Safety of treatment options available for postoperative pain

References

• Chung F, Un V, Su J. Postoperative symptoms 24 hours after ambulatory anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth. 1996 Nov;43(11):1121–1127. PubMed PMID: 8922767; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gan TJ, Habib AS, Miller TE, et al. Incidence, patient satisfaction, and perceptions of post-surgical pain: results from a US national survey. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014 Jan;30(1):149–160. PubMed PMID: 24237004; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gan TJ. Poorly controlled postoperative pain: prevalence, consequences, and prevention. J Pain Res. 2017;10:2287–2298. PubMed PMID: 29026331; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5626380. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaurio LE, Sands LP, Wang Y, et al. Postoperative delirium: the importance of pain and pain management. Anesth Analg. 2006 Apr;102(4):1267–1273. PubMed PMID: 16551935; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcantonio ER, Goldman L, Mangione CM, et al. A clinical prediction rule for delirium after elective noncardiac surgery. JAMA. 1994 Jan;271(2):134–139. PubMed PMID: 8264068; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch EP, Lazor MA, Gellis JE, et al. The impact of postoperative pain on the development of postoperative delirium. Anesth Analg. 1998 Apr;86(4):781–785. PubMed PMID: 9539601; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson TN, Raeburn CD, Tran ZV, et al. Postoperative delirium in the elderly: risk factors and outcomes. Ann Surg. 2009 Jan;249(1):173–178. PubMed PMID: 19106695; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudolph JL, Marcantonio ER. Review articles: postoperative delirium: acute change with long-term implications. Anesth Analg. 2011 May;112(5):1202–1211. PubMed PMID: 21474660; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3090222. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz J, Jackson M, Kavanagh BP, et al. Acute pain after thoracic surgery predicts long-term post-thoracotomy pain. Clin J Pain. 1996 Mar;12(1):50–55. PubMed PMID: 8722735; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Althaus A, Arránz Becker O, Moser KH, et al. Postoperative pain trajectories and pain chronification-an empirical typology of pain patients. Pain Med. 2018 Dec;19(12):2536–2545. PubMed PMID: 29800281; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu CL, Naqibuddin M, Rowlingson AJ, et al. The effect of pain on health-related quality of life in the immediate postoperative period. Anesth Analg. 2003 Oct;974:1078–1085. PubMed PMID: 14500161; eng. table of contents.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu CL, Rowlingson AJ, Partin AW, et al. Correlation of postoperative pain to quality of recovery in the immediate postoperative period. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005 Nov-Dec;30(6):516–522. PubMed PMID: 16326335; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veal FC, Bereznicki LR, Thompson AJ, et al. Subacute pain as a predictor of long-term pain following orthopedic surgery: an Australian prospective 12 month observational cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Sep;94(36):e1498. PubMed PMID: 26356717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4616644. eng.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathan H, Williams J. Basic opioid pharmacology: an update. Br J Pain. 2012 Feb 6;6(1):11–16. PubMed PMID: 26516461; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4590096. eng.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aubrun F, Mazoit JX, Riou B. Postoperative intravenous morphine titration. Br J Anaesth. 2012 Feb;108(2):193–201. PubMed PMID: 22250276; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill HF, Coda BA, Tanaka A, et al. Multiple-dose evaluation of intravenous hydromorphone pharmacokinetics in normal human subjects.. Anesth Analg. 1991;72(3):330–336. PubMed PMID: 29261877; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNicol ED, Ferguson MC, Hudcova J. Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non-patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 6:CD003348. PubMed PMID: 26035341; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7387354. eng. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003348.pub3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garimella V, Cellini C. Postoperative pain control. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2013 Sep;26(3):191–196. PubMed PMID: 24436674; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3747287. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafi S, Collinsworth AW, Copeland LA, et al. Association of opioid-related adverse drug events with clinical and cost outcomes among surgical patients in a large integrated health care delivery system. JAMA Surg. 2018;153(8):757–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urman RD, Seger DL, Fiskio JM, et al. The burden of opioid-related adverse drug events on hospitalized previously opioid-free surgical patients. J Patient Saf. 2019;Publish Ahead of Print: PubMed PMID: 01209203-900000000-99288. doi:10.1097/pts.0000000000000566.
   Google Scholar
• Imam MZ, Kuo A, Ghassabian S, et al. Progress in understanding mechanisms of opioid-induced gastrointestinal adverse effects and respiratory depression. Neuropharmacology. 2018 03;131:238–255. PubMed PMID: 29273520; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colvin LA, Bull F, Hales TG. Perioperative opioid analgesia-when is enough too much? A review of opioid-induced tolerance and hyperalgesia. Lancet. 2019 Apr;393(10180):1558–1568. PubMed PMID: 30983591; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWire SM, Yamashita DS, Rominger DH, et al. A G protein-biased ligand at the μ-opioid receptor is potently analgesic with reduced gastrointestinal and respiratory dysfunction compared with morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2013 Mar;344(3):708–717. PubMed PMID: 23300227; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergese SD, Brzezinski M, Hammer GB, et al. ATHENA: a phase 3, open-label study of the safety and effectiveness of oliceridine (TRV130), A G-PROTEIN SELECTIVE AGONIST AT THE µ-OPIOID RECEPTOR, IN PATIENTS WITH MODERATE TO SEVERE ACUTE PAIN REQUIRING PARENTERAL OPIOID THERApy. J Pain Res. 2019;12:3113–3126. PubMed PMID: 31814753; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6861532. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izrailtyan I, Qiu J, Overdyk FJ, et al. Risk factors for cardiopulmonary and respiratory arrest in medical and surgical hospital patients on opioid analgesics and sedatives. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0194553. PubMed PMID: 29566020; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5864099. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overdyk FJ, Dowling O, Marino J, et al. Association of opioids and sedatives with increased risk of in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest from an administrative database. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0150214. PubMed PMID: 26913753; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4767404. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun EC, Darnall BD, Baker LC, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for chronic opioid use among opioid-naive patients in the postoperative period. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 09;176(9):1286–1293. PubMed PMID: 27400458; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6684468. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wick EC, Grant MC, Wu CL. Postoperative multimodal analgesia pain management with nonopioid analgesics and techniques: a review. JAMA Surg. 2017 07;152(7):691–697. PubMed PMID: 28564673; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu CL, King AB, Geiger TM, et al. American society for enhanced recovery and perioperative quality initiative joint consensus statement on perioperative opioid minimization in opioid-naïve patients. Anesthesia Analg. 2019;129(2):567–577. PubMed PMID: 00000539-201908000-00040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno A, Tacconelli S, Patrignani P. Variability in the response to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: mechanisms and perspectives. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014 Jan;114(1):56–63. PubMed PMID: 23953622; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl JB, Nielsen RV, Wetterslev J, et al. Post-operative analgesic effects of paracetamol, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, gabapentinoids and their combinations: a topical review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014 Nov;58(10):1165–1181. PubMed PMID: 25124340; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd R, Derry S, Moore RA, et al. Intravenous or intramuscular parecoxib for acute postoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 2:CD004771. PubMed PMID: 19370610; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6540719. eng. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD004771.pub4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke R, Derry S, Moore RA. Single dose oral etoricoxib for acute postoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 May 5:CD004309. PubMed PMID: 24809657; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6485336. eng. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD004309.pub4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagata N, Niikura R, Yamada A, et al. Acute Middle Gastrointestinal Bleeding Risk Associated with NSAIDs, Antithrombotic Drugs, and PPIs: a Multicenter Case-Control Study. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0151332. PubMed PMID: 26978517; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4792424. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjarnason I, Scarpignato C, Holmgren E, et al. Mechanisms of damage to the gastrointestinal tract from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Gastroenterology. 2018 02;154(3):500–514. PubMed PMID: 29221664; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rostom A, Muir K, Dube C, et al. Prevention of NSAID-related upper gastrointestinal toxicity: a meta-analysis of traditional NSAIDs with gastroprotection and COX-2 inhibitors. Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2009;1:47–71. PubMed PMID: 21701610; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3108684. eng.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chou CI, Shih CJ, Chen YT, et al. Adverse effects of oral nonselective and cyclooxygenase-2-selective NSAIDs on hospitalization for acute kidney injury: a nested case-control cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Mar;95(9):e2645. PubMed PMID: 26945352; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4782836. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkelmayer WC, Waikar SS, Mogun H, et al. Nonselective and cyclooxygenase-2-selective NSAIDs and acute kidney injury. Am J Med. 2008 Dec;121(12):1092–1098. PubMed PMID: 19028206; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin Arias LH, Martin Gonzalez A, Sanz Fadrique R, et al. Cardiovascular and gastrointestinal safety of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: a case/non-case study. Int J Clin Pharm. 2018 Aug;40(4):928–935. PubMed PMID: 30066292; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vane JR, Botting RM. Mechanism of action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am J Med. 1998 Mar 30;104(3a):2S-8S;discussion 21S-22S. PubMed PMID: 9572314; eng.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forsyth MG, Clarkson DJ, O’Boyle CP. A systematic review of the risk of postoperative bleeding with perioperative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in plastic surgery. Eur J Plas Surgery. 2018;41:505–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley BP, Bennett KG, Chung KC, et al. Ibuprofen may not increase bleeding risk in plastic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016 Apr;137(4):1309–1316. PubMed PMID: 27018685; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5119631. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheth KR, Bernthal NM, Ho HS, et al. Perioperative bleeding and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: an evidence-based literature review, and current clinical appraisal. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Jul;99(31):e20042. PubMed PMID: 32756071; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7402717. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gago Martínez A, Escontrela Rodriguez B, Planas Roca A, et al. Intravenous ibuprofen for treatment of post-operative pain: a multicenter, double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0154004. PubMed PMID: 27152748; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4859493. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh W, Nguyen KP, Jahr JS. Intravenous non-opioid analgesia for peri- and postoperative pain management: a scientific review of intravenous acetaminophen and ibuprofen. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2015 Feb;68(1):3–12. PubMed PMID: 25664148; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4318862. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAnally H, Bonnet U, Kaye AD. Gabapentinoid benefit and risk stratification: mechanisms over myth. Pain Ther. 2020 Dec 9;9(2):441–452. PubMed PMID: 32737803; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7648827. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara K, Sata T. Inhibitory effect of gabapentin on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2007 Jan;51(1):122–128. PubMed PMID: 17073851; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seib RK, Paul JE. Preoperative gabapentin for postoperative analgesia: a meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2006 May;53(5):461–469. PubMed PMID: 16636030; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen H, Sizlan A, Yanarates O, et al. A comparison of gabapentin and ketamine in acute and chronic pain after hysterectomy. Anesth Analg. 2009 Nov;109(5):1645–1650. PubMed PMID: 19843803; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ucak A, Onan B, Sen H, et al. The effects of gabapentin on acute and chronic postoperative pain after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2011 Oct;25(5):824–829. PubMed PMID: 21232979; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verret M, Lauzier F, Zarychanski R, et al. Perioperative use of gabapentinoids for the management of postoperative acute pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesthesiology. 2020 08;133(2):265–279. PubMed PMID: 32667154; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey CK, Singhal V, Kumar M, et al. Gabapentin provides effective postoperative analgesia whether administered pre-emptively or post-incision. Can J Anaesth. 2005 Oct;52(8):827–831. PubMed PMID: 16189334; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Elstraete AC, Tirault M, Lebrun T, et al. The median effective dose of preemptive gabapentin on postoperative morphine consumption after posterior lumbar spinal fusion. Anesth Analg. 2008 Jan;1061:305–308. PubMed PMID: 18165595; eng. table of contents.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dierking G, Duedahl TH, Rasmussen ML, et al. Effects of gabapentin on postoperative morphine consumption and pain after abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized, double-blind trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004 Mar;48(3):322–327. PubMed PMID: 14982565; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eipe N, Penning J. Postoperative respiratory depression associated with pregabalin: a case series and a preoperative decision algorithm. Pain Res Manag. 2011 Sep-Oct;16(5):353–356. PubMed PMID: 22059207; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3206785. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weingarten TN, Jacob AK, Njathi CW, et al. Multimodal analgesic protocol and postanesthesia respiratory depression during phase i recovery after total joint arthroplasty. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2015 Jul-Aug;40(4):330–336. PubMed PMID: 25967650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalcante AN, Sprung J, Schroeder DR, et al. Multimodal analgesic therapy with gabapentin and its association with postoperative respiratory depression. Anesth Analg. 2017 Jul;125(1):141–146. PubMed PMID: 27984223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA. FDA requires new warnings for gabapentinoids about risk of respiratory depression. FDA. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• El-Boghdadly K, Pawa A, Chin K. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: current perspectives. Local Reg Anesth. 2018 Aug 08;11:35–44. PubMed PMID: 30122981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker D, Reed K. Essentials of local anesthetic pharmacology. Anesth Prog. 2006 Fall;53(3):98–109. PubMed PMID: 17175824.
   Google Scholar
• Trabelsi B, Charfi R, Bennasr L, et al. Pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine after bilateral ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block following cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2017 Nov;32:17–20. PubMed PMID: 28599806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekatodramis G, Borgeat A, Huledal G, et al. Continuous interscalene analgesia with ropivacaine 2 mg/ml after major shoulder surgery. Anesthesiology. 2003 Jan;98(1):143–150. PubMed PMID: 12502990.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue R, Suganuma T, Echizen H, et al. Plasma concentrations of lidocaine and its principal metabolites during intermittent epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1985 Sep;63(3):304–310. PubMed PMID: 4025891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie LE, Picard J, Weinberg GL. Local anaesthetic systemic toxicity. BJA Educ. 2015;15(3):136–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sites B, Taenzer A, Herrick M, et al. Incidence of local anesthetic systemic toxicity and postoperative neurologic symptoms associated with 12,668 ultrasound-guided nerve blocks: an analysis from a prospective clinical registry. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012 Sep-Oct;37(5):478–482. PubMed PMID: 22705953.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orebaugh S, Kentor M, Williams B. Adverse outcomes associated with nerve stimulator-guided and ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks by supervised trainees: update of a single-site database. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012 Nov-Dec;37(6):577–582. PubMed PMID: 22996199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewinter G, Coppens S, Van De Velde M, et al. Quadratus lumborum block versus perioperative intravenous lidocaine for postoperative pain control in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial. Ann Surg. 2018 Nov;268(5):769–775. PubMed PMID: 30004914; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin D, Matsumoto M, Weinberg G, et al. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity in total joint arthroplasty: incidence and risk factors in the United States from the national inpatient sample 1998-2013. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018 Feb;43(2). PubMed PMID: 29280923. DOI:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000684.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlassakov K, Lirk P, Rathmell J. Intraneural injection: is the jury still out? Anesthesiology. 2018 Aug;129(2):221–224. PubMed PMID: 29933286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werdehausen R, Fazeli S, Braun S, et al. Apoptosis induction by different local anaesthetics in a neuroblastoma cell line. Br J Anaesth. 2009 Nov;103(5):711–718. PubMed PMID: 19700777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam K, Soneji N, Katzberg H, et al. Incidence and etiology of postoperative neurological symptoms after peripheral nerve block: a retrospective cohort study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2020 Jul;45(7):495–504. PubMed PMID: 32471926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa A, Satalich J, Al-Bizri E, et al. A ten-year retrospective study of post-dural puncture headache in 32,655 obstetric patients. Can J Anaesth. 2019 Dec;66(12):1464–1471. PubMed PMID: 31531827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katircioglu K, Hasegeli L, Ibrahimhakkioglu H, et al. A retrospective review of 34,109 epidural anesthetics for obstetric and gynecologic procedures at a single private hospital in Turkey. Anesth Analg. 2008 Nov;107(5):1742–1745. PubMed PMID: 18931241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patnaik R, Chhabra A, Subramaniam R, et al. Comparison of paravertebral block by anatomic landmark technique to ultrasound-guided paravertebral block for breast surgery anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018 May;43(4):385–390. PubMed PMID: 29462058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coveney E, Weltz C, Greengrass R, et al. Use of paravertebral block anesthesia in the surgical management of breast cancer: experience in 156 cases. Ann Surg. 1998 Apr;227(4):496–501. PubMed PMID: 9563536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niesen A, Jacob A, Law L, et al. Complication rate of ultrasound-guided paravertebral block for breast surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2020 Oct;45(10):813–817. PubMed PMID: 32817361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pace M, Sharma B, Anderson-Dam J, et al. Ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral blockade: a retrospective study of the incidence of complications. Anesth Analg. 2016 Apr;122(4):1186–1191. PubMed PMID: 26756911.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-David B, Barak M, Katz Y, et al. A retrospective study of the incidence of neurological injury after axillary brachial plexus block. Pain Pract. 2006 Jun;6(2):119–123. PubMed PMID: 17309720.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horlocker T, Kufner R, Bishop A, et al. The risk of persistent paresthesia is not increased with repeated axillary block. Anesth Analg. 1999 Feb;88(2):382-387. PubMed PMID: 9972761.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeniocak T, Canbolat N. Retrospective analysis of ultrasound-guided infraclavicular block: effect of experience of anesthesiologists on volume of local anesthetic administered [research article]. Pain Res Manag. 2019 May 06;2019: DOI:10.1155/2019/4846956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafi A. Abdominal field block: a new approach via the lumbar triangle. Anaesthesia. 2001 Oct;56(10). PubMed PMID: 11576144. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2044.2001.02279-40.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeriswy L, Kirkham K, Kern C, et al. The analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block in adult patients: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2015 Dec;121(6). PubMed PMID: 26397443. DOI:10.1213/ANE.0000000000000967.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott G, Korba E, Mata U, et al. Should we stop doing blind transversus abdominis plane blocks? Br J Anaesth. 2012 Mar;108(3). PubMed PMID: 22236911. DOI:10.1093/bja/aer422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long J, Birmingham P, De Oliveira G, et al. Transversus abdominis plane block in children: a multicenter safety analysis of 1994 cases from the PRAN (Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network) database. Anesth Analg. 2014 Aug;119(2). PubMed PMID: 24918899. DOI:10.1213/ANE.0000000000000284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin Z, Liu J, Li R, et al. Single injection Quadratus Lumborum block for postoperative analgesia in adult surgical population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2020 Jun;62: PubMed PMID: 31968297. DOI:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueshima H, Hiroshi O. Incidence of lower-extremity muscle weakness after quadratus lumborum block. J Clin Anesth. 2018 Feb;44:104. PubMed PMID: 29175750; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebard S, Hocking G. Echogenic technology can improve needle visibility during ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011 Mar-Apr;36(2). PubMed PMID: 21425515. DOI:10.1097/aap.0b013e31820d4349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbal B, Choquet O, Gourari A, et al. Enhanced visual acuity with echogenic needles in ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block: a randomized, comparative, observer-blinded study. Minerva Anestesiol. 2015 Apr;81(4):369-378. PubMed PMID: 25057930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookes J, Sondekoppam R, Armstrong K, et al. Comparative evaluation of the visibility and block characteristics of a stimulating needle and catheter vs an echogenic needle and catheter for sciatic nerve block with a low-frequency ultrasound probe. Br J Anaesth. 2015 Dec;115(6). PubMed PMID: 26582852. DOI:10.1093/bja/aev351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duger C, Isbir A, Kaygusuz K, et al. The importance of needle echogenity in ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block: a randomized controlled clinical study. Int J Med Sci. 2013 Apr 07;10(9). PubMed PMID: 23869186. DOI:10.7150/ijms.6598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher D, Chen L, Mao J. Intravenous Ketamine Infusions for Neuropathic Pain Management: a Promising Therapy in Need of Optimization. Anesth Analg. 2017 Feb;124(2). PubMed PMID: 28067704. DOI:10.1213/ANE.0000000000001787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell R, Dahl J, Moore R, et al. Peri-operative ketamine for acute post-operative pain: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review (Cochrane review). Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005 Nov;49(10). PubMed PMID: 16223384. DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2005.00814.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftus R, Yeager M, Clark J, et al. Intraoperative ketamine reduces perioperative opiate consumption in opiate-dependent patients with chronic back pain undergoing back surgery. Anesthesiology. 2010 Sep;113(3). PubMed PMID: 20693876. DOI:10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181e90914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bh H, Wy L, Yh K, et al. Effects of intraoperative low dose ketamine on remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in gynecologic surgery with sevoflurane anesthesia. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2011 Sep;61(3). PubMed PMID: 22025947. DOI:10.4097/kjae.2011.61.3.238.
   Google Scholar
• Choi E, Lee H, Park H, et al. Effect of intraoperative infusion of ketamine on remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2015 Oct;68(5). PubMed PMID: 26495058. DOI:10.4097/kjae.2015.68.5.476.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwenk E, Viscusi E, Buvanendran A, et al. Consensus guidelines on the use of intravenous ketamine infusions for acute pain management from the American society of regional anesthesia and pain medicine, the American academy of pain medicine, and the American society of anesthesiologists. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018 Jul;43(5). PubMed PMID: 29870457. DOI:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000806.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur S, Saroa R, Aggarwal S. Effect of intraoperative infusion of low-dose ketamine on management of postoperative analgesia. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2015 Jul-Dec;6(2):378–382. PubMed PMID: 26283834; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4518414. eng.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michelet P, Guervilly C, Hélaine A, et al. Adding ketamine to morphine for patient-controlled analgesia after thoracic surgery: influence on morphine consumption, respiratory function, and nocturnal desaturation. Br J Anaesth. 2007 Sep;99(3). PubMed PMID: 17576969. DOI:10.1093/bja/aem168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesher N, Ekstein M, Paz Y, et al. Morphine with adjuvant ketamine vs higher dose of morphine alone for immediate postthoracotomy analgesia. Chest. 2009 Jul;136(1). PubMed PMID: 18753471. DOI:10.1378/chest.08-0246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strayer R, Nelson L. Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural sedation in adults. Am J Emerg Med. 2008 Nov;26(9):985–1028. PubMed PMID: 19091264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinck EC, Tiippana E, Heesen M, et al. Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Dec;20(12):Cd012033. PubMed PMID: 30570761; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6360925. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovaguimian F, Tschopp C, Beck-Schimmer B, et al. Intraoperative ketamine administration to prevent delirium or postoperative cognitive dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2018 Oct;62(9):1182–1193. PubMed PMID: 29947091; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin Z, Suen K, Alam A. et al. Dexmedetomidine: from Basic Science to Clinical Application of Brain Protection. Front Clin Drug Res. 2020; 6:99–157.
   Google Scholar
• Khan Z, Ferguson C, Jones R. alpha-2 and imidazoline receptor agonists. Their pharmacology and therapeutic role. Anaesthesia. 1999 Feb;54(2):146–165. PubMed PMID: 10215710.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weerink M, Struys M, Hannivoort L, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017 Aug;56(8):893–913. PubMed PMID: 28105598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinangeli F, Ciccozzi A, Donatelli F, et al. Clonidine for treatment of postoperative pain: a dose-finding study. Eur J Pain. 2002;6(1):35–42. PubMed PMID: 11888226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unlugenc H, Gunduz M, Guler T, et al. The effect of pre-anaesthetic administration of intravenous dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain in patients receiving patient-controlled morphine. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2005 May;22(5):386–391. PubMed PMID: 15918389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Boghdadly K, Brull R, Sehmbi H, et al. Perineural dexmedetomidine is more effective than clonidine when added to local anesthetic for supraclavicular brachial plexus block: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2017 Jun;124(6):2008–2020. PubMed PMID: 28525514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pöpping D, Elia N, Marret E, et al. Clonidine as an adjuvant to local anesthetics for peripheral nerve and plexus blocks: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Anesthesiology. 2009 Aug;111(2):406–415. PubMed PMID: 19602964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naik B, Nemergut E, Kazemi A, et al. The effect of dexmedetomidine on postoperative opioid consumption and pain after major spine surgery. Anesth Analg. 2016 May;122(5):1646–1653. PubMed PMID: 27003917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin H, Do S, Lee J, et al. Comparison of intraoperative sedation with dexmedetomidine versus propofol on acute postoperative pain in total knee arthroplasty under spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Anesth Analg. 2019 Dec;129(6):1512–1518. PubMed PMID: 31743170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnabel A, Meyer-Frießem C, Reichl S, et al. Is intraoperative dexmedetomidine a new option for postoperative pain treatment? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain. 2013 Jul;154(7):1140–1149. PubMed PMID: 23706726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang G, Niu J, Li Z, et al. The efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine in cardiac surgery patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One. 2018 Sept 19;13(9). PubMed PMID: 30231052. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0202620.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng K, Zhang J, Meng X, et al. Optimization of postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with opioid-dexmedetomidine combinations: an updated meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain Physician. 2017 Nov;20(7):569–596. PubMed PMID: 29149140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorobeichik L, Brull R, Abdallah F. Evidence basis for using perineural dexmedetomidine to enhance the quality of brachial plexus nerve blocks: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth. 2017 Feb;118(2):167–181. PubMed PMID: 28100520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain N, Grzywacz VP, Ferreri CA, et al. Investigating the efficacy of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to local anesthesia in brachial plexus block: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 18 randomized controlled trials. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2017 Mar/Apr;42(2):184–196. PubMed PMID: 28178091; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bielka K, Kuchyn I, Babych V, et al. Dexmedetomidine infusion as an analgesic adjuvant during laparoscopic сholecystectomy: a randomized controlled study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2018 Apr 20;18(1):44. PubMed PMID: 29678158; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5910570. eng.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu Y, Liang F, Liu X, et al. Dexmedetomidine reduces perioperative opioid consumption and postoperative pain intensity in neurosurgery: a meta-analysis. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2018 Apr;30(2):146–155. PubMed PMID: 28079737; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang K, Wu M, Xu J, et al. Effects of dexmedetomidine on perioperative stress, inflammation, and immune function: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2019 Dec;123(6):777–794. PubMed PMID: 31668347; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu XH, Cui F, Zhang C, et al. Low-dose dexmedetomidine improves sleep quality pattern in elderly patients after noncardiac surgery in the intensive care unit: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2016 Nov;125(5):979–991. PubMed PMID: 27571256; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes CG, Boncyk CS, Culley DJ, et al. American society for enhanced recovery and perioperative quality initiative joint consensus statement on postoperative delirium prevention. Anesth Analg. 2020 Jan 31;;[Epub ahead of print]: PubMed PMID: 32022748; eng. DOI:10.1213/ane.0000000000004641.
   Google Scholar
• Zeng H, Li Z, He J, et al. Dexmedetomidine for the prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2019;14(8):e0218088. PubMed PMID: 31419229; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6697366. eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Liu J, Sun G. Preoperative intravenous glucocorticoids can reduce postoperative acute pain following total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Sep;96(35). PubMed PMID: 28858092. DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000007836.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrecht E, Kern C, Kirkham K. A systematic review and meta-analysis of perineural dexamethasone for peripheral nerve blocks. Anaesthesia. 2015 Jan;70(1):71–83. PubMed PMID: 25123271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heesen M, Klimek M, Imberger G, et al. Co-administration of dexamethasone with peripheral nerve block: intravenous vs perineural application: systematic review, meta-analysis, meta-regression and trial-sequential analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2018 Feb;120(2):212–227. PubMed PMID: 29406171; eng.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurok M, Cheng J, Romeo G, et al. Dexamethasone and perioperative blood glucose in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty: a retrospective study. J Clin Anesth. 2017 Feb;37:116–122. PubMed PMID: 28235499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low Y, White W, Habib A. Postoperative hyperglycemia after 4- vs 8-10-mg dexamethasone for postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis in patients with type II diabetes mellitus: a retrospective database analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2015 Nov;27(7):589–594. PubMed PMID: 26303274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polderman J, Farhang-Razi V, Van Dieren S, et al. Adverse side effects of dexamethasone in surgical patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Nov 23;11(11). PubMed PMID: 30480776. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD011940.pub3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar