Effects of adding adjuvants to propofol on the post-anesthesia cognitive function in patients undergoing gastroscopy/colonoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

References

• Bilotta F, Qeva E, Matot I. Anesthesia and cognitive disorders: a systematic review of the clinical evidence. Expert Rev Neurother. 2016 Nov;16(11):1311–1320. doi: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1203256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paredes S, Cortinez L, Contreras V, et al. Post-operative cognitive dysfunction at 3 months in adults after non-cardiac surgery: a qualitative systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016 Sep;60(8):1043–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlawat R, Hoilat GJ, Ross AB. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Stauffer CM, Pfeifer C. Colonoscopy. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Park WG, Shaheen NJ, Cohen J, et al. Quality indicators for EGD. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015 Jan;81(1):17–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Early DS, Lightdale JR, Acosta RD, et al. Guidelines for sedation and anesthesia in GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2018 Feb;87(2):327–337. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2017.07.018. Epub 2018 Jan 3. PMID: 29306520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on S, analgesia by N-A. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology. 2002 Apr;96(4):1004–17. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200204000-00031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson DA, Barkun AN, Cohen LB, et al. Optimizing adequacy of bowel cleansing for colonoscopy: recommendations from the US multi-society task force on colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2014 Oct;147(4):903–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luginbühl M, Vuilleumier P, Schumacher P, et al. Anesthesia or sedation for gastroenterologic endoscopies. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2009 Aug;22(4):524–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumonceau JM, Riphaus A, Schreiber F, et al. Non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy: European society of gastrointestinal endoscopy, European society of gastroenterology and endoscopy nurses and associates guideline–updated June 2015. Endoscopy. 2015 Dec;47(12):1175–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brechmann T, Maier C, Kaisler M, et al. Propofol sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopy arouses euphoria in a large subset of patients. United European Gastroenterol J. 2018;6(4):536–546. doi: 10.1177/2050640617736231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeage K, Perry CM. Propofol: a review of its use in intensive care sedation of adults. CNS Drugs. 2003;17(4):235–72. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200317040-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Secor T, Safadi AO, Gunderson S. Propofol toxicity. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Sahinovic MM, Struys M, Absalom AR. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2018 Dec;57(12):1539–1558. doi: 10.1007/s40262-018-0672-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemphill S, McMenamin L, Bellamy MC, et al. Propofol infusion syndrome: a structured literature review and analysis of published case reports. Br J Anaesth. 2019 Apr;122(4):448–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun H, Zhang G, Ai B, et al. A systematic review: comparative analysis of the effects of propofol and sevoflurane on postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients with lung cancer. BMC Cancer. 2019 Dec 23;19(1):1248. doi: 10.1186/s12885-019-6426-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edokpolo LU, Mastriano DJ, Serafin J, et al. Discharge readiness after propofol with or without Dexmedetomidine for colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2019 Aug;131(2):279–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen M, Leslie K, Hebbard G, et al. A randomized controlled trial of light versus deep propofol sedation for elective outpatient colonoscopy: recall, procedural conditions, and recovery. Can J Anaesth. 2015 Nov;62(11):1169–1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forster C, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Gast P, et al. Intravenous infusion of lidocaine significantly reduces propofol dose for colonoscopy: a randomised placebo-controlled study. Br J Anaesth. 2018 Nov;121(5):1059–1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandel JE, Lichtenstein GR, Metz DC, et al. A prospective, randomized, comparative trial evaluating respiratory depression during patient-controlled versus anesthesiologist-administered propofol-remifentanil sedation for elective colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010 Jul;72(1):112–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh H, Poluha W, Cheung M, et al. Propofol for sedation during colonoscopy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Oct;8(4):CD006268.
   Google Scholar
• Zywiel MG, Prabhu A, Perruccio AV, et al. The influence of anesthesia and pain management on cognitive dysfunction after joint arthroplasty: a systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014 May;472(5):1453–1466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selcuk AA. A guide for systematic reviews: prisma. Turk Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019 Mar;57(1):57–58. doi: 10.5152/tao.2019.4058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aslam S, Emmanuel P. Formulating a researchable question: a critical step for facilitating good clinical research. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS. 2010 Jan;31(1):47–50. doi: 10.4103/0253-7184.69003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lo CK, Mertz D, Loeb M. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale: comparing reviewers’ to authors’ assessments. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014 Apr 1;14(1):45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al. Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.1. London: Cochrane Collaboration; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003 Sep 6;327(7414):557–560. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moerman AT, Struys MM, Vereecke HE, et al. Remifentanil used to supplement propofol does not improve quality of sedation during spontaneous respiration. J Clin Anesth. 2004 Jun;16(4):237–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu ZY, Wang X, Si YY, et al. Intravenous remifentanil and propofol for gastroscopy. J Clin Anesth. 2008 Aug;20(5):352–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padmanabhan U, Leslie K, Eer AS, et al. Early cognitive impairment after sedation for colonoscopy: the effect of adding midazolam and/or fentanyl to propofol. Anesth Analg. 2009 Nov;109(5):1448–1455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padmanabhan U, Leslie K, Singyieer A, et al. The effect of propofol combined with midazolam and/or fentanyl on early cognitive impairment after colonoscopy. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2011;7(6):87–96.
   Google Scholar
• Doğanay G, Ekmekçi P, Kazbek BK, et al. Effects of alfentanil or fentanyl added to propofol for sedation in colonoscopy on cognitive functions: randomized controlled trial. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2017 Nov;28(6):453–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekmekçi P, Erkan G, Yilmaz H, et al. Effect of different sedation regimes on cognitive functions in colonoscopy. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol. 2017 Jul;7(2):158–162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borrat X, Ubre M, Risco R, et al. Computerized tests to evaluate recovery of cognitive function after deep sedation with propofol and remifentanil for colonoscopy. J Clin Monit Comput. 2019 Feb;33(1):107–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargin M, Uluer MS, Şimşek B. The effect of bispectral index monitoring on cognitive performance following sedation for outpatient colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial. Sao Paulo Med J. 2019;137(4):305–311. doi: 10.1590/1516-3180.2018.0383210519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson R, Seck V, Riordan S, et al. Comparison of the effects of midazolam/fentanyl, midazolam/propofol, and midazolam/fentanyl/propofol on cognitive function after gastrointestinal endoscopy. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2019 Dec;29(6):441–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang C, He Q, Zhao Z, et al. Neurological function and safety of nalbuphine combined with propofol in painless gastroscopy anesthesia: a Ｒan domized，Double-blind，Large-sample，Multicenter clinical study. Sichuan Medical Journal. 2019;40(001):11–17.
   Google Scholar
• Tian L, Luan H, Zhu P, et al. A randomized controlled trial for measuring effects on cognitive functions of adding ketamine to propofol during sedation for colonoscopy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Sep 4;99(36):e21859. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000021859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan Y, Ouyang W, Tang Y, et al. Effect of remimazolam tosilate on early cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Mar;37(3):576–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao HS, Yin JF. Effect of propofol used for painless gastroscopy on cognitive function. J Clin Anesthesiol. 2007;23(4):282–283.
   Google Scholar
• Watkins TJ, Bonds RL, Hodges K, et al. Evaluation of postprocedure cognitive function using 3 distinct standard sedation regimens for endoscopic procedures. Aana j. 2014 Apr;82(2):133–139.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Theodorou T, Hales P, Gillespie P, et al. Total intravenous versus inhalational anaesthesia for colonoscopy: a prospective study of clinical recovery and psychomotor function. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2001 Apr;29(2):124–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipe BW, Rex DK, Latinovich D, et al. Propofol versus midazolam/meperidine for outpatient colonoscopy: administration by nurses supervised by endoscopists. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002 Jun;55(7):815–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou HGH, Zhou H-Y. Intravenous anesthesia with different doses of propofol combined with etomidate for painless colonoscopy in elderly obese patients: effectiveness and impact on neurocognitive disorders. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2022 Nov 08;30(17):756–761.
   Google Scholar
• Darby DG, Pietrzak RH, Fredrickson J, et al. Intraindividual cognitive decline using a brief computerized cognitive screening test. Alzheimers Dement. 2012;8(2):95–104. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.12.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietrzak RH, Maruff P, Mayes LC, et al. An examination of the construct validity and factor structure of the Groton maze learning test, a new measure of spatial working memory, learning efficiency, and error monitoring. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2008 Jul;23(4):433–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder PJ, Jackson CE, Petersen RC, et al. Assessment of cognition in mild cognitive impairment: a comparative study. Alzheimers Dement. 2011 May;7(3):338–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruff P, Lim YY, Darby D, et al. Clinical utility of the cogstate brief battery in identifying cognitive impairment in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. BMC Psychol. 2013;1(1):30. doi: 10.1186/2050-7283-1-30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lupu T, Braw Y, Sacher Y, et al. Cogstate brief battery: cognition and the feigning of cognitive impairment in chronic pain. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2021 Jan 25;29(6):1–12. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2021.1873138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim YY, Ellis KA, Harrington K, et al. Use of the CogState brief battery in the assessment of Alzheimer’s disease related cognitive impairment in the Australian imaging, biomarkers and lifestyle (AIBL) study. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2012;34(4):345–358. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2011.643227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger J. Digit symbol substitution test: the case for sensitivity over specificity in neuropsychological testing. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018;38(5):513–519. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruff P, Thomas E, Cysique L, et al. Validity of the CogState brief battery: relationship to standardized tests and sensitivity to cognitive impairment in mild traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and AIDS dementia complex. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2009 Mar;24(2):165–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim YY, Jaeger J, Harrington K, et al. Three-month stability of the CogState brief battery in healthy older adults, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease: results from the Australian imaging, biomarkers, and lifestyle-rate of change substudy (AIBL-ROCS). Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2013 Jun;28(4):320–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stricker NH, Lundt ES, Albertson SM, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of the cogstate brief battery and auditory verbal learning test in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease and incident mild cognitive impairment: implications for defining subtle objective cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;76(1):261–274. doi: 10.3233/JAD-200087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin PK, Schroeder RW, Olsen DH. Performance validity in the dementia clinic: specificity of validity tests when used individually and in aggregate across levels of cognitive impairment severity. Clin Neuropsychol. 2020 Jun;17(1):1–24. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2020.1778790
   Google Scholar
• Critchfield E, Soble JR, Marceaux JC, et al. Cognitive impairment does not cause invalid performance: analyzing performance patterns among cognitively unimpaired, impaired, and noncredible participants across six performance validity tests. Clin Neuropsychol. 2019 Aug;33(6):1083–1101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan D, Schmitt N, DeShon RP, et al. Reactions to cognitive ability tests: the relationships between race, test performance, face validity perceptions, and test-taking motivation. J Appl Psychol. 1997 Apr;82(2):300–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stait ML, Leslie K, Bailey R. Dreaming and recall during sedation for colonoscopy. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2008 Sep;36(5):685–90. doi: 10.1177/0310057X0803600509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanNatta ME, Rex DK. Propofol alone titrated to deep sedation versus propofol in combination with opioids and/or benzodiazepines and titrated to moderate sedation for colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Oct;101(10):2209–2217. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00760.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crepeau T, Poincloux L, Bonny C, et al. Significance of patient-controlled sedation during colonoscopy. Results from a prospective randomized controlled study. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2005 Nov;29(11):1090–1096.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitsonis C, Dimopoulos N, Zavrou M, et al. Panic Attack during Elective Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2011;2011:162574. doi: 10.1155/2011/162574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar