi I, Esatoglu SN, Hatemi G, et al. Characteristics, treatment, and long-term outcome of gastrointestinal involvement in Behçet’s syndrome: a strobe-compliant observational study from a dedicated multidisciplinary center. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(16):e3348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davatchi F, Sadeghi Abdollahi B, Shams H, et al. Combination of pulse cyclophosphamide and azathioprine in ocular manifestations of Behçet’s disease: longitudinal study of up to 10 years. Int J Rheum Dis. 2014;17(4):444–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petri M. Immunosuppressive drug use in pregnancy. Autoimmunity. 2003;36(1):51–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen GC, Seow CH, Maxwell C, et al. The Toronto consensus statements for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(3):734–757.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen LA, Dahlerup JF, Nielsen MJ, et al. Azathioprine treatment during lactation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28(10):1209–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Gil Shitrit A, Grisaru-Granovsky S, Ben Ya’acov A, et al. Management of inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61(8):2194–2204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumura N, Mizushima Y. Leucocyte movement and colchicine treatment in Behcet’s disease. Lancet. 1975;2(7939):813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aktulga E, Altaç M, Müftüoglu A, et al. A double-blind study of colchicine in Behçet’s disease. Haematologica. 1980;65(3):399–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurdakul S, Mat C, Tüzün Y, et al. A double-blind trial of colchicine in Behçet’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(11):2686–2692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda K, Nakajima A, Urayama A, et al. Double-masked trial of cyclosporin versus colchicine and long-term open study of cyclosporin in Behçet’s disease. Lancet. 1989;1(8647):1093–1096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gürler A, Boyvat A, Türsen U. Clinical manifestations of Behçet’s disease: an analysis of 2147 patients. Yonsei Med J. 1997;38(6):423–427.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tursen U, Gurler A, Boyvat A. Evaluation of clinical findings according to sex in 2313 Turkish patients with Behçet’s disease. Int J Dermatol. 2003;42(5):346–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davatchi F, Sadeghi Abdollahi B, Tehrani Banihashemi A, et al. Colchicine versus placebo in Behçet’s disease: randomized double-blind controlled cross-over trial. Mod Rheumatol. 2009;19(5):542–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein Y, Aks SE, Hutson JR, et al. Colchicine poisoning: the dark side of an ancient drug. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2010;48(5):407–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aghabiklooei A, Zamani N, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, et al. Acute colchicine overdose: report of three cases. Reumatismo. 2014;65(6):307–311.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuncl RW, Duncan G, Watson D, et al. Colchicine myopathy and neuropathy. N Engl J Med. 1987;316(25):1562–1568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boonmuang P, Nathisuwan S, Chaiyakunapruk N, et al. Characterization of statin-associated myopathy case reports in thailand using the health product vigilance center database. Drug Saf. 2013;36(9):779–787. [published correction appears in Drug Saf. 2013 Jul;36(7):583-4].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael O, Goldman RD, Koren G. Motherisk Team. Safety of colchicine therapy during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 2003;49:967–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizushima Y, Matsumura N, Mori M, et al. Colchicine in Behçet’s disease. Lancet. 1977;2(8046):1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haimov-Kochman R, Ben-Chetrit E. The effect of colchicine treatment on sperm production and function: a review. Hum Reprod. 1998;13(2):360–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sammaritano LR, Bermas BL, Chakravarty EE, et al. American college of rheumatology guideline for the management of reproductive health in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72(4):529–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramamoorthy S, Cidlowski JA. Corticosteroids: mechanisms of action in health and disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2016;42(1):15–vii.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mat C, Yurdakul S, Uysal S, et al. A double-blind trial of depot corticosteroids in Behçet’s syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006;45(3):348–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hengge UR, Ruzicka T, Schwartz RA, et al. Adverse effects of topical glucocorticosteroids. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(1):1–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadi M, Shahram F, Shams H, et al. High-dose intravenous steroid pulse therapy in ocular involvement of Behçet’s disease: a pilot double-blind controlled study. Int J Rheum Dis. 2017;20(9):1269–1276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamuryudan V, Yurdakul S, Moral F, et al. Pulmonary arterial aneurysms in Behçet’s syndrome: a report of 24 cases. Br J Rheumatol. 1994;33(1):48–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park-Wyllie L, Mazzotta P, Pastuszak A, et al. Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Teratology. 2000;62(6):385–392.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ost L, Wettrell G, Björkhem I, et al. Prednisolone excretion in human milk. J Pediatr. 1985;106(6):1008–1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartvig P, Simonsson B, Oberg G, et al. Inter- and intraindividual differences in oral chlorambucil pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1988;35(5):551–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdalla MI, el-D Bahoat N. Long-lasting remission of Behçet’s disease after chlorambucil therapy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1973;57(9):706–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudun BA, Ergen A, Ipcioglu SU, et al. Short-term chlorambucil for refractory uveitis in Behçet’s disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2001;9(4):219–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein DA, Fontanilla FA, Kaul S, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients treated with short-term high-dose chlorambucil for sight-threatening ocular inflammation. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(2):370–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott JH, Ballinger WH. Behçet’s syndrome: treatment with chlorambucil. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1984;82:264–281.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tabbara KF. Chlorambucil in Behçet’s disease. A reappraisal. Ophthalmology. 1983;90(8):906–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer RG, Denman AM. Malignancies induced by chlorambucil. Cancer Treat Rev. 1984;11(2):121–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miserocchi E, Baltatzis S, Ekong A, et al. Efficacy and safety of chlorambucil in intractable noninfectious uveitis: the massachusetts eye and ear infirmary experience. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(1):137–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaghetto JM, Yamamoto MM, Souza MB, et al. Chlorambucil and cyclosporine A in Brazilian patients with Behçet’s disease uveitis: a retrospective study. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2010;73(1):40–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steege JF, Caldwell DS. Renal agenesis after first trimester exposure to chlorambucil. South Med J. 1980;73(10):1414–1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills KA, Chess-Williams R, McDermott C. Novel insights into the mechanism of cyclophosphamide-induced bladder toxicity: chloroacetaldehyde’s contribution to urothelial dysfunction in vitro. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(11):3291–3303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlmann M, Hempel G. The effect of cyclophosphamide on the immune system: implications for clinical cancer therapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2016;78(4):661–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallasca JA, Costa CA, Maliandi Mdel R, et al. Severe infections in patients with autoimmune diseases treated with cyclophosphamide. Reumatol Clin. 2015;11(4):221–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopalco G, Rigante D, Venerito V, et al. Management of small vessel vasculitides. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2016;18(6):36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukutani K, Ishida H, Shinohara M, et al. Suppression of spermatogenesis in patients with Behçet’s disease treated with cyclophosphamide and colchicine. Fertil Steril. 1981;36(1):76–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dan D, Fischer R, Adler S, et al. Cyclophosphamide: as bad as its reputation? Long-term single centre experience of cyclophosphamide side effects in the treatment of systemic autoimmune diseases. Swiss Med Wkly. 2014;144:w14030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozyazgan Y, Yurdakul S, Yazici H, et al. Low dose cyclosporin A versus pulsed cyclophosphamide in Behçet’s syndrome: a single masked trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76(4):241–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurcan M, Esatoglu SN, Hamuryudan V, et al. Long term follow-up of Behçet’s syndrome patients treated with cyclophosphamide. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019;kez598. [published online ahead of print, 2019 Dec 16]. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kez598
   Google Scholar
• Martin F, Lauwerys B, Lefèbvre C, et al. Side-effects of intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy. Lupus. 1997;6(3):254–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monach PA, Arnold LM, Merkel PA. Incidence and prevention of bladder toxicity from cyclophosphamide in the treatment of rheumatic diseases: a data-driven review. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(1):9–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noel N, Bernard R, Wechsler B, et al. Long-term outcome of neuro-Behçet’s disease. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(5):1306–1314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campagne O, Zhong B, Nair S, et al. Exposure-toxicity association of cyclophosphamide and its metabolites in infants and young children with primary brain tumors: implications for dosing. Clin Cancer Res. 2020;26(7):1563–1573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddicoat AM, Lavelle EC. Modulation of innate immunity by cyclosporine A. Biochem Pharmacol. 2019;163:472–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodicio JL. Calcium antagonists and renal protection from cyclosporine nephrotoxicity: long-term trial in renal transplantation patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2000;35(3 Suppl 1):S7–S11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Díaz-Llopis M, Cervera M, Menezo JL. Cyclosporin A treatment of Behçet’s disease: a long-term study. Curr Eye Res. 1990;9 Suppl:17–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi T, Kamimura A. Cyclosporin A promotes hair epithelial cell proliferation and modulates protein kinase C expression and translocation in hair epithelial cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;117(3):605–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisanty S, Shoshan S, Chajek T, et al. The effect of cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment on gingival tissue of patients with Behçet’s disease. J Periodontol. 1988;59(9):599–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponnaiyan D, Jegadeesan V. Cyclosporine A: novel concepts in its role in drug-induced gingival overgrowth. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2015;12(6):499–506.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Remuzzi G, Bertani T. Renal vascular and thrombotic effects of cyclosporine. Am J Kidney Dis. 1989;13:261–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinchey J, Chaves C, Appignani B, et al. A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(8):494–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotake S, Higashi K, Yoshikawa K, et al. Central nervous system symptoms in patients with Behçet disease receiving cyclosporine therapy. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(3):586–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kötter I, Günaydin I, Batra M, et al. CNS involvement occurs more frequently in patients with Behçet’s disease under cyclosporin A (CSA) than under other medications–results of a retrospective analysis of 117 cases. Clin Rheumatol. 2006;25(4):482–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akman-Demir G, Ayranci O, Kurtuncu M, et al. Cyclosporine for Behçet’s uveitis: is it associated with an increased risk of neurological involvement? Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008;26(4 Suppl 50):S84–S90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reggia R, Bazzani C, Andreoli L, et al. The efficacy and safety of cyclosporin A in pregnant patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2016;75(6):654–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galijasevic S. The development of myeloperoxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2019;29(1):1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharquie KE, Najim RA, Abu-Raghif AR. Dapsone in Behçet’s disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study. J Dermatol. 2002;29(5):267–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharquie KE. Suppression of Behçet’s disease with dapsone. Br J Dermatol. 1984;110(4):493–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamza M, Hamzaoui K, Ayed K. Treatment of Behçet’s disease with dapsone. Clin Rheumatol. 1989;8(1):113–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenz M, Wozel G, Schmitt J. Hypersensitivity reactions to dapsone: a systematic review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92(2):194–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster GF. Is topical dapsone safe in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient and sulfonamide-allergic patients? J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9(5):532–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders SW, Zone JJ, Foltz RL, et al. Hemolytic anemia induced by dapsone transmitted through breast milk. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96(4):465–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun J, Rau R. An update on methotrexate. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2009;21(3):216–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haskó G, Cronstein BN. Adenosine: an endogenous regulator of innate immunity. Trends Immunol. 2004;25(1):33–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwata S, Saito K, Yamaoka K, et al. Efficacy of combination therapy of anti-TNF-α antibody infliximab and methotrexate in refractory entero-Behçet’s disease. Mod Rheumatol. 2011;21(2):184–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae JH, Lee SC. Effect of intravitreal methotrexate and aqueous humor cytokine levels in refractory retinal vasculitis in Behçet disease. Retina. 2012;32(7):1395–1402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park J, Cheon JH, Park Y, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of methotrexate therapy for refractory intestinal Behçet’s disease: a single center experience. Intest Res. 2018;16(2):315–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chande N, Wang Y, MacDonald JK, et al. Methotrexate for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(8):CD006618.
   Google Scholar
• Wang W, Zhou H, Liu L. Side effects of methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Eur J Med Chem. 2018;158:502–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang SL, Zhao FY, Song H, et al. Methotrexate associated renal impairment is related to delayed elimination of high-dose methotrexate. Scientific World J. 2015;2015:751703.
   Google Scholar
• Feldkamp M, Carey JC. Clinical teratology counseling and consultation case report: low dose methotrexate exposure in the early weeks of pregnancy. Teratology. 1993;47(6):533–539.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ransom JT. Mechanism of action of mycophenolate mofetil. Ther Drug Monit. 1995;17(6):681–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suthanthiran M, Strom TB. Immunoregulatory drugs: mechanistic basis for use in organ transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol. 1997;11(5):651–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neri P, Mariotti C, Cimino L, et al. Long-term control of cystoid macular oedema in noninfectious uveitis with mycophenolate mofetil. Int Ophthalmol. 2009;29(3):127–133.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adler YD, Mansmann U, Zouboulis CC. Mycophenolate mofetil is ineffective in the treatment of mucocutaneous Adamantiades-Behçet’s disease. Dermatology. 2001;203(4):322–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison AC, Eugui EM. Mycophenolate mofetil and its mechanisms of action. Immunopharmacology. 2000;47(2–3):85–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köse O, Simşek I, Pay S. Mycophenolate sodium in the treatment of mucocutaneous Behcet’s diseases. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50(7):895–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shugaiv E, Tüzün E, Mutlu M, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil as a novel immunosuppressant in the treatment of neuro-Behçet’s disease with parenchymal involvement: presentation of four cases. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011;29(4 Suppl 67):S64–S67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Maimouni H, Gladman DD, Ibañez D, et al. Switching treatment between mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine in lupus patients: indications and outcomes. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;66(12):1905–1909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantinescu S, Pai A, Coscia LA, et al. Breast-feeding after transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28(8):1163–1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillinger MH, Abramson SB. The neutrophil in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1995;21(3):691–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park YE, Cheon JH. Updated treatment strategies for intestinal Behçet’s disease. Korean J Intern Med. 2018;33(1):1–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amos RS, Pullar T, Bax DE, et al. Sulphasalazine for rheumatoid arthritis: toxicity in 774 patients monitored for one to 11 years. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986;293(6544):420–423.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plosker GL, Croom KF. Sulfasalazine: a review of its use in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs. 2005;6513:1825–1849. [published correction appears in Drugs. 2005;65(18):2591].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lian BS, Busmanis I, Lee HY. Relapsing course of sulfasalazine-induced drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) complicated by alopecia universalis and vitiligo. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2018;47(11):492–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houman MH, Hamzaoui K. Promising new therapies for Behcet’s disease. Eur J Intern Med. 2006;17(3):163–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung YS, Hong SP, Kim TI, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes and factors predictive of relapse after 5-aminosalicylate or sulfasalazine therapy in patients with intestinal Behçet disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;46(5):e38–e45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz S, Karadag O, Yazisiz V, et al. Systemic involvements and preferred treatments in a large cohort of Behçet’s disease. Rheumatol Int. 2013;33(12):3025–3030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ideguchi H, Suda A, Takeno M, et al. Gastrointestinal manifestations of Behçet’s disease in Japan: a study of 43 patients. Rheumatol Int. 2014;34(6):851–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çirkinoğlu MS, Demir S, Bilginer Y, et al. Behçet’s disease in children: single-center experience. Turk Pediatri Ars. 2019;54(3):179–184.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mogadam M, Dobbins WO 3rd, Korelitz BI, et al. Pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease: effect of sulfasalazine and corticosteroids on fetal outcome. Gastroenterology. 1981;80(1):72–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zao J, Koren G, Bozzo P. Using nitrofurantoin while breastfeeding a newborn. Can Fam Physician. 2014;60(6):539–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mochizuki M, Masuda K, Sakane T, et al. A clinical trial of FK506 in refractory uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993;115(6):763‐769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Sun F, Zhang Y, et al. Tacrolimus induces insulin resistance and increases the glucose absorption in the jejunum: a potential mechanism of the diabetogenic effects. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0143405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kainz A, Harabacz I, Cowlrick IS, et al. Review of the course and outcome of 100 pregnancies in 84 women treated with tacrolimus. Transplantation. 2000;70(12):1718–1721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiramatsu Y, Yoshida S, Kotani T, et al. Changes in the blood level, efficacy, and safety of tacrolimus in pregnancy and the lactation period in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2018;27(14):2245–2252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keifer JA, Guttridge DC, Ashburner BP, et al. Inhibition of NF-kappa B activity by thalidomide through suppression of IkappaB kinase activity. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(25):22382–22387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geitz H, Handt S, Zwingenberger K. Thalidomide selectively modulates the density of cell surface molecules involved in the adhesion cascade. Immunopharmacology. 1996;31(2–3):213–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamuryudan V, Mat C, Saip S, et al. Thalidomide in the treatment of the mucocutaneous lesions of the Behçet syndrome. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128(6):443–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma NL, Sharma VC, Mahajan VK, et al. Thalidomide: an experience in therapeutic outcome and adverse reactions. J Dermatolog Treat. 2007;18(6):335–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner-Medwin JM, Smith NJ, Powell RJ. Clinical experience with thalidomide in the management of severe oral and genital ulceration in conditions such as Behçet’s disease: use of neurophysiological studies to detect thalidomide neuropathy. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994;53(12):828–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbui T, Falanga A. Thalidomide and thrombosis in multiple myeloma. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1(3):421–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kural-Seyahi E, Fresko I, Seyahi N, et al. The long-term mortality and morbidity of Behçet syndrome: a 2-decade outcome survey of 387 patients followed at a dedicated center. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003;82(1):60–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becatti M, Emmi G, Silvestri E, et al. Neutrophil activation promotes fibrinogen oxidation and thrombus formation in Behçet disease. Circulation. 2016;133(3):302–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silingardi M, Iotti M, Trenti C, et al. Thalidomide, deep venous thrombosis and vasculitis. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2(11):2062–2063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatemi I, Hatemi G, Pamuk ON, et al. TNF-alpha antagonists and thalidomide for the management of gastrointestinal Behçet’s syndrome refractory to the conventional treatment modalities: a case series and review of the literature. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2015;33(6 Suppl 94):S129–S137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radomsky CL, Levine N. Thalidomide. Dermatol Clin. 2001;19(1):87–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thalidomide teratogenic effects linked to degradation of SALL4. after 60 years, researchers have now shed light on the mechanism underlying thalidomide’s devastating teratogenic effects. Am J Med Genet A. 2018;176(12): 2538–2539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turan B, Pfister K, Diener PA, et al. Soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 are produced at sites of inflammation and are markers of arthritis activity in Behçet’s disease. Scand J Rheumatol. 2008;37(2):135–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabiani C, Vitale A, Emmi G, et al. Efficacy and safety of adalimumab in Behçet’s disease-related uveitis: a multicenter retrospective observational study. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(1):183–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosi GM, Sota J, Vitale A, et al. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol and golimumab in the treatment of non-infectious uveitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019;37(4):680–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnholt J, Kaltoft K. Infliximab downregulates interferon-gamma production in activated gut T-lymphocytes from patients with Crohn’s disease. Cytokine. 2001;15(4):212–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lügering A, Schmidt M, Lügering N, et al. Infliximab induces apoptosis in monocytes from patients with chronic active Crohn’s disease by using a caspase-dependent pathway. Gastroenterology. 2001;121(5):1145–1157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Brande J, Hommes DW, Peppelenbosch MP. Infliximab induced T lymphocyte apoptosis in Crohn’s disease. J Rheumatol Suppl. 2005;74:26–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruns H, Meinken C, Schauenberg P, et al. Anti-TNF immunotherapy reduces CD8+ T cell-mediated antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(5):1167–1177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallis RS. Tumour necrosis factor antagonists: structure, function, and tuberculosis risks. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8(10):601–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scallon B, Cai A, Solowski N, et al. Binding and functional comparisons of two types of tumor necrosis factor antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002;301(2):418–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganem D, Prince AM. Hepatitis B virus infection–natural history and clinical consequences. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(11):1118–1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannitti C, Lopalco G, Vitale A, et al. Long-term safety of anti-TNF agents on the liver of patients with spondyloarthritis and potential occult hepatitis B viral infection: an observational multicentre study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017;35(1):93–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung ES, Packer M, Lo KH, et al. Anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure Investigators. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the anti-TNF therapy against congestive heart failure (ATTACH) trial. Circulation. 2003;107(25):3133–3140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pegoretti V, Baron W, Laman JD, et al. Selective modulation of TNF-TNFRs signaling: insights for multiple sclerosis treatment. Front Immunol. 2018;9:925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariette X, Matucci-Cerinic M, Pavelka K, et al. Malignancies associated with tumour necrosis factor inhibitors in registries and prospective observational studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(11):1895–1904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melikoglu M, Fresko I, Mat C, et al. Short-term trial of etanercept in Behçet’s disease: a double blind, placebo controlled study. J Rheumatol. 2005;32(1):98–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korzenik J, Larsen MD, Nielsen J, et al. Increased risk of developing Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis in 17 018 patients while under treatment with anti-TNF-α agents, particularly etanercept, for autoimmune diseases other than inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;50(3):289–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toussirot É, Houvenagel É, Goëb V, et al. Development of inflammatory bowel disease during anti-TNF-α therapy for inflammatory rheumatic disease: a nationwide series. Joint Bone Spine. 2012;79(5):457–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guignard S, Gossec L, Salliot C, et al. Efficacy of tumour necrosis factor blockers in reducing uveitis flares in patients with spondylarthropathy: a retrospective study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(12):1631–1634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim LL, Fraunfelder FW, Rosenbaum JT. Do tumor necrosis factor inhibitors cause uveitis? A registry-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(10):3248–3252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendling D, Paccou J, Berthelot JM, et al. New onset of uveitis during anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment for rheumatic diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2011;41(3):503–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffeiner B, Ometto F, Bernardi L, et al. Inefficacy or paradoxical effect? Uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis treated with etanercept. Case Rep Med. 2014;2014:471319.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arida A, Fragiadaki K, Giavri E, et al. Anti-TNF agents for Behçet’s disease: analysis of published data on 369 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2011;41(1):61–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallet H, Riviere S, Sanna A, et al. Efficacy of anti-TNF alpha in severe and/or refractory Behçet’s disease: multicenter study of 124 patients. J Autoimmun. 2015;62:67–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanida S, Inoue N, Kobayashi K, et al. Adalimumab for the treatment of Japanese patients with intestinal Behçet’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(5):940–8.e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue N, Kobayashi K, Naganuma M, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of adalimumab for intestinal Behçet’s disease in the open label study following a phase 3 clinical trial. Intest Res. 2017;15(3):395–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale A, Emmi G, Lopalco G, et al. Adalimumab effectiveness in Behçet’s disease: short and long-term data from a multicenter retrospective observational study. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(2):451–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabiani C, Sota J, Vitale A, et al. Cumulative retention rate of adalimumab in patients with Behçet’s disease-related uveitis: a four-year follow-up study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(5):637–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassard PV, Binder SW, Nelson V, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody therapy for gastrointestinal Behçet’s disease: a case report. Gastroenterology. 2001;120(4):995–999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tugal-Tutkun I, Mudun A, Urgancioglu M, et al. Efficacy of infliximab in the treatment of uveitis that is resistant to treatment with the combination of azathioprine, cyclosporine, and corticosteroids in Behçet’s disease: an open-label trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(8):2478–2484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastroianni A, Minutilli E, Mussi A, et al. Cytokine profiles during infliximab monotherapy in psoriatic arthritis. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153(3):531–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu LC, Zarrin AA. The production and regulation of IgE by the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;14(4):247–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelman FD, Khodoun MV, Strait R. Human IgE-independent systemic anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(6):1674–1680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggi E, Vultaggio A, Matucci A. Acute infusion reactions induced by monoclonal antibody therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2011;7(1):55–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwata S, Saito K, Yamaoka K, et al. Effects of anti-TNF-alpha antibody infliximab in refractory entero-Behçet’s disease. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48(8):1012–1013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibi T, Hirohata S, Kikuchi H, et al. Infliximab therapy for intestinal, neurological, and vascular involvement in Behçet disease: efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics in a multicenter, prospective, open-label, single-arm phase 3 study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(24):e3863. [published correction appears in Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(31):e5074].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabiani C, Sota J, Vitale A, et al. Ten-year retention rate of infliximab in patients with Behçet’s disease-related uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019;27(1):34–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantini F, Niccoli L, Nannini C, et al. Rapid loss of efficacy of biosimilar infliximab in three patients with Behçet’s disease after switching from infliximab originator. Eur J Rheumatol. 2017;4(4):288–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopalco G, Venerito V, Cantarini L, et al. Long-term effectiveness and safety of switching from originator to biosimilar infliximab in patients with Behçet’s disease. Intern Emerg Med. 2019;14(5):719–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesquida M, Victoria Hernández M, Llorenç V, et al. Behçet disease-associated uveitis successfully treated with golimumab. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2013;21(2):160–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stübgen JP. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists and neuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2008;37(3):281–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belluzzo M, Dozzo M, Pigatto E, et al. A case of neuromyotonia in Behçet disease during TNF-α antagonist therapy. Neurol Sci. 2014;35(10):1637–1639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos-Gómez M, Calvo-Río V, Blanco R, et al. The effect of biologic therapy different from infliximab or adalimumab in patients with refractory uveitis due to Behçet’s disease: results of a multicentre open-label study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2016;34(6 Suppl 102):S34–S40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale A, Emmi G, Lopalco G, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of golimumab in the treatment of multirefractory Behçet’s disease. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(9):2063–2069. [published correction appears in Clin Rheumatol. 2018 Sep 22].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabiani C, Sota J, Rigante D, et al. Rapid and sustained efficacy of golimumab in the treatment of multirefractory uveitis associated with Behçet’s disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019;27(1):58–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopalco G, Emmi G, Gentileschi S, et al. Certolizumab pegol treatment in Behçet’s disease with different organ involvement: a multicenter retrospective observational study. Mod Rheumatol. 2017;27(6):1031–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Schouwenburg PA, Rispens T, Wolbink GJ. Immunogenicity of anti-TNF biologic therapies for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2013;9(3):164–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariette X, Förger F, Abraham B, et al. Lack of placental transfer of certolizumab pegol during pregnancy: results from CRIB, a prospective, postmarketing, pharmacokinetic study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(2):228–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantarini L, Lopalco G, Caso F, et al. Effectiveness and tuberculosis-related safety profile of interleukin-1 blocking agents in the management of Behçet’s disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2015;14(1):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamzaoui K, Hamza M, Ayed K. Production of TNF-alpha and IL-1 in active Behçet’s disease. J Rheumatol. 1990;17(10):1428–1429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pay S, Erdem H, Pekel A, et al. Synovial proinflammatory cytokines and their correlation with matrix metalloproteinase-3 expression in Behçet’s disease. Does interleukin-1beta play a major role in Behçet’s synovitis? Rheumatol Int. 2006;26(7):608–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akman A, Ekinci NC, Kacaroglu H, et al. Relationship between periodontal findings and specific polymorphisms of interleukin-1alpha and −1beta in Turkish patients with Behçet’s disease. Arch Dermatol Res. 2008;300(1):19–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castrichini M, Lazzerini PE, Gamberucci A, et al. The purinergic P2×7 receptor is expressed on monocytes in Behçet’s disease and is modulated by TNF-α. Eur J Immunol. 2014;44(1):227–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopalco G, Rigante D, Cantarini L, et al. The autoinflammatory side of recurrent pericarditis: enlightening the pathogenesis for a more rational treatment. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2020;S1050-1738(20):30060–30068.
   Google Scholar
• Sfikakis PP, Markomichelakis N, Alpsoy E, et al. Anti-TNF therapy in the management of Behcet’s disease–review and basis for recommendations. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(5):736–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigante D, Lopalco G, Vitale A, et al. Untangling the web of systemic autoinflammatory diseases. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:948154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettiol A, Lopalco G, Emmi G, et al. Unveiling the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of anti-interleukin-1 treatment in monogenic and multifactorial autoinflammatory diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(8):1898.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sota J, Vitale A, Insalaco A, et al. Safety profile of the interleukin-1 inhibitors anakinra and canakinumab in real-life clinical practice: a nationwide multicenter retrospective observational study. Clin Rheumatol. 2018;37(8):2233–2240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale A, Insalaco A, Sfriso P, et al. A snapshot on the on-label and off-label use of the interleukin-1 inhibitors in Italy among rheumatologists and pediatric rheumatologists: a nationwide multi-center retrospective observational study. Front Pharmacol. 2016;7:380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botsios C, Sfriso P, Furlan A, et al. Resistant Behçet disease responsive to anakinra. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149(4):284–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantarini L, Vitale A, Scalini P, et al. Anakinra treatment in drug resistant Behçet’s disease: a case series. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(7):1293–1301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmi G, Talarico R, Lopalco G, et al. Efficacy and safety profile of anti-interleukin-1 treatment in Behçet’s disease: a multicenter retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;35(5):1281–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grayson PC, Yazici Y, Merideth M, et al. Treatment of mucocutaneous manifestations in Behçet’s disease with anakinra: a pilot open-label study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19(1):69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabiani C, Vitale A, Emmi G, et al. Interleukin (IL)-1 inhibition with anakinra and canakinumab in Behçet’s disease-related uveitis: a multicenter retrospective observational study. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(1):191–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabiani C, Vitale A, Rigante D, et al. The presence of uveitis is associated with a sustained response to the interleukin (IL)-1 inhibitors anakinra and canakinumab in Behçet’s disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(2):298–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tugal-Tutkun I, Pavesio C, De Cordoue A, et al. Use of gevokizumab in patients with Behçet’s disease uveitis: an international, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study and open-label extension study. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;26(7):1023–1033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale A, Rigante D, Caso F, et al. Inhibition of interleukin-1 by canakinumab as a successful mono-drug strategy for the treatment of refractory Behçet’s disease: a case series. Dermatology. 2014;228(3):211–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Götestam Skorpen C, Hoeltzenbein M, Tincani A, et al. The EULAR points to consider for use of antirheumatic drugs before pregnancy, and during pregnancy and lactation. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(5):795–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youngstein T, Hoffmann P, Gul A, et al. International multi-centre study of pregnancy outcomes with interleukin-1 inhibitors. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56:2102–2108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanke Y, Yago T, Kotake S. The role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of Behçet’s disease. J Clin Med. 2017;6(7):74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Scala G, Bettiol A, Cojan RD, et al. Efficacy of the anti-IL 17 secukinumab in refractory Behçet’s syndrome: a preliminary study. J Autoimmun. 2019;97:108–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verstockt B, Deleenheer B, Van Assche G, et al. A safety assessment of biological therapies targeting the IL-23/IL-17 axis in inflammatory bowel diseases. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2017;16(7):809–821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hueber W, Sands BE, Lewitzky S, et al. Secukinumab, a human anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibody, for moderate to severe Crohn’s disease: unexpected results of a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Gut. 2012;61(12):1693–1700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neurath MF. Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;14(5):329–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick AD, Tugal-Tutkun I, Foster S, et al. Secukinumab in the treatment of noninfectious uveitis: results of three randomized, controlled clinical trials. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(4):777–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dincses E, Yurttas B, Esatoglu SN, et al. Secukinumab induced Behçet’s syndrome: a report of two cases. Oxf Med Case Reports. 2019;2019(5):omz041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagni F, Bettiol A, Talarico R, et al. Long-term effectiveness and safety of secukinumab for treatment of refractory mucosal and articular Behçet’s phenotype: a multicentre study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;annrheumdis-2020-217108. Epub ahead of print. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217108.
   Google Scholar
• Salmaninejad A, Zamani MR, Shabgah AG, et al. Behçet’s disease: an immunogenetic perspective. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(6):8055‐8074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopalco G, Fabiani C, Venerito V, et al. Ustekinumab efficacy and safety in mucocutaneous multi-refractory Behçet’s disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017;35 Suppl 108(6):130–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirouse A, Barete S, Monfort JB, et al. Ustekinumab for Behçet’s disease. J Autoimmun. 2017;82:41–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirouse A, Barete S, Desbois AC, et al. Long-term outcome of ustekinumab therapy for Behçet’s disease. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(10):1727–1732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekşioglu-Demiralp E, Kibaroglu A, Direskeneli H, et al. Phenotypic characteristics of B cells in Behçet’s disease: increased activity in B cell subsets. J Rheumatol. 1999;26(4):826–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Houwen TB, van Hagen PM, Timmermans WM, et al. Chronic signs of memory B cell activation in patients with Behçet’s disease are partially restored by anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56(1):134–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davatchi F, Shams H, Rezaipoor M, et al. Rituximab in intractable ocular lesions of Behcet’s disease; randomized single-blind control study (pilot study). Int J Rheum Dis. 2010;13(3):246–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan D, Ledbetter JA, Press OW. Apoptosis of malignant human B cells by ligation of CD20 with monoclonal antibodies. Blood. 1998;91(5):1644–1652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A, Gödel P, Subklewe M, et al. Cytokine release syndrome. J Immunother Cancer. 2018;6(1):56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadreddini S, Noshad H, Molaeefard M, et al. Treatment of retinal vasculitis in Behçet’s disease with rituximab. Mod Rheumatol. 2008;18(3):306–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messina MJ, Rodegher M, Scotti R, et al. Treatment of myelitis in Behçet’s disease with rituximab. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014:bcr2014204366.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao BH, Oswald AE. Improved clinical control of a challenging case of Behçet’s disease with rituximab therapy. Clin Rheumatol. 2014;33(1):149–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelegrin L, Jakob E, Schmidt-Bacher A, et al. Experiences with rituximab for the treatment of autoimmune diseases with ocular involvement. J Rheumatol. 2014 Jan;41(1):84–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos-Gómez M, Calvo-Río V, Blanco R, et al. The effect of biologic therapy different from infliximab or adalimumab in patients with refractory uveitis due to Behçet’s disease: results of a multicentre open-label study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2016;Sep-Oct;34(6 Suppl 102):S34–S40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger JR, Malik V, Lacey S, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in rituximab-treated rheumatic diseases: a rare event. J Neurovirol. 2018 Jun;24(3):323–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldarelli-Stefano R, Vago L, Omodeo-Zorini E, et al. Detection and typing of JC virus in autopsy brains and extraneural organs of AIDS patients and non-immunocompromised individuals. J Neurovirol. 1999;5(2):125–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal S, Patrick J, Jones J, et al. Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy with Behçet’s disease: an insight into pathophysiology. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56(4):668–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stasi R, Del Poeta G, Stipa E, et al. Response to B-cell depleting therapy with rituximab reverts the abnormalities of T-cell subsets in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood. 2007;110(8):2924–2930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barone M, Notarnicola A, Lopalco G, et al. Safety of long-term biologic therapy in rheumatologic patients with a previously resolved hepatitis B viral infection. Hepatology. 2015;62(1):40–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakravarty EF, Murray ER, Kelman A, et al. Pregnancy outcomes after maternal exposure to rituximab. Blood. 2011;117(5):1499–1506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bragnes Y, Boshuizen R, de Vries A, et al. Low level of Rituximab in human breast milk in a patient treated during lactation. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56(6):1047–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borhani Haghighi A, Ittehadi H, Nikseresht AR, et al. CSF levels of cytokines in neuro-Behçet’s disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2009;111(6):507–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirohata S, Isshi K, Oguchi H, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 in progressive Neuro-Behçet’s syndrome. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1997;82(1):12–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ilbay A, Erden A, Sari A, et al. Successful treatment of amyloid A-type amyloidosis due to Behçet disease with tocilizumab. J Clin Rheumatol. 2019;25(4):43–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinoia L, Lopalco G, Cantarini L, et al. Long-term tocilizumab efficacy in a patient with psoriatic arthritis and AA amyloidosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017;35(1):170–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishimoto T. Interleukin-6: discovery of a pleiotropic cytokine. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8 Suppl 2(Suppl2):S2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garbers C, Aparicio-Siegmund S, Rose-John S. The IL-6/gp130/STAT3 signaling axis: recent advances towards specific inhibition. Curr Opin Immunol. 2015;34:75–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro LS, Farrell J, Borhani Haghighi A. Tocilizumab treatment for neuro-Behcet’s disease, the first report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2012;114(3):297–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urbaniak P, Hasler P, Kretzschmar S. Refractory neuro-Behçet treated by tocilizumab: a case report. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012;30(3 Suppl 72):S73–S75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Addimanda O, Pipitone N, Pazzola G, et al. Tocilizumab for severe refractory neuro-Behçet: three cases IL-6 blockade in neuro-Behçet. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2015;44(4):472–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantarini L, Lopalco G, Vitale A, et al. Paradoxical mucocutaneous flare in a case of Behçet’s disease treated with tocilizumab. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(6):1141–1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin ZQ, Kondo T, Ishida Y, et al. Essential involvement of IL-6 in the skin wound-healing process as evidenced by delayed wound healing in IL-6-deficient mice. J Leukoc Biol. 2003;73(6):713–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopalco G, Fabiani C, Sota J, et al. IL-6 blockade in the management of non-infectious uveitis. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(7):1459–1469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atienza-Mateo B, Calvo-Río V, Beltrán E, et al. Anti-interleukin 6 receptor tocilizumab in refractory uveitis associated with Behçet’s disease: multicentre retrospective study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018;57(5):856–864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding Y, Li C, Liu J, et al. Tocilizumab in the treatment of severe and/or refractory vasculo-Behçet’s disease: a single-centre experience in China. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018;57(11):2057–2059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman E, Rahat MA, Feld J, et al. Effects of tocilizumab, an anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody, on serum lipid and adipokine levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(18):4633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacciapaglia F, Anelli MG, Rinaldi A, et al. Lipids and atherogenic indices fluctuation in rheumatoid arthritis patients on long-term tocilizumab treatment. Mediators Inflamm. 2018;2018:2453265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guglani L, Khader SA. Th17 cytokines in mucosal immunity and inflammation. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2010;5(2):120–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer P. Apremilast mechanism of action and application to psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Biochem Pharmacol. 2012;83(12):1583–1590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatemi G, Melikoglu M, Tunc R, et al. Apremilast for Behçet’s syndrome-a phase 2, placebo-controlled study. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(16):1510–1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatemi G, Mahr A, Ishigatsubo Y, et al. Trial of apremilast for oral ulcers in Behçet’s syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(20):1918–1928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein RS, Cummings NA, Sherwood EB, et al. Psychiatric aspects of Behçet’s syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 1970;14(2):161–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeks ED. Apremilast: A review in oral ulcers of Behçet’s disease. Drugs. 2020;80(2):181–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopalco G, Venerito V, Leccese P, et al. Real-world effectiveness of apremilast in multirefractory mucosal involvement of Behçet’s disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(12):1736–1737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca G, Cariddi A, Campochiaro C, et al. Efficacy and safety of apremilast for Behçet’s syndrome: a real-life single-centre Italian experience. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(1):171–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert JA, Raju SV, Tang LP, et al. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator activation by roflumilast contributes to therapeutic benefit in chronic bronchitis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2014;50(3):549–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langley A, Beecker J. Management of common side effects of apremilast. J Cutan Med Surg. 2018;22(4):415–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham B, Sellin JH. Drug-induced diarrhea. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007;9(5):365–372.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atienza-Mateo B, Martin-Varillas JL, Loricera J, et al. Apremilast in refractory oral and/or genital ulcers in Behçet’s disease. Multicenter study of 49 cases in clinical practice. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(Suppl 2):1182–1183.
   Google Scholar
• Touzot M, Cacoub P, Bodaghi B, et al. IFN-α induces IL-10 production and tilt the balance between Th1 and Th17 in Behçet disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2015;14(5):370–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsambaos D, Eichelberg D, Goos M. Behçet’s syndrome: treatment with recombinant leukocyte alpha-interferon. Arch Dermatol Res. 1986;278(4):335–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyvat A, Sişman-Solak C, Gürler A. Long-term effects of interferon alpha 2A treatment in Behçet’s disease. Dermatology. 2000;201(1):40–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouboulis CC, Orfanos CE. Treatment of adamantiades-Behçet disease with systemic interferon alpha. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134(8):1010–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souvignet C, Lejeune O, Trepo C. Interferon-based treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Biochimie. 2007;89(6–7):894–898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpsoy E, Durusoy C, Yilmaz E, et al. Interferon alfa-2a in the treatment of Behçet disease: a randomized placebo-controlled and double-blind study. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138(4):467–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kötter I, Günaydin I, Zierhut M, et al. The use of interferon alpha in Behçet disease: review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2004;33(5):320–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamuryudan V, Ozyazgan Y, Fresko Y, et al. Interferon alfa combined with azathioprine for the uveitis of Behçet’s disease: an open study. Isr Med Assoc J. 2002;4(11 Suppl):928–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kötter I, Hamuryudan V, Oztürk ZE, et al. Interferon therapy in rheumatic diseases: state-of-the-art 2010. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2010;22(3):278–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydinoglu-Candan Ö, Araz-Erşan B, Gul A, et al. Anti-interferon alpha antibodies and autoantibodies in patients with Behçet’s disease uveitis treated with recombinant human interferon alpha-2a. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2015;253(3):457–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomer Y, Blackard JT, Akeno N. Interferon alpha treatment and thyroid dysfunction. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2007;36(4):1051–1066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandac JC, Chaudhry S, Sherman KE, et al. The clinical and physiological spectrum of interferon-alpha induced thyroiditis: toward a new classification. Hepatology. 2006;43(4):661–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran HA, Jones TL, Ianna EA, et al. Thyroid disease in chronic hepatitis C infection treated with combination interferon-α and ribavirin: management strategies and future perspective. Endocr Pract. 2013;19(2):292–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yalçindag N, Köse HC. Comparison of the treatment results for Behçet uveitis in patients treated with infliximab and interferon. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(2):305–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calgüneri M, Oztürk MA, Ertenli I, et al. Effects of interferon alpha treatment on the clinical course of refractory Behçet’s disease: an open study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62(5):492–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolek EC, Sari A, Kilic L, et al. Interferon alpha might be an alternative therapeutic choice for refractory Neuro-Behçet’s disease. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;29:153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balsat M, Etienne M, Elhamri M, et al. Successful pregnancies in patients with BCR-ABL-positive leukemias treated with interferon-alpha therapy during the tyrosine kinase inhibitors era. Eur J Haematol. 2018;101(6):774–780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopalco G, Rigante D, Venerito V, et al. Update on the medical management of gastrointestinal Behçet’s disease. Mediators Inflamm. 2017;2017:1460491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Rosa G, Pardeo M, Rigante D. Current recommendations for the pharmacologic therapy in Kawasaki syndrome and management of its cardiovascular complications. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2007;11(5):301–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann JHO, Enk AH. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in skin autoimmune disease. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seider N, Beiran I, Scharf J, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for resistant ocular Behçet’s disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85(11):1287–1288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigante D, Valentini P, Rizzo D, et al. Responsiveness to intravenous immunoglobulins and occurrence of coronary artery abnormalities in a single-center cohort of Italian patients with Kawasaki syndrome. Rheumatol Int. 2010;30(6):841–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Y, Tian X, Wang X, et al. Adverse effects of immunoglobulin therapy. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rewald E, Jaksic JC. Behçet’s syndrome treated with high-dose intravenous IgG and low-dose aspirin. J R Soc Med. 1990;83(10):652–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantarini L, Stromillo ML, Vitale A, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in refractory Behçet’s disease with different organ involvement: a case series. Isr Med Assoc J. 2016;18(3–4):238–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perricone R, De Carolis C, Kröegler B, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in pregnant patients affected with systemic lupus erythematosus and recurrent spontaneous abortion. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47(5):646–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhen T, Cidlowski JA. Anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids-new mechanisms for old drugs. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(16):1711–1723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigante D, Frediani B, Galeazzi M, et al. From the Mediterranean to the sea of Japan: the transcontinental odyssey of autoinflammatory diseases. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:485103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigante D. A systematic approach to autoinflammatory syndromes: a spelling booklet for the beginner. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2017;13(6):571–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigante D. The broad-ranging panorama of systemic autoinflammatory disorders with specific focus on acute painful symptoms and hematologic manifestations in children. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2018;10(1):e2018067.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rigante D. Phenotype variability of autoinflammatory disorders in the pediatric patient: a pictorial overview. J Evid Based Med. 2020 Jul 6; Epub ahead of print. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12406
   Google Scholar
• Emmi G, Vitale A, Silvestri E, et al. Adalimumab-based treatment versus disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for venous thrombosis in Behçet’s syndrome: a retrospective study of seventy patients with vascular involvement. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018;70(9):1500–1507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmi G, Bettiol A, Silvestri E, et al. Vascular Behçet’s syndrome: an update. Intern Emerg Med. 2019;14(5):645–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alibaz-Oner F, Karadeniz A, Ylmaz S, et al. Behçet disease with vascular involvement: effects of different therapeutic regimens on the incidence of new relapses. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(6):e494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tascilar K, Melikoglu M, Ugurlu S, et al. Vascular involvement in Behçet’s syndrome: a retrospective analysis of associations and the time course. Rheumatology. 2014;53:2018–2022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley J, Thaçi D, Joly P, et al. Long-term safety and tolerability of apremilast in patients with psoriasis: pooled safety analysis for ≥156 weeks from 2 phase 3, randomized, controlled trials (ESTEEM 1 and 2). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;77(2):310–317.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn HS, Lee D, Lee SY, et al. Increased cardiovascular risk and all-cause death in patients with Behçet disease: a Korean nationwide population-based dynamic cohort study. J Rheumatol. 2020;47(6):903–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apalla Z, Psarakis E, Lallas A, et al. Psoriasis in patients with active lung cancer: is apremilast a safe option? Dermatol Pract Concept. 2019;9(4):300–301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nishi K, Luo H, Ishikura S, et al. Apremilast induces apoptosis of human colorectal cancer cells with mutant KRAS. Anticancer Res. 2017;37(7):3833–3839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar